Criminal Justice Exam #4

Men and the poor are not over-represented among jail inmates § True § False

False

The death penalty is used in all states and by the federal government (True or False).

False

Halfway House

A community-based correctional facility that houses inmates before their outright release so they can become gradually acclimated to conventional society.

Maximum-Security Prison

A correctional institution that houses dangerous felons and maintains strict security measures, high walls, and limited contact with the outside world.

Medical Model

A correctional philosophy grounded on the belief that inmates are sick people who need treatment rather than punishment to help them reform.

Day fine

A fine geared to the average daily income of the convicted offender in an effort to bring equity to the sentencing process.

House Arrest

A form of intermediate sanction that requires the convicted offender to spend a designated amount of time per week in his or her own home-such as from 5 p.m. Friday until 8 a.m. Monday

Medium-Security Prison

A less secure institution that houses nonviolent offenders and provides more opportunities for contact with the outside world.

Make-believe family

In female institutions, the substitutes family group-including faux father, mother, and siblings-created by some inmates.

Boot camps are a form of shock incarceration § True § False

True

Death penalty researchers do not all agree that the threat of capital punishment serves as an effective general deterrent to murder (True or False).

True

Medium-security prisons promote greater treatment efforts than maximum-security prisons. § True § False

True

Probation typically involves the suspension of an offender's sentence for promise of good behavior in the community (True or False).

True

Racial and ethnic minorities are over-represented among jail inmates § True § False

True

The chivalry hypothesis states that women benefit from sentence disparity because the system is dominated by men who have a protective attitude toward women (True or False).

True

Restitution

a condition of probation in which the offender repays society or the victim of crime for the trouble and expense the offender caused

Furlough

a correctional policy that allows inmates to leave the institution for vocational or educational training, for employment, or to maintain family ties

Work release

a prison treatment program that allows inmates to be released during the day to work in the community and then return to prison at night

Prison

a state or federal correctional institution for incarceration of felony offenders for terms of one year or more.

Revocation

An administrative act performed by a parole authority that removes a person from parole, or a judicial order by a court removing a person from parole or probation, in response to a violation on the part of the parolee or probationer.

Community service restitution

An alternative sanction that requires an offender to work in the community at such tasks as cleaning public parks or working with disabled children in lieu of an incarceration sentence.

Presentence Investigation

An investigation performed by a probation officer attached to a trial court after the conviction of a defendant

In cases where the convicted is convicted of two or more charges, and the judge's sentences begin on the same day and are completed when the longest term is served it is called the: o A. Consecutive Sentence o B. Determinate Sentence o C. Concurrent Sentence o D. Mandatory Maximum Sentence

C. Concurrent Sentence

Risk Classification

Classifying probationers so that they may receive an appropriate level of treatment and control.

Probation rules

Conditions or restrictions mandated by the court that must be obeyed by a probationer.

Sureties

During the Middle Ages, people responsible for the behavior of an offender released before trial.

Intermediate Sanctions Punishment Ladder

Fines, Forfeiture, Restitution, and Shock probation and Split Sentencing

Parole

The early release of a prisoner from imprisonment, subject to conditions set by a parole board.

Which of the following individuals is most likely to succeed on probation? § A young unemployed male § A single female without a high school diploma § A single male with a prior criminal record § A married female with a part-time job

A married female with a part-time job

Fine

A money payment levied on offenders to compensate society for their misdeeds.

Day Reporting Center (DRC)

A nonresidential community-based treatment program.

Residential Community Corrections (RCC)

A nonsecure facility, located in the community, that houses probationers who need a more secure environment. Typically, residents are free during the day to go to work, school, or treatment, and they return in the evening for counseling sessions and meals.

Substantive rights

A number of civil rights that the courts, through a slow process of legal review, have established for inmates, including the rights to receive mail and medical benefits and to practice their religion.

