CRJ 101 test 3 chapter 7-9

Based on the decision in McNabb v. U.S., the standard maximum time by which a first appearance should be held has been set at ________ hours after arrest.

48 hours

There are ________ federal judicial districts.

94

A trial de novo occurs when ________.

A case is retried on appeal

Courts that have the authority to review a decision made by a lower court are said to have ________ jurisdiction.

Appellate jurisdiction.

Which of the following is a characteristic of restorative justice?

Crime has individual and social dimensions of responsibility.

Which of the following is a form of structured sentencing?

Determinate sentencing

________ involves suspending criminal proceedings before sentencing and referring the offender to a private agency.

Diversion

In which case did the Supreme Court approve a two-step procedure that separates the determination of guilt from the determination of the sentence?

Gregg v. Georgia Supreme Court

Offenders convicted of felonies in state court are most likely to receive which traditional sanction?

Imprisonment

Which goal of sentencing focuses on separating offenders from society to reduce opportunities for further criminality?

Incapacitation

Under the indeterminate sentencing model, what is the primary determinant of the amount of time served?

Inmates behavior while incarcerated

Which of the following provides the first appellate level for courts of limited jurisdiction?

Intermediate Appellate Courts

Which U.S. Supreme Court case established the Court's authority as the final interpreter of the U.S. Constitution?

Marbury v. Madison

Based on the Supreme Court's ruling in Woodson v. North Carolina, when is a mandatory death sentence for first degree murder constitutional?

Never- mandatory application of the death penalty is unconstitutional

What type of plea is most similar to a guilty plea?

Nolan contender

When a defendant "stands mute" at arraignment, he or she is considered to have entered a ________ plea.

Not Guilty

Which of the following refers to the lawful authority of a court to hear or to act on a case from its beginning and to pass judgment on the law and the facts?

Original jurisdiction is the lawful authority of a court to hear or to act on a case from its beginning and to pass judgment on the law and the facts.

What is the main priority of justice reinvestment?

Prioritizing the use of alternatives to incarceration for nonviolent offenders

Bob consigned all of his stock holdings to the court as collateral to ensure he would not abscond before trial. What type of bail did Bob post?

Property bond

General deterrence attempts to ________.

Seeks to prevent others from committing crimes similar to the one for which a particular offender is being sentenced by making an example of the person being sentenced

________ is a sentencing principle that holds that an offender's criminal history should be taken into account in sentencing decisions.

Social Debt

What is the main limitation of the Crime Victims' Rights Act?

The Act does not have any limitations.

The Innocence Protection Act of 2004 provides federal funds to help eliminate ________.

The backlog of unanalyzed DNA samples

Which of the following is a mitigating circumstance?

The offender acted under strong provocation.

Release on recognizance ________.

The pretrial release of a criminal defendant on his or her written promise to appear in court as required. No cash or property bond is required.

What appears to be the most dramatic result of the recent emphasis on the use of mandatory sentencing and other get-tough policies?

The use of incarceration as a sentencing option has increased significantly

Proportionality means that

There should be a direct relationship between the severity of the sanctions and the seriousness of the crime.

Which of the following is a purpose of bail?

To prevent unconvicted suspects from suffering imprisonment unnecessarily.

Community service and home detention are examples of ________ sentencing.

alternative

When is a probable cause hearing necessary?

arrest made without a warrant

A document guaranteeing the appearance of a defendant in court as required and recording the pledge of money or property to be paid to the court if he or she does NOT appear is known as a(n) ________.

bail bond

All states have a(n) ________.

court of last resort

A(n) ________ laws limit the right to bail for certain kinds of offenders?

danger law

What is the earliest stage of the court process at which defendant may be given formal notice of the charges against them?

first appearance

An indictment is filed by the ________.

grand jury

A sentence of 8 to 15 years in prison is an example of ________ sentencing.

indeterminate

A formal written accusation submitted to the court by a grand jury, alleging that a specified person has committed a specified offense, usually a felony, is known as an ________.

indictment

The U.S. Supreme Court has ruled that ________ must decide the facts that lead to a death sentence.

juries, not judges

TV shows like The People's Court and Judge Judy are examples of which type of court?

limited jurisdiction

If a judge requests information on a convicted defendant's background, the probation or parole office will conduct an ________ investigation.

presentence

A drug court is an example of a(n) ________.

problem solving

Federal sentencing guidelines ________.

provide a range of punishments for a specific crime.

The just deserts model of sentencing emphasizes ________.

retribution

The power of judicial review allows the U.S. Supreme Court to ________.

review lower courts

Research into victim-impact statements has found that ________.

sentencing decisions are rarely affected by them

The biggest drivers of rising incarceration rates in the United States are ________.

sentencing policies

The Supreme Court's decision in the case of Furman v. Georgia was a statement against ________.

the manner in which statutes permitted the death penalty to be imposed.

What is the primary purpose of the preliminary hearing?

to establish whether probable cause and is conducted before a lawyer-court judge and is in an open public place.

U.S. district courts are the ________ for the federal court system.

trial courts

Specific deterrence focuses on reducing recidivism by convicted offenders.

true