Criminal Justice Exam #4
Men and the poor are not over-represented among jail inmates § True § False
False
The death penalty is used in all states and by the federal government (True or False).
False
Halfway House
A community-based correctional facility that houses inmates before their outright release so they can become gradually acclimated to conventional society.
Maximum-Security Prison
A correctional institution that houses dangerous felons and maintains strict security measures, high walls, and limited contact with the outside world.
Medical Model
A correctional philosophy grounded on the belief that inmates are sick people who need treatment rather than punishment to help them reform.
Day fine
A fine geared to the average daily income of the convicted offender in an effort to bring equity to the sentencing process.
House Arrest
A form of intermediate sanction that requires the convicted offender to spend a designated amount of time per week in his or her own home-such as from 5 p.m. Friday until 8 a.m. Monday
Medium-Security Prison
A less secure institution that houses nonviolent offenders and provides more opportunities for contact with the outside world.
Make-believe family
In female institutions, the substitutes family group-including faux father, mother, and siblings-created by some inmates.
Boot camps are a form of shock incarceration § True § False
True
Death penalty researchers do not all agree that the threat of capital punishment serves as an effective general deterrent to murder (True or False).
True
Medium-security prisons promote greater treatment efforts than maximum-security prisons. § True § False
True
Probation typically involves the suspension of an offender's sentence for promise of good behavior in the community (True or False).
True
Racial and ethnic minorities are over-represented among jail inmates § True § False
True
The chivalry hypothesis states that women benefit from sentence disparity because the system is dominated by men who have a protective attitude toward women (True or False).
True
Restitution
a condition of probation in which the offender repays society or the victim of crime for the trouble and expense the offender caused
Furlough
a correctional policy that allows inmates to leave the institution for vocational or educational training, for employment, or to maintain family ties
Work release
a prison treatment program that allows inmates to be released during the day to work in the community and then return to prison at night
Prison
a state or federal correctional institution for incarceration of felony offenders for terms of one year or more.
Revocation
An administrative act performed by a parole authority that removes a person from parole, or a judicial order by a court removing a person from parole or probation, in response to a violation on the part of the parolee or probationer.
Community service restitution
An alternative sanction that requires an offender to work in the community at such tasks as cleaning public parks or working with disabled children in lieu of an incarceration sentence.
Presentence Investigation
An investigation performed by a probation officer attached to a trial court after the conviction of a defendant
In cases where the convicted is convicted of two or more charges, and the judge's sentences begin on the same day and are completed when the longest term is served it is called the: o A. Consecutive Sentence o B. Determinate Sentence o C. Concurrent Sentence o D. Mandatory Maximum Sentence
C. Concurrent Sentence
Risk Classification
Classifying probationers so that they may receive an appropriate level of treatment and control.
Probation rules
Conditions or restrictions mandated by the court that must be obeyed by a probationer.
Sureties
During the Middle Ages, people responsible for the behavior of an offender released before trial.
Intermediate Sanctions Punishment Ladder
Fines, Forfeiture, Restitution, and Shock probation and Split Sentencing
Parole
The early release of a prisoner from imprisonment, subject to conditions set by a parole board.
Which of the following individuals is most likely to succeed on probation? § A young unemployed male § A single female without a high school diploma § A single male with a prior criminal record § A married female with a part-time job
A married female with a part-time job
Fine
A money payment levied on offenders to compensate society for their misdeeds.
Day Reporting Center (DRC)
A nonresidential community-based treatment program.
Residential Community Corrections (RCC)
A nonsecure facility, located in the community, that houses probationers who need a more secure environment. Typically, residents are free during the day to go to work, school, or treatment, and they return in the evening for counseling sessions and meals.
Substantive rights
A number of civil rights that the courts, through a slow process of legal review, have established for inmates, including the rights to receive mail and medical benefits and to practice their religion.