Parole board

A panel of people who decide whether an offender should be released from prison on parole after serving the minimum portion of their sentence ordered by the sentencing judge.

Penal Harm

A philosophy based on the belief that harsh treatment while serving a correctional sentence will convince offenders that crime does not pay, thereby lowering the chances of recidivism.

Jail

A place to detain people awaiting trial, to serve as a lockup for drunks and disorderly individuals, and to confine convicted misdemeanants serving sentences of less than one year.

Victim Impact Statement

A post conviction statement by the victim of crime that may be used to guide sentencing decisions

Split sentence

A practice that requires convicted criminals to spend a portion of their sentence behind bars and the remainder in the community.

Suspended Sentence

A prison term that is delayed while the defendant undergoes a period of community treatment. If the treatment is successful, the prison sentence is terminated.

Day fees

A program requiring probationers to pay some of the costs of their treatment

Total Institution

A regimented, dehumanizing institution such as a prison, in which inmates are kept in social isolation, cut off from the world at large.

Monetary Restitution

A sanction requiring that convicted offenders compensate crime victims by reimbursing them for out -of-pocked losses caused by the crime. Losses can include property damage, lost wages, and medical costs.

Probation

A sentence entailing the conditional release of a convicted offender into the community under the supervision of the court (in the person of a probation officer), subject to certain conditions for a specified time.

Shock probation

A sentence in which offenders serve a short prison term before they begin probation, to impress them with the pains of imprisonment.

Boot Camp

A short-term militaristic correctional facility in which inmates undergo intensive physical conditioning and discipline.

Motivational Interviewing

A technique that increases the probationers' awareness of their potential problems by asking them to visualize a better future and learn strategies to reach their goals.

cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)

A treatment approach that focuses on patterns of thinking and the beliefs, and helps people to become conscious of their own thoughts and behaviors so they can make positive changes.

Intensive probation supervision (IPS)

A type of intermediate sanction involving small probation caseloads and strict monitoring on a daily or weekly basis.

Sentencing Circle

A type of sentencing in which victims, family members, community members, and the offender participate in an effort to devise fair and reasonable sanctions that are ultimately aimed at reintegrating the offender into the community.

Restorative Justice

A view of criminal justice that advocates peaceful solutions and mediation rather than coercive punishments.

Hulks

Abandoned ships anchored in harbors and used in eighteenth-century England to house prisoners.

Brutalization Effect

An outcome of capital punishment that enhances, rather than deters, the level of violence in society. The death penalty reinforces the view that violence is an appropriate response to provocation.

Inmate social code

An unwritten code of behavior, passed from older inmates to younger ones, that serves as a guideline to appropriate inmate behavior within the correctional institution.

Prisonization

Assimilation into the separate culture in the prison that has its own set of rewards and behaviors, as well as its own norms, rules, and language. The traditional prison culture is now being replaced by a violent gang culture.

Which of the following is a factor that helps contribute to swelling prison populations? § A. Failure of community release programs § B. Mandatory sentencing laws § C. Conviction rates § D. All of these

D. All of these

Which of the following factors is not a legitimate consideration in setting the length of a prison term? § A. The severity of the offense § B. Whether the offender used a weapon § C. Whether the crime was committed for money § D. The offender's age

D. The offender's age

Punishment Ladder

Death Penalty, Prison, Shock Probation, RCC, Restitution, Forfeiture, and Fine

cruel and unusual punishment

Physical punishment or punishment that is far in excess of that given to people under similar circumstances and is therefore banned by the Eighth Amendment. The death penalty has so far not been considered cruel and unusual if it is administered in a fair and nondiscriminatory fashion.

