Criminal Justice Exam 1

As an institution of social control, criminal justice differs from the family, schools, organized religion, the media, and the law in that it - requires society to abide by passive social values. - exists as a single system. - is generally society's "last line of defense." - is usually used along with other institutions of social control.

- is generally society's "last line of defense"

According to official statistics, about ________ of all crimes committed annually are violent crimes. 1-5 percent 10-15 percent 15-25 percent 25-50 percent

10-15 percent

In most American jurisdictions, the upper age limit for juvenile delinquency is ________, and the lower limit is usually ________. 16; 7 16; 12 18; 12 18; 7

18 to 7

About ________ of criminal defendants plead guilty to the charges against them in an arrangement called plea bargaining. 95 percent 75 percent 50 percent 25 percent

95 percent

_____________ refers to an estimate of crimes committed. A crime index The dark figure of crime The true amount of crime A crime rate

A crime index

Which of the following statements highlights the most important difference between the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) and the uniform crime reports (UCR)? Compared with the UCR, the NIBRS makes it possible to examine crimes in much more detail because it contains more data on each crime. Unlike the UCR, the NIBRS focuses extensively on victims and the annual costs of victimization. Compared with the UCR, the NIBRS helps streamline the study of crime statistics because it contains less data on each crime. Unlike the UCR, the NIBRS asks criminals to report their crime records in extensive detail.

Compared with the UCR, the NIBRS makes it possible to examine crimes in much more detail because it contains more data on each crime

________ is a formal means of social control that involves the use of rules that are interpreted, and are enforceable, by the courts of a political community. Substantive law Procedural law Civil law Criminal law

Criminal Law

_______ refers to crimes that are not officially recorded by the police. Crime index The dark figure of crime Crime rates Uniform Crime Reports

Dark figure

You learn that the police have attached a GPS device to your vehicle without a valid warrant. According to the Supreme Court, this violates the _________ Amendment. Fourteenth Fifth Fourth Eighth

Fourth

In which of the following cases did the Supreme Court extend the Sixth Amendment right to be represented by an attorney to indigent defendants facing felony charges in state courts? Argersinger v. Hamlin Gideon v. Wainwright Chandler v. Fretag Powell v. Alabama

Gideon v. Wainwright

_____________ is defined as mental or psychological impairment or retardation as a defense against a criminal charge? Duress Entrapment Insanity Delinquency

Insanity

Which of the following is a problem associated with finding an appropriate definition of crime? Too many behaviors exist that could be defined as crimes. Crime should be defined only by the presence of a physical injury to a person. Many dangerous and harmful behaviors are not defined as crimes, while many less dangerous and less harmful behaviors are. Most behaviors defined as criminal are actually victimless crimes.

Many dangerous and harmful behaviors are not defined as crimes, while many less dangerous and less harmful are

In which of the following cases was the exclusionary rule extended to state courts? Mapp v. Ohio Terry v. Ohio Hurtado v. California Benton v. Maryland

Mapp v. Ohio

In which of the following cases did the Supreme Court broaden the protection against compelled self-incrimination to cover nearly all custodial police interrogations? Miranda v. Arizona Escobedo v. Illinois Brown v. Mississippi Arizona v. Fulminante

Miranda v. Arizona

For which of the following crimes could you find data in the UCR but not the NCVS? Murder Motor vehicle theft Larceny-theft Aggravated assault

Murder

__________ refers to the failure to take reasonable precautions to prevent harm. Negligence Duress Entrapment Actus reus

Negligence

Which of the following officials is responsible for providing civil process services for the court? Sheriffs Local police FBI agents State police

Sheriffs

The ________ guarantees the right to a speedy and public trial. Eighth Amendment Fifth Amendment Sixth Amendment Fourth Amendment

Sixth amendment

Which of the following statements is true about self-report crime surveys? They ask selected subjects whether they have committed crimes. They are an accurate measure of the true amount of crime. They omit questions about less serious offenses, such as cutting classes. They ask questions about serious crimes such as robbery and burglary.

They ask selected subjects whether they have committed crimes

What do the following three Supreme Court cases share in common: United States v. Leon, Massachusetts v. Sheppard, and Nix v. Williams? They define the meaning of seizure. They provide examples of searches incident to an arrest. They provide exceptions to the exclusionary rule. They provide examples of probable cause.