Parole board
A panel of people who decide whether an offender should be released from prison on parole after serving the minimum portion of their sentence ordered by the sentencing judge.
Penal Harm
A philosophy based on the belief that harsh treatment while serving a correctional sentence will convince offenders that crime does not pay, thereby lowering the chances of recidivism.
Jail
A place to detain people awaiting trial, to serve as a lockup for drunks and disorderly individuals, and to confine convicted misdemeanants serving sentences of less than one year.
Victim Impact Statement
A post conviction statement by the victim of crime that may be used to guide sentencing decisions
Split sentence
A practice that requires convicted criminals to spend a portion of their sentence behind bars and the remainder in the community.
Suspended Sentence
A prison term that is delayed while the defendant undergoes a period of community treatment. If the treatment is successful, the prison sentence is terminated.
Day fees
A program requiring probationers to pay some of the costs of their treatment
Total Institution
A regimented, dehumanizing institution such as a prison, in which inmates are kept in social isolation, cut off from the world at large.
Monetary Restitution
A sanction requiring that convicted offenders compensate crime victims by reimbursing them for out -of-pocked losses caused by the crime. Losses can include property damage, lost wages, and medical costs.
Probation
A sentence entailing the conditional release of a convicted offender into the community under the supervision of the court (in the person of a probation officer), subject to certain conditions for a specified time.
Shock probation
A sentence in which offenders serve a short prison term before they begin probation, to impress them with the pains of imprisonment.
Boot Camp
A short-term militaristic correctional facility in which inmates undergo intensive physical conditioning and discipline.
Motivational Interviewing
A technique that increases the probationers' awareness of their potential problems by asking them to visualize a better future and learn strategies to reach their goals.
cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)
A treatment approach that focuses on patterns of thinking and the beliefs, and helps people to become conscious of their own thoughts and behaviors so they can make positive changes.
Intensive probation supervision (IPS)
A type of intermediate sanction involving small probation caseloads and strict monitoring on a daily or weekly basis.
Sentencing Circle
A type of sentencing in which victims, family members, community members, and the offender participate in an effort to devise fair and reasonable sanctions that are ultimately aimed at reintegrating the offender into the community.
Restorative Justice
A view of criminal justice that advocates peaceful solutions and mediation rather than coercive punishments.
Hulks
Abandoned ships anchored in harbors and used in eighteenth-century England to house prisoners.
Brutalization Effect
An outcome of capital punishment that enhances, rather than deters, the level of violence in society. The death penalty reinforces the view that violence is an appropriate response to provocation.
Inmate social code
An unwritten code of behavior, passed from older inmates to younger ones, that serves as a guideline to appropriate inmate behavior within the correctional institution.
Prisonization
Assimilation into the separate culture in the prison that has its own set of rewards and behaviors, as well as its own norms, rules, and language. The traditional prison culture is now being replaced by a violent gang culture.
Which of the following is a factor that helps contribute to swelling prison populations? § A. Failure of community release programs § B. Mandatory sentencing laws § C. Conviction rates § D. All of these
D. All of these
Which of the following factors is not a legitimate consideration in setting the length of a prison term? § A. The severity of the offense § B. Whether the offender used a weapon § C. Whether the crime was committed for money § D. The offender's age
D. The offender's age
Punishment Ladder
Death Penalty, Prison, Shock Probation, RCC, Restitution, Forfeiture, and Fine
cruel and unusual punishment
Physical punishment or punishment that is far in excess of that given to people under similar circumstances and is therefore banned by the Eighth Amendment. The death penalty has so far not been considered cruel and unusual if it is administered in a fair and nondiscriminatory fashion.
