Criminal Justice Final Exam (EMCC)

Under common law, there is generally a conclusive presumption of incapacity for a child under the age of A. 7 B. 11 C. 14 D. 16

A. 7

The juvenile justice system development as a result of: A. A desire to help and treat children B. A desire to sanction children who had gone unpunishment C. Elizabethan poor laws D. English chancery courts

A. A desire to help and treat children

What is the most common definition of a felony? A. A serious crime punishable by imprisonment in a state prison B. Any crime punishable by imprisonment in a county jail C. A crime punishable by grand jury indictment D. Any crime for which one can be imprisoned for more than three years in prison

A. A serious crime punishable by imprisonment in a state prison

The fact that prisons have inmates locked within their walls, are under constant scrutiny, and are forced to obey the rules refers to the concept of? A. A total institution. B. The local jail. C. A complete secure policy. D. The penitentiary.

A. A total institution.

In what time and place is a violent crime most likely to occur? A. After 6:00 P.M. in an open, public area B. Before 6:00 P.M. in a rural setting C. Mid-morning in an open, public area D. Late afternoon in an ally

A. After 6:00 P.M. in an open, public area

Which of the following is false regarding appellate courts? A. Appellate courts try cases B. Appellate courts review the procedures of the case to determine whether an error was made by judicial authorities C. The appellate court can order a new trial D. The appellate court can allow the defendant to go free

A. Appellate courts try cases

In the formal criminal justice process, at which stage are formal charges read and an initial plea entered? A. Arraignment B. Charging C. Preliminary hearing D. Bail hearing

A. Arraignment

Which US city created the first formal US police department? A. Boston B. New York City C. Philadelphia D. Chicago

A. Boston

Which of the following statements is false when comparing public and private attorneys? A. Conviction rates for indigent defendants with public defenders were significantly higher than for defendants with their own attorney B. Sentence lengths for defendants sent to jail or prison were shorter for those with publicly financed attorneys than those who hired counsel C. Of those found guilty, those represented by publicly financed attorneys were incarcerated at a higher rate than those defendants who paid for their own legal representation D. Conviction rates for defendants with public or private attorneys were about the same

A. Conviction rates for indigent defendants with public defenders were significantly higher than for defendants with their own attorney

Punishing an offender severely to serve as an example to others is a sentence intended to achieve which goal of sentencing A. General deterrence B. Rehabilitation C. Specific deterrence D. Incapacitation

A. General deterrence

In what 1963 landmark case did the U.S. Supreme Court rule that state courts must provide counsel to indigent defendants in felony prosecutions? A. Gideon v. Wainwright B. Strickland v. Washington C. Burger v. Kemp D. Argersinger v. Hamlin

A. Gideon v. Wainwright

Which of the following is *not* part of the three-pronged approach contemporary detectives typically take to flesh out the narrative of the crime? A. Interviews only B. Specific focus C. Informative D. General coverage

A. Interviews only

In Roper v. Simmons (2005), the Court set what limitation on use of the death penalty? A. No defendant under 18 years old became the age limit on who could be sentenced to death B. Execution of the mentally retarded is prohibited by the Eighth Amendment C. Only those who commit felony murder may be executed D. Rapists may not be punished with death

A. No defendant under 18 years old became the age limit on who could be sentenced to death

The formal criminal justice process is supposed to be fair and unbiased. Critics argue that extralegal factors often influence the process. Which of the following is one of those extralegal factors critics argue influences A. Offender's race B. Offender's prior record C. Seriousness of offense D. Available evidence

A. Offender's race

The approach of the early American juvenile court is best described as: A. Paternalistic B. Adversarial C. Investigative D. Due process oriented

A. Paternalistic

Which of the following is *not* a factor that distinguishes private policing from public policing? A. Private policing focuses its efforts on public and private property B. Private police are concerned almost solely with prevention C. Private policing is concerned more on loss prevention than on crime D. Private policing often employs private justice

A. Private policing focuses its efforts on public and private property

What is the most common formal sentence for juveniles? A. Probation under the supervision of a probation department B. Short-term confinement in a private juvenile facility C. Long-term confinement in a state institution D. Community service under parental supervision