They provide exceptions to the exclusionary rule

Which of the following terms is defined as a collection of crime statistics and other law enforcement information published annually under the title Crime in the United States? the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) a self-report crime survey the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS)

UCR

Overcriminalization is mainly a problem when addressing which types of crimes? Property crimes Violent crimes Federal crimes Victimless crimes

Victimless crimes

In which of the following cases was the exclusionary rule created? Trop v. Dulles Weeks v. United States Plessey v. Ferguson Johnson v. United States

Weeks v. United States

Which of the following types of offenses may be punishable by death in the United States? libel a misdemeanor slander a felony

a felony

Because there is considerable conflict and confusion between different agencies of criminal justice, an accurate way of defining American criminal justice may be to call it a system. a nonsystem. extremely uniform. smoothly operating.

a non-system

The term "jurisdiction," as used in your text, means the specific location in which a court is located. the loose confederation of prisons and jails around the country. a politically defined geographical area. the system of rank and hierarchy within police agencies.

a politically defined geographical area

________ is an act that is illegal for a juvenile but would not be a crime if committed by an adult. An index offense A hate crime A bias crime A status offense

a status offense

An arrest warrant is issued only if substantial and trustworthy evidence supports the conclusion that a violation of the law has been committed and the person to be arrested will be found in the place to be searched. a violation of the law has been committed and the person to be arrested committed the violation. the person to be arrested committed the violation and the person will be found in the place to be searched. the specific objects to be searched for are connected with criminal activity and the objects will be found in the place to be searched.

a violation of the law has been committed and the person to be arrested as committed the violation

The term ________ refers to criminal conduct—specifically, intentional or criminally negligent action or inaction that causes harm. ex post facto actus reus mens rea concurrence

actus reus

One of the main purposes of an arraignment is to determine the types of evidence that will be allowed to be presented. allow the defendant to enter a plea. determine whether there is probable cause. ensure that the defendant will appear at a later stage in the criminal justice process.

allow the defendant to enter a plea

Like the family, schools, organized religion, the media, and the law, criminal justice is a(n) - an institution of social control. - private response to crime. - informal method of social control. - subtle social control.

an institution of social control.

The primary purpose of a(n) ________ is to hear the formal information or indictment and to allow the defendant to enter a plea. preliminary hearing indictment arraignment initial appearance

arraignment

Which of the following crimes is a Part I offense? buying stolen property forgery kidnapping arson

arson

What is currently the top priority of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)? being a federal police agency protecting the president and other government leaders being an intelligence and counterterrorism agency enforcing the country's immigration laws

being an intelligence and counterterrorism agency

Cases that are not resolved through plea bargaining or by a jury trial are decided by a judge in a(n) grand jury. indictment. bench trial. arraignment.

bench trial

The standard of proof necessary to find a defendant guilty in a criminal trial is probable cause. preponderance of evidence. beyond a reasonable doubt. reasonable suspicion.

beyond a reasonable doubt

During which of the following stages is an administrative record of an arrest made? Initial appearance Booking Preliminary hearing Arraignment

booking

Which of the following statements about community policing is TRUE? Community policing called for a shift from incident-based crime fighting to a problem-oriented approach. Community policing caused a gap between community residents and the police. Community policing placed great emphasis on patrolling using a police car. Community policing originated at a time when the enforcer role was working efficiently.

community policing called for a shift from incident-based crime fighting to a problem-oriented approach

Which of the following is defined as the number of offenses for which at least one person has been arrested, charged with the commission of the offense, and turned over to the court for prosecution? crime index offenses cleared offenses known to the police the uniform crime reports (UCR) the dark figure of crime

crime index offenses cleared

A(n) ________ may be expressed as the number of crimes per unit of population. crime index index crime offense known to the police crime rate

crime rate

Which of the following is one of the principles advocated by August Vollmer to professionalize American policing? The major function of the police was preventing rather than fighting crime. Order maintenance is a key role of the police. Police and politicians need to work closely for best results. Education is a key ingredient in professionalizing policing.

education is a key ingredient in professionalizing policing

The ________ states that excessive bail shall not be required. Eighth Amendment Fifth Amendment Sixth Amendment Fourth Amendment

eighth amendment

Most county sheriffs are appointed by the county commissioner. hired by a board appointed for that purpose. appointed from within the agency. elected by the voters of the county.

elected by voters of the county

The basic concepts of American law enforcement and criminal justice originated in New England. Spain. France. England.

england

The criminal law of the United States, for the most part, is derived from the laws of colonial America. Israel. Sumer. England.

