Critical development geographies references
Janus-faced modernity highlights the hypocritical aspect of development. Failure to explain violence and brutality, a central and permanent dynamic, in the difficult reciprocation of social orders. The hiding of the violence of colonialism.
Depelteau, 2017
Modernisation theory
A deterministic approach based on the economic history of a number of developed countries. Distinct economic and social changes are required for a country to move from one stage to another. Stagist notion of development. Rostow's stages of economic growth (1960)
Structuralist Theory
A general term for a model of economic development that treats economic disparities among countries or regions as the result of historically derived power relations within the global economic system. Development obstacles are exogenous
Foregrounding how development under an emergent capitalism was founded on slave trade and the stealing of land from indigenous people- dependency theory.
Heynen, 2019
"The development of Europe as part of the same dialectical process in which Africa was underdeveloped."
Rodney, 1974, p. 62
Repositioning gender and development issues around questions of rights, democracy and participation extends the long-term interest in women's empowerment in the development process
Rowlands, 1977
A post-colonial country is one whose struggle for independence subsequently turned into the search for development, epitomized by a western style modernisation process
Schech and Haggis, 2000
In 2010s, infrastructure developmnet and spatial planning is back
Schindler and Kanai, 2019
Breaking dependency- Chile's coppermines by Allede in 1971
Willis, 2014
Constructions of development vary across time and space, but particular understandings become more widely used. This reflects power relations, not only at a global scale, but also within countries, communities and households.
Willis, 2014
Development as a goal is the same for all theories, but the processes to achieve it is different.
Willis, 2014
Development is a dynamic process which can be spatially and socially extended to different parts of the world.
Willis, 2014
Development is presented as a goal to be achieved. High levels of national income mean you can join the club of developed nations
Willis, 2014
Development is usually understood as a process of becoming modern- can therefore be viewed as being like the west, hence eurocentric.
Willis, 2014
For the dependency theorist, it is the global capitalist system dominated by the global north which is an obstacle to autonomous development in the global south
Willis, 2014
Many ideas on structuralism are made in the global south reflecting the importance of considering how understandings and approaches to development are a product of temporally and spatially specific contexts
Willis, 2014
Modernist theorists believe that development obstacles are endogenous (from within the country)
Willis, 2014
Neoliberalism- 70s and 80s. The belief that government intervention in the economy always leads to inefficiencies.
Willis, 2014
The East African Ground nut scheme- British government attempted to modernise agriculture in this part of East Africa using northern ideas and equipment but it proved to be highly inappropriate.
Willis, 2014
Dependency Theory
a model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of the historical exploitation of poor nations by rich ones. Neo-colonialism.
Grassroots Development
small-scale, community-based projects to help poor people lift themselves from poverty. Not widely adopted due to fears from governments that they hinder economic development. For these governments, development was largely economic.
Postcolonialism
the field that studies the cultural legacies of colonialism and imperialism. Challenges us to write about development in ways that recognise the social, economic and political impacts of colonialism
Historicist consciousness was: a recommendation to the colonised to wait- a waiting room of history. Africans and Indians were not yet civilised to rule themselves according to Mill
Chakrabarty, 2000, p. 11
Sweden exporting town planing in Kampala in the 1960s
Danielson, 1966
Radical Incrementalism are acts by which residents and popular movements of the marginalized and poor choose to engage the state on a project by project basis to achieve incremental institutional changes.
Ernston, 2013
"The development of underdevelopment"
Frank, 1967
Southern post-colonial countries often took development as the framework for national action and identity (Power, 2003), defining their identities and devising policies to reach a western-defined standard which, inevitably, they could not replicate
Gupta, 1998
Hetreogenous infrastructure configuration
HICs provide a lens to understand how formal systems governed by the state co-exist with informal practices to produce and sustain capacities for infrastructure services.
Thatcher and Reagan in the 80s both advocated market-led reforms such as privatisation and reduced state expenditure
Harvey, 2007
A negative of NGOs is that they rely on the donations from individuals or governments, so their work is often directed by the issues donors regard as important, rather than those identified by local people.
Hulme and Edwards, 1997
McClintock (1995) highlights the ways in which postcolonialism celebrates too much, too soon when it comes to the position of women. Women are continually marginalised. Third world difference between women is an example of colonial legacy (Radcliffe, 2014)
McClintock, 1995
A negative of NGOs is that they only work in spatially accessible areas. This leaves people behind and contributes to spatial inequalities.
Mercer, 1999
Restructuring from neo-liberalism was associated with a rise in social inequality and unemployment and welfare provision slashed
Mohan et al., 2000
During the 1980s, the role of the state was brought into question due to neoliberalist policies. According to the Washington Consensus, the state was to concede its developmentalist role to the market through 'cutting back' its administration and oversight of development.
Radcliffe, 2014