A. Probation under the supervision of a probation department

The standard required to convict a defendant charged with a crime at the adjudicatory stage of the criminal process is: A. Proof beyond a reasonable doubt B. Absolute certainty C. Clear and convincing evidence D. Preponderance of the evidence

A. Proof beyond a reasonable doubt

Which of the following is *not* a reason for a nolle prosequi-the term used when a prosecutor decides to drop a case after a complaint has been formally made? A. Race of the defendant B. Insufficient evidence C. Reluctance of witnesses to testify D. Police error

A. Race of the defendant

Which statement is false? A. Research shows a strong correlation between legal variables and the type and length of sentence B. There is a consistent relationship between social class and sentencing C. Judges may perceive women as better risks than man, thus creating gender bias in sentencing D. Victim characteristics may influence sentencing

A. Research shows a strong correlation between legal variables and the type and length of sentence

What early initially sets down the conditions or rules of behavior that must be followed by the probationer? A. The court B. The correctional authority C. The victim's assistance office D. A private, third-party contractor

A. The court

What happens when probation is revoked? A. The probation contract is terminated and the original sentence is imposed B. The judgment is deferred until such time as the defendant is rehabilitated C. The suspended sentence is held in abeyance and the defendant is subject to mandatory participation in a pretrial diversion program D. The probation contract is extended and a prison term is imposed

A. The probation contract is terminated and the original sentence is imposed

What is another term for an indictment issued by a grand jury? A. True bill B. No bill C. Nolo contendere D. Nolle prosequi

A. True bill

What source of criminal statistics is the most cited? A. Uniform Crime Reports B. National Crime Victimization Survey C. Self-report survey D. National Incident-Based Reporting System

A. Uniform Crime Reports

The process of determining the appropriateness of jurors to sit on the jury is known as: A. Voir dire B. Venire C. The jury array D. The process of rebuttal

A. Voir dire

Which of the following courts would *not* be considered a specialty court? A. Drug court B. Circuit court C. Community court D. Mental health court

B. Circuit court

The first technological breakthrough in policing came in the following area of: A. Transportation B. Communication C. Regulation D. Administration

B. Communication

What technology has allowed precinct commanders to analyze how crime is clustered geographically in their precinct and how patrol offenders are being deployed? A. Drones B. CompStat C. Automated license plate recognition D. Crime mapping

B. CompStat

According to this view of crime, criminal law is a set of rules, codified by state authorities, that express norms, goals, and values of the vast majority of society A. Conflict view B. Consensus view C. Interactionist view D. Moral entrepreneur

B. Consensus view

Which of the following is true? A. Criminal investigation serves mostly to support patrol work B. Detectives are often handicapped by limited time, money, and resources C. Criminal investigators solve the crime without regard for the legal consequences of their actions D. All of these statements are true

B. Detectives are often handicapped by limited time, money, and resources

A fixed term of incarceration decided due to the crime committed is called a(n)? A. Indeterminate sentence B. Determinate sentence C. Mandatory minimum D. Fixed term

B. Determinate sentence

What term is used to describe the phenomena where black officers must deal with the expectation that they will give members of their own race a break, while at the same time they experience overt racism from their police colleagues? A. The black curtain B. Double marginality C. Inherent role conflict D. Toxic race relations

B. Double marginality

The _______ Amendment to the Constitution prohibits excessive bail A. Sixth B. Eighth C. Fourteenth D. Sixteenth

B. Eighth

Which constitutional amendment bars illegal searches and seizures by police A. First B. Fourth C. Fifth D. Eighth

B. Fourth

Which of the following is a problem associated with the validity of the UCR? A. No federal crimes are reported B. If an offender commits multiple crimes, only the most serious are recorded C. Reports are voluntary and vary in accuracy D. Crimes rates per 50,000 people are computed

B. If an offender commits multiple crimes, only the most serious are recorded

What is the core goal of using mandatory life sentences so criminals cannot hurt other citizens? A. Restitution B. Incapacitation C. Retribution D. General deterrence

B. Incapacitation

What was the name of the famous commission that investigated corruption in New York City in the 1970s? A. Warren Commission B. Knapp Commission C. Garner Commission D. Mollen Commission

B. Knapp Commission

The US Supreme Court is composed of _______ members who serve ________ terms A. Seven; eight-year B. Nine; lifetime C. Nine; limited D. Ten; four-year