england

Which of the following terms is defined as a legal defense against criminal responsibility when a person, who was not already predisposed to it, is induced into committing a crime by a law enforcement officer or by his or her agent? entrapment duress insanity self-defense

entrapment

Under the Supreme Court's __________, a warrantless search not incident to an arrest may be justified in an emergency situation. plain view doctrine exigent circumstances doctrine search incident to arrest doctrine Doctrine of fundamental fairness

exigent circumstances doctrine

What is the most important factor contributing to wrongful convictions? inadequate legal representation eyewitness misidentification guilty pleas made involuntarily by innocent defendants judicial errors, bias, or neglect of duty

eyewitness misidentification

For many crime victims, ________ is the most burdensome and lasting consequence of their victimization. medical expense anger fear threat

fear

According to the Homeland Security Act of 2002, which of the following agencies or organizations has the "primary responsibility for investigating and prosecuting acts of terrorism"? the Department of Homeland Security the U.S. military federal, state, and local law enforcement agencies the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)

federal, state, and local law enforcement agencies

Which of the following Amendments extends the procedural safeguards of the Bill of Rights to people charged with state crimes? First Fourth Tenth Fourteenth

fourteenth

The ________ protects American citizens from "unreasonable searches and seizures." Eighth Amendment Fifth Amendment Sixth Amendment Fourth Amendment

fourth amendment

The only state in the U.S. that does NOT have a state policing agency is _______. Hawaii Alaska Michigan Idaho

hawaii

Defendants can appeal their convictions on legal or constitutional grounds. Which of the following is an example of a constitutional ground on which a defendant may appeal a conviction? mistaken interpretations of law defects in jury selection improper admission of evidence at trial illegal search and seizure

illegal search and seizure

Which of the following statements is true about an ex post facto law? It decreases the punishment for a crime after it is committed. It holds that for crime to occur there must be an external consequence. It does not allow altering the rules of evidence in a particular case after the crime is committed. It declares criminal an act that was not illegal when it was committed.

it declares criminal an act that was not illegal when it was committed

Which of the following is the most important problem with the M'Naghten rule? It is outdated. It fails to address the situation of a defendant who knew the difference between right and wrong but was unable to control his or her actions. It fails to distinguish reliably between behavior that is uncontrollable and behavior that is simply uncontrolled. It is identical to the substantial-capacity test of the American Law Institute's Model Penal Code.

it fails to address the situation of a defendant who knew the difference between right and wrong but was unable to control his or her actions

hich of the following statements is true of parole? It is unconditional in nature. It is given before prisoners have served their full sentences. It includes modifying the verdict of a lower court and reversing it. It is granted, by default, by all jurisdictions in the United States.

it is given before prisoners have served their full sentences

The right to counsel may be waived only if the waiver is made by a defendant's attorney. knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily. by a defendant and at least two witnesses known to the defendant. within 14 days after charges are filed.

knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily

A typical ________ definition of crime is "an intentional violation of the criminal law or penal code, committed without defense or excuse and penalized by the state." psychological social criminal legal

legal

The due process model is based on the doctrine of legal guilt. factual guilt. presumptive guilt. legal innocence.

legal guilt

In the 1969 case of Chimel v. California, the Supreme Court broadened the scope of searches to include any suspicious people. limited the scope of U.S. citizens to appeal verdicts based on illegally seized evidence. limited the scope of searches incident to an arrest. broadened the rights of legal aliens to protect them from illegal searches and seizures.

limited the scope of searches incident to an arrest

The vast majority of American law enforcement agencies are local. federal. multi-jurisdictional. foreign.

local

The majority of public law enforcement agencies are considered to be _________. sheriffs' departments local police agencies federal agencies state police departments

local police agencies

_________ crimes are considered to be "wrong in themselves" and are characterized by universality and timelessness. Mala prohibita Mala in se Mala au gratin Mala fide

mala in se

________ offenses are illegal because laws define them as such. Mala prohibita Mala fide Modus operandi Mens rea

mala prohibita

The Latin term ________ refers to criminal intent or a guilty state of mind. mens rea actus reus habeas corpus mala fide

mens rea

Which of the following terms is defined as a legal defense against criminal responsibility used when a crime has been committed to prevent a more serious crime? necessity defense self-defense entrapment being underage

necessity defense

Which was the first American city to create a paid and unified municipal police force? Boston Chicago Philadelphia New York

new york

A(n) ________ is any standard or rule regarding what human beings should or should not think, say, or do under given circumstances. norm or social more law or commandment ethic or direction moral or adage

norm or social more

A suspect becomes a defendant after a grand jury issues a no bill against the suspect. a complaint has been made. an absence of probable cause has been established. one or more charges have been filed.

one or more charges have been filed

Breaking up a fight, holding back a crowd at a sporting event, or intervening in a domestic dispute before it gets violent are examples of the police duty of law enforcement. order maintenance. service. information gathering.