Consecutive Sentences

Prison sentences for two or more criminal acts, served one after the other

Concurrent Sentences

Prison sentences for two or more criminal acts, served simultaneously and run together

Congregate system

Prison system first used in New York that allowed inmates to engage in group activities such as work, meals, and recreation.

o Which of the following is not one of the five primary purposes for jails? § A. Detain accused offenders awaiting trial § B. Hold probationers and parolees who are awaiting a revocation hearing § C. House convicted felons when state prisons are overcrowded § D. Hold mental patients when asylums are overcrowded

Probably D

Intermediate Sanctions

Punishments that fall between probation and prison ("probation plus"). Community-based sanctions, including house arrest and intensive supervision, serve as alternatives to incarceration.

John Braithwaite argues that crime control can be better achieved through a policy of: § A. Restitution § B. Reintegrative Shaming § C. Intensive Supervision § D. Residential Community Corrections

Reintegrative Shaming

Electronic Monitoring (EM)

Requiring convicted offenders to wear a monitoring device as part of their community sentence. Typically part of a house arrest order, this enables the probation department to ensure that offenders are complying with court-ordered limitations on their freedom.

Community service is an example of what? § Forfeiture § Shock Incarceration § Restitution § Intensive Probation Suspension

Restitution

Re-sentencing an offender to probation after a short prison stay is termed: § Shock Probation § Intensive Probation Supervision § Fines § Residential Community Corrections

Shock Probation

What entity initially sets down the conditions or rules of behavior that must be followed by the probationer? § The Court § The Correctional Authority § The Victim's Assistance Office § A private, third party contractor

The Court

Judicial Reprieve

The common-law practice that allowed judges to suspend punishment so that convicted offenders could seek a pardon, gather new evidence, or demonstrate that they had reformed their behavior.

Pennsylvania System

The correctional model used in Pennsylvania that isolated inmates from one another so they would be prevented from planning escapes, to make them easy to manage, and give them time to experience penitence.

Minimum-Security Prison

The least secure institution, which houses white-collar and nonviolent offenders, maintains few security measures, and has liberal furlough and visitation policies.

hands-off doctrine

The legal practice of allowing prison administrators a free hand to run the institution, even if correctional practices violate inmates' constitutional rights; ended with the onset of the prisoners' rights movement in the 1960s.

Inmate subculture

The loosely defined culture that pervades prisons and has its own norms, rules, and language.

Super-Maximum-Security Prison

The newest form of a maximum-security prison that uses high-level security measures to incarcerate the nation's most dangerous criminals. Most inmates are in lockdown 23 hours a day.

Contract System

The practice of correctional officials selling the labor of inmates to private businesses.

Convicted-Lease System

The practice of leasing inmates to a business for a fixed annual fee.

Chivalry hypothesis

The view that the low rates of female crime and delinquency are a reflection of the leniency with which police and judges treat female offenders

What happens when probation is revoked? § The probation contract is terminated, and the original sentence is imposed § The judgement is deferred until such time as the defendant is rehabilitated § The suspended sentence is held in cease and the defendant is subject to mandatory participation in a pretrial diversion program § The probation contract is extended, and a prison term is imposed

The probation contract is terminated, and the original sentence is imposed

jailhouse lawyer

an inmate trained in law or otherwise educated who helps other inmates prepare legal briefs and appeals

Therapeutic Communities

institutions that rely on positive peer pressure within a highly structured social environment to create positive inmate change

Pennsylvania System

o Structure: Single cells set in semicircle o Living Conditions: Isolated o Activities: In-cell work, Bible study Discipline: Silence, harsh punishment

Auburn System

o Structure: Tiered cells o Living Conditions: Congregate o Activities: Group Work o Discipline: Silence, harsh punishments

Intake

process in which a probation officer settles cases at the initial appearance before the onset of formal criminal proceedings; also, the process in which a juvenile referral is received and a decision is made to file a petition in the juvenile court, release the juvenile, or refer the juvenile elsewhere.

Recognizance

the medieval practice of allowing convicted offenders to go unpunished if they agreed to refrain from any further criminal behavior.

Forfeiture

the seizure of personal property by the state as a civil or criminal penalty.