B. Nine; lifetime

The Batson v. Kentucky ruling holds that: A. Peremptory challenges based on race by the defense are unconstitutional B. Prosecutorial peremptory challenges based on race are unconstitutional C. The use of "content" questions is unconstitutional D. Peremptory challenges may not be limited to fewer by state statute

B. Prosecutorial peremptory challenges based on race are unconstitutional

Which of the following is *not* a substantive right granted inmates by the Supreme Court A. Access to legal materials B. Right to earn educational degrees C. Freedom of religion D. Medical rights

B. Right to earn educational degrees

The primary purpose of a maximum-security prison is: A. Rehabilitation B. Security C. Deterrence D. Silence

B. Security

Which of the following is *not* an example of a status offense? A. Violating curfew B. Shoplifting C. Skipping school D. Running away

B. Shoplifting

English police officers are known as bobbies because: A. Their heads often bobbed up and down as they rode the streets of London on horses B. Sir Robert (Bobbie) Peel was responsible for their creation C. An inordinately large number of the original London metropolitan police force was named Bobbie D. They are trained to bob their head whenever a member of the royal family came into view

B. Sir Robert (Bobbie) Peel was responsible for their creation

The concept of attorney competence was defined by the U.S. Supreme Court in what case? A. Gideon v. Wainwright B. Strickland v. Washington C. Burger v. Kemp D. Argersinger v. Hamlin

B. Strickland v. Washington

Certain statutory offenses exist in which mens rea is not essential. These offenses fall within a category known as: A. Torts B. Strict liability crimes C. Do ron ron crimes D. Stare decisis

B. Strict liability crimes

Which branch of law defines crimes and their punishment? A. Martial law B. Substantive criminal law C. Civil law D. Public law

B. Substantive criminal law

Most reported crimes occur during which season? A. Winter B. Summer C. Spring D. Fall

B. Summer

Which nineteenth century program aimed to remove children from the harsh environment of the city and place them in rural communities? A. The House of Refuge B. The Children's Aid Society C. The Child Savers United Agency D. The typical house of reformation

B. The Children's Aid Society

Which of the following factors is strongly linked to the type of nondeadly force used? A. The officer's personal beliefs B. The offender's past experiences C. The offender's training on deadly force D. The crime in question

B. The offender's past experiences

According to the "ranking" system of the use of force, which is considered the least serious? A. Control holds B. Verbal commands C. Strikes/punches D. Chemical incapacitates

B. Verbal commands

Which of the following is *not* one of the factors used by the police in decision making about juvenile offenders? A. The seriousness of the child's offense B. Whether the child promises not to commit future offenses C. The child's past contact with the police D. How willing the child and parents are to cooperate

B. Whether the child promises not to commit future offenses

For every 1000 crimes, approximately ____ people are sent to prison. A. 5 B. 10 C. 20 D. 30

C. 20

Nearly _________ percent of local police departments serve populations of fewer than 10,000 people A. 25 B. 50 C. 75 D. 90

C. 75

The majority of inmates in the United States are: A. Housed in maximum or super-maximum facilities B. Housed in private prisons C. Alcohol and/or drug dependent at the time of their arrest D. First-time violent offenders who will serve long sentences

C. Alcohol and/or drug dependent at the time of their arrest

Regarding of the size of the policing organization, this person has general administrative control and sets policy for the entire department's operating branches A. Staff lieutenant B. Detective lieutenant C. Chief of police D. Patrol sergeant

C. Chief of police

If an offender has received two sentences for two different crimes but starts serving both sentences on the same day, this is called a ______________ sentence A. Consecutive B. Determinate C. Concurrent D. Mandatory maximum

C. Concurrent

Proponents of which justice perspective believe that the greatest concern of the justice system should be providing fair and equitable treatment to those accused of committing a crime A. Crime control B. Rehabilitation C. Due process D. Equal justice

C. Due process

In _________, the Supreme Court held that a probationer's home may be searched without a warrant on the grounds that probation departments "must respond quickly to evidence of misconduct" A. Beardon v. Georgia B. Minnesota v. Murphy C. Griffin v. Wisconsin D. United States v. Knights

C. Griffin v. Wisconsin

A significant portion of a police officer's time is spent: A. Waiting for incoming calls that report crimes B. Making arrests and writing reports C. Handling minor disturbances, service calls, and administrative duties D. Investigating crime and making arrests