order maintenance

A crime is a violation of the ________ of a political jurisdiction. tort civil law penal code morals

penal code

In common law, the decision in a particular case becomes a potential basis, or ________, for deciding the outcomes of similar cases in the future. stare decisis precedent ordinance penal code

precedent

The purpose of a(n) ________ is for a judge to determine whether there is probable cause to believe that the defendant committed the crime or crimes with which he or she is charged. preliminary hearing indictment arraignment initial appearance

preliminary hearing

Which of the following standards of proof is evidence that more likely than not outweighs the opposing evidence, or sufficient evidence to overcome doubt or speculation? probable cause reasonable suspicion preponderance of evidence mere suspicion

preponderance of evidence

According to Sir Robert Peel, the main function of the police was to prevent crime by which method? active investigation preventive patrol the use of force the deployment of police strength

preventive patrol

American criminal justice consists of three main agencies. Which of the following is NOT one of those three main agencies? corrections prisons police courts

prisons

Which of the following standards of proof is required for a search or an arrest? probable cause proof beyond a reasonable doubt moral certainty reasonable suspicion

probable cause

Which of the following penal sanctions is used primarily to prevent undesired conduct and to provide retribution? punishment restitution regulation treatment

punishment

Which of the following standards of proof is more than a gut feeling and legally permits a law enforcement officer to stop and frisk a suspect? rebuttable presumption reasonable suspicion conclusive presumption mere suspicion

reasonable suspicion

Early American citizens ________ the formation of the first police departments. resisted encouraged controlled privately funded

resisted

Which of the following U.S. Presidents created the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)? Theodore Roosevelt John F. Kennedy Richard Nixon Bill Clinton

richard nixon

To date, most self-report crime surveys conducted in the United States have been administered to ________. defendants school children victims of violent crimes victims of hate crimes

school children

Which of the following refers to explorations or inspections by law enforcement officers of homes, premises, vehicles, or persons for the purpose of discovering evidence of crimes or persons who are accused of crimes? searches warrants arrests seizures

searches

Taking people to the hospital, escorting funeral processions, delivering mail for city officials, or chasing bats out of a caller's house are examples of the police duty of law enforcement. order maintenance. service. information gathering.

service

A typical ________ definition of crime is behavior that violates the norms or mores of society. legal criminological social psychological

social

The principle of using precedents to guide future decisions in court cases is called ________. stare decisis ex post facto amicus curiae animus possidendi

stare decisis

Which of the following is an example of the police duty of law enforcement? testifying in court breaking up a fight escorting funeral processions investigating a missing child case

testifying in court

Who were the first federal law enforcement agents in the United States? the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) agents the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) agents the Secret Service agents the U.S. Marshals

the U.S Marshals

which of the following characteristics of today's police was taken up by municipal police officers after the American Civil War? They began to carry out motorized patrol. They began to rely on police radios to aid police function. They began to wear uniforms. They began to form posses.

the began to wear uniforms

Most of the procedural, or due process, rights given to criminal suspects or defendants in the United States are found in common law. the Bill of Rights. the First Amendment to the Constitution. Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure.

the bill of rights

According to the crime control model of criminal justice, the most important function of criminal justice is the means by which crime is controlled. rehabilitation. the control of criminal behavior. human rights.

the control of criminal behavior

When politically conservative values are dominant in society, the principles and policies of ________ seem to dominate the operation of criminal justice. the crime control model obstacle-course justice fact-finding processes the due process model

the crime-control model

The federal law that began the War on Drugs in the U.S. was the __________. Volstead Act Harrison Act Marijuana Tax Act BNDD

the harrison act

Which of the following is a condition of legal guilt? the right to counsel freedom from interrogation the right to double jeopardy freedom from all forms of searches and seizures

the right to counsel

________ is a model of state law enforcement services in which the agency and its officers have the same law enforcement powers as local police anywhere within the state. The state police model The highway patrol model The constable-watch system Slave patrolling

the state police model

How did people maintain order and defend against criminals on the American frontier? They organized night watches They appointed a shire reeve to supervise law enforcement efforts They engaged in vigilantism They organized mounted militia units

they engaged in vigilantism

Identify a true statement about proprietary security agents. They provide services only for the agency that employs them. They are classified as sworn peace officers. They are able to find jobs faster than contract security officers because of cost reasons. They are mainly employed by health care agencies.

they provide services only for the agency that employs them

Why was the U.S. Secret Service created? to combat counterfeiting to conduct fugitive investigations to protect national leaders to provide witness security

to combat counterfeiting

Currently, five general types of punishment are in use in the United States. Which of the following is NOT one of these punishments? probation transportation intermediate punishments death

transportation

By the 1970s, research began to show that unattended disorderly behavior is a signal to more serious criminals that they can move in and operate with impunity. rapid response to crime by the police increases the likelihood of arrest. methods developed by the professional policing model were effective in reducing crime. the role of police-as-enforcer was successful.

unattended disorderly behavior is a signal to more serious criminals that they can move in and operate with impunity

If George did not want to commit a crime but was forced or coerced to do so against his will, he may have committed the crime ________. under duress in entrapment in self-defense in defense of a third party

under duress

A(n) ________ is a written order from a court directing law enforcement officers to conduct a search or to arrest a person. subpoena warrant arraignment rescript

warrant