Consecutive Sentences
Prison sentences for two or more criminal acts, served one after the other
Concurrent Sentences
Prison sentences for two or more criminal acts, served simultaneously and run together
Congregate system
Prison system first used in New York that allowed inmates to engage in group activities such as work, meals, and recreation.
o Which of the following is not one of the five primary purposes for jails? § A. Detain accused offenders awaiting trial § B. Hold probationers and parolees who are awaiting a revocation hearing § C. House convicted felons when state prisons are overcrowded § D. Hold mental patients when asylums are overcrowded
Probably D
Intermediate Sanctions
Punishments that fall between probation and prison ("probation plus"). Community-based sanctions, including house arrest and intensive supervision, serve as alternatives to incarceration.
John Braithwaite argues that crime control can be better achieved through a policy of: § A. Restitution § B. Reintegrative Shaming § C. Intensive Supervision § D. Residential Community Corrections
Reintegrative Shaming
Electronic Monitoring (EM)
Requiring convicted offenders to wear a monitoring device as part of their community sentence. Typically part of a house arrest order, this enables the probation department to ensure that offenders are complying with court-ordered limitations on their freedom.
Community service is an example of what? § Forfeiture § Shock Incarceration § Restitution § Intensive Probation Suspension
Restitution
Re-sentencing an offender to probation after a short prison stay is termed: § Shock Probation § Intensive Probation Supervision § Fines § Residential Community Corrections
Shock Probation
What entity initially sets down the conditions or rules of behavior that must be followed by the probationer? § The Court § The Correctional Authority § The Victim's Assistance Office § A private, third party contractor
The Court
Judicial Reprieve
The common-law practice that allowed judges to suspend punishment so that convicted offenders could seek a pardon, gather new evidence, or demonstrate that they had reformed their behavior.
Pennsylvania System
The correctional model used in Pennsylvania that isolated inmates from one another so they would be prevented from planning escapes, to make them easy to manage, and give them time to experience penitence.
Minimum-Security Prison
The least secure institution, which houses white-collar and nonviolent offenders, maintains few security measures, and has liberal furlough and visitation policies.
hands-off doctrine
The legal practice of allowing prison administrators a free hand to run the institution, even if correctional practices violate inmates' constitutional rights; ended with the onset of the prisoners' rights movement in the 1960s.
Inmate subculture
The loosely defined culture that pervades prisons and has its own norms, rules, and language.
Super-Maximum-Security Prison
The newest form of a maximum-security prison that uses high-level security measures to incarcerate the nation's most dangerous criminals. Most inmates are in lockdown 23 hours a day.
Contract System
The practice of correctional officials selling the labor of inmates to private businesses.
Convicted-Lease System
The practice of leasing inmates to a business for a fixed annual fee.
Chivalry hypothesis
The view that the low rates of female crime and delinquency are a reflection of the leniency with which police and judges treat female offenders
What happens when probation is revoked? § The probation contract is terminated, and the original sentence is imposed § The judgement is deferred until such time as the defendant is rehabilitated § The suspended sentence is held in cease and the defendant is subject to mandatory participation in a pretrial diversion program § The probation contract is extended, and a prison term is imposed
The probation contract is terminated, and the original sentence is imposed
jailhouse lawyer
an inmate trained in law or otherwise educated who helps other inmates prepare legal briefs and appeals
Therapeutic Communities
institutions that rely on positive peer pressure within a highly structured social environment to create positive inmate change
Pennsylvania System
o Structure: Single cells set in semicircle o Living Conditions: Isolated o Activities: In-cell work, Bible study Discipline: Silence, harsh punishment
Auburn System
o Structure: Tiered cells o Living Conditions: Congregate o Activities: Group Work o Discipline: Silence, harsh punishments
Intake
process in which a probation officer settles cases at the initial appearance before the onset of formal criminal proceedings; also, the process in which a juvenile referral is received and a decision is made to file a petition in the juvenile court, release the juvenile, or refer the juvenile elsewhere.
Recognizance
the medieval practice of allowing convicted offenders to go unpunished if they agreed to refrain from any further criminal behavior.
Forfeiture
the seizure of personal property by the state as a civil or criminal penalty.