C. Handling minor disturbances, service calls, and administrative duties

Prosecutorial discretion is an important part of the criminal justice system because: A. It causes the system to move more slowly, but more fairly B. It keeps the judiciary and defense attorneys from becoming corrupt C. It prevents rigid implementation of criminal law D. It ensures all cases go to trial

C. It prevents rigid implementation of criminal law

The tree main components of the contemptory criminal justice system are: A. Law enforcement, the courts, and the legislature B. The courts, the correctional system, and the legislature C. Law enforcement, the courts, and the correctional system D. Law enforcement, the correctional system, and the legislature

C. Law enforcement, the courts, and the correctional system

An officer approaches a group of teenagers drinking beer, she checks everyone's ID and arrests all who are underage. This example best typifies which officer style? A. Crime fighter B. Social agent C. Law enforcer D. Watchman

C. Law enforcer

What was the first city to award the title of police officer to a woman in 1910? A. Chicago B. Boston C. Los Angeles D. New York City

C. Los Angeles

The individual's state of mind or intent to commit a crime is formally referred to as: A. Stare decisis B. Mala in se C. Mens rea D. Actus reas

C. Mens rea

What religious group put pressure on the Pennsylvania legislature to improve the conditions of custodial institutions A. Methodists B. Catholics C. Quakers D. Mormons

C. Quakers

Which of the following is *not* one of the goals of sentencing guidelines? A. To serve at recommendations for sentencing B. To reduce prison crowding C. To increase judicial discretion D. To remove racial and gender disparity

C. To increase judicial discretion

The federal government has a three-tiered hierarchy of court jurisdiction, which includes all of the following except the: A. US Court of Appeals B. US District Court C. US special jurisdiction court D. US Supreme Court

C. US special jurisdiction court

When the US Supreme Court decides to hear a case, they gran a(n) ___________ requesting the transcript of the proceedings of the case for review A. Landmark decision B. Issuance of legals C. Writ of certiorari D. Mandate of precedence

C. Writ of certiorari

Approximately _______ percent of felony cases are settled without a trial A. 20 B. 40 C. 60 D. 80

D. 80

Which of the following individuals is most likely to succeed on probation? A. A young unemployed male B. A single female without a high school diploma C. A single male with a prior criminal record D. A married female with a part-time job

D. A married female with a part-time job

Which is *not* a factor contributing to individual violence in prison? A. History of prior violence B. Age C. Psychological factors D. Administrative control

D. Administrative control

Which best describes a recent reform of juvenile sentencing? A. Some jurisdictions have passed mandatory or determinate incarceration sentences for juveniles convicted of serious felonies B. A concerted effort has been made to remove status offenders from the juvenile justice system and restrict their entry into institutional programs C. Effort has been made to standardize dispositions in juvenile court D. All of these represent recent reforms related to juvenile sentencing

D. All of these represent recent reforms related to juvenile sentencing

Who determines the actual length of incarceration in an indeterminate sentence? A. Sentencing guidelines B. Prosecutor and the defense attorney C. State legislature D. Correctional agency and the judge

D. Correctional agency and the judge

Excessive bail is prohibited by the: A. Fourth Amendment B. Fifth Amendment C. Sixth Amendment D. Eighth Amendment

D. Eighth Amendment

Which federal agency has reformulated its priorities, making protection from terrorism its number-one commitment? A. Secret Service B. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) C. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) D. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)

D. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)

Which 1972 Supreme Court decision ruled that the death penalty at the time violated the Eighth Amendment's protection against cruel and unusual punishment? A. McKlesky v. Kemp B. Gregg v. Georgia C. Standford v. Kentucky D. Furman v. Georgia

D. Furman v. Georgia

Which is *not* one of the five primary purposes for jails? A. Detain accused offenders awaiting trial B. Hold probationers and parolees who are awaiting a revocation hearing C. House convicted felons when state prisons are overcrowded D. Hold mental patients when asylums are overcrowded

D. Hold mental patients when asylums are overcrowded

Which of the following describes the kind of treatment that family courts attempt to provide? A. Treatment provided by the parents of the juvenile B. Supervised community release C. Punitive measures and harsh discipline D. Individualized, client-focused treatment

D. Individualized, client-focused treatment

A(n) ________ is a charging document drawn up by a prosecutor in jurisdiction that does not use the grand jury system A. Warrant B. Complaint C. Indictment D. Information

D. Information

_________ refers to the screening of cases by the juvenile justice system A. Diversion B. Waiver C. Detention D. Intake

D. Intake

Which of the following is *not* one of the major purposes of police patrol? A. Deter crime through police presence B. Aid individuals who cannot help themselves C. Facilitate the movement of traffic and people D. Issue arrest warrants

D. Issue arrest warrants

Which of the following is considered one of the cons of the plea-bargaining system? A. It reduces the administrative efficiency of the courts B. It lowers the cost for the defense but not the prosecution C. It makes the prosecution spread their attention across a greater number of cases D. It raises the danger innocent persons will admit guilt

D. It raises the danger innocent persons will admit guilt

Shoplifting and public drunkenness would be considered ___________ of the criminal justice "wedding cake" A. Level I B. Level II C. Level III D. Level IV

D. Level IV

Which of the following is *not* one of the six core beliefs at the heart of the police culture? A. Loyalty to colleagues counts above all else B. The war against crime cannot be won without bending the rules C. No one else understands the nature of police work D. Patrol work is a vital and exciting part of police work

D. Patrol work is a vital and exciting part of police work

A 1975 Supreme Court decision gave defendants the right to act as their own attorney. What is the term for this? A. Self-dense B. Nolo contendere C. Habeas corpus D. Pro se

D. Pro se

What modern concept is attributed to the nineteenth century volunteer work of John Augustus? A. Prison B. Parole C. Sureties D. Probation

D. Probation

Which was the key to discipline in the Auburn system? A. Flogging B. Branding C. Prayer and penitence D. Silent confinement

D. Silent confinement

Which is false about the effectiveness of parole? A. More than half of incarcerated offenders return to prison shortly after their release B. Rearrest of offenders is most common in the first six months after release C. More than 60 percent of parolees return to prison within three years of their release D. The failure rate of parolees has dramatically decreased over the past 10 years

D. The failure rate of parolees has dramatically decreased over the past 10 years

Which of the following police operations best exemplifies community-oriented policing? A. A sting operation where officers pose as fences of stolen property B. Creation of a well-armed special weapons and tactics (SWAT) team trained in hostage negotiation C. Computerized data terminals installed on the dash of all patrol ears D. The hiring of bilingual officers to patrol neighborhoods with large immigrant populations

D. The hiring of bilingual officers to patrol neighborhoods with large immigrant populations

How do most municipal police departments determine promotion eligibility? A. Intelligence testing B. College degrees C. Performance reviews D. Time-in-rank system

D. Time-in-rank system

Regardless of their source, all criminal laws in the United States must conform to the rules and dictates of the: A. US Attorney's Office B. US Court of Appeals C. US Senate D. US Constitution

D. US Constitution

What type of bail system allows the defendant to be released with no immediate requirement of payment but leaves him or her liable for the full bail amount if he or she fails to appear in court? A. Surety bail system B. Deposit bail system C. ROR system D. Unsecured bond

D. Unsecured bond

Which of the following is *not* a reason why victims fail to report serious crimes to the police? A. Victims may consider the crime trivial or unimportant B. Victims fear reprisals from an offender's friends or family C. Victims do not trust the police or have little confidence in their ability D. Victims do not know how to contact the police or how to report the crime

D. Victims do not know how to contact the police or how to report the crime

Which style of policing ignores infractions and requests for service unless officers believe the social or political order is being jeopardized? A. Crime fighter B. Social agent C. Law enforcer D. Watchman

D. Watchman

The greater the proportion of ________ in the population, the higher the crime rate and the greater the number of persistent offenders A. Middle-aged women B. Young women C. Middle-aged men D. Young men

D. Young men

(T or F) A grand jury hearing is open to the public

False

(T or F) In a concurrent sentence, a prisoner is serving for two or more criminal acts one after another.

False

(T or F) Plea bargaining is rare

False

(T or F) Homosexual men are the largest target population for sexual violence and assault in prison

True

(T or F) In the 1960s and 1970s, the US Supreme Court radically altered the juvenile justice system when it issued a series of decisions that established the right of juveniles to due process of law

True