CRJ 163 Test 1

Police officers as ethical leaders are: (a) committed to the law and professional standards of behavior (b) responsive and insensitive to changing circumstances (c) not responsible for correcting another's unethical behavior (d) in a position to encourage conflicts of interest to resolve problems (e) all of the above

(a) committed to the law and professional standards of behavior

The _______ enables police agencies to analyze and correlate various data sources to create a detailed view of crime incidents and related factors within a specific area (a) NCIC (b) NCIC 2000 (c) NIBRS (d) GIS (e) all of the above

(d) GIS

Virtues: (a) are principles of good conduct and systems of moral values (b) are uniform moral principles of action (c) prescribe morally correct action that leads to the common good. (d) are fundamental traits and dispositions of good character that form foundation for morality (e) all of the above

(d) are fundamental traits and dispositions of good character that form foundation for morality

While many labels and procedural models have been attached to community policing, virtually all include a primary focus on: (a) a high number of arrest (b) the formation of specialized units such as SWAT teams (c) multi-level police agency organizational structures (d) community engagement and problem-solving (e) all of the above

(d) community engagement and problem-solving

Select the correct statement (a) A manager administers; a leader innovates (b) a manger relies on control; a leader inspires trust (c) a manager focuses on structure; a leader focuses on people (d) A manger does things right; a leader does the right thing (e) all of the above are correct

(e) all of the above are correct

Select the correct statement: (a) leadership may be the focus of a group process (b) followers who admire their leaders tend to be more productive (c) leadership involves the ability to influence or motivate (d) leadership has been defined as an act or behavior (e) all of the above are correct statements

(e) all of the above are correct statements

Select the correct statement: (a) meanings are not in words alone (b) more communication is not always better (c) no single person or event causes another's reaction to a communication (d) effective communication will not solve all problems (e) all of the above are correct statements

(e) all of the above are correct statements

According to _______ theory, leadership involves the act of initiating a structure that is support by group members (a) trait (b) behavior (c) personal-situational (d) contingency (e) interaction- expectation

(e) interaction- expectation

________ places value on leader and follower awareness of their own personality characteristics so they understand how and why they respond to each other the way they do (a) situational theory (b) path-goal theory (c) leader-follower (member) exchange theory (d) transformational theory (e) the psychodynamic approach

(e) the psychodynamic approach

T/F: A leadership quality does not lend itself to objective measurement based on observable behavior

False

T/F: Because ethical leadership development is an event rather than a process, most leadership training and education resources should be directed toward recruits in a police academy.

False

T/F: Because mutual support, group solidarity, and loyalty are critical to survival in police work, an officer can tolerate non-serious misconduct on the part of another officer

False

T/F: Because of the existence of the hierarchical rank structure in most police agencies, front line police officers need not possess the skills necessary to lead and supervise themselves.

False

T/F: Because they exercise an enormous amount of discretion, front-line police officers are in a position to reject a leadership role

False

T/F: Common sources of information for a police officer can include virtually any item, document, database, or person other than a criminal suspect

False

T/F: Concrete answers to ethical questions are found in codes of ethics and standards of professional conduct

False

T/F: Currently, the single, universally accepted model for policing is community policing.

False

T/F: Ethicists are in general agreement over the element of ethics because there are certain basic ethical principles and practices that can be applied in any situation

False

T/F: Ethics refers to who a person is while virtue refers to what a person does

False

T/F: If officers are well trained and educated, policing strategy can be effective without community support.

False

T/F: Inappropriate behavior or uncivil conduct on the part of the police officer, although unacceptable while on-duty, is generally acceptable if it restricted to the officer's off-duty, private life

False

T/F: Leadership usually involves directing people toward organization goals

False

T/F: Maintenance of an ethical standard of conduct is one of an organization's responsibilities. Therefore, a police officer need not intervene to prevent or respond to unethical behavior demonstrated by another officer

False

T/F: Peer pressure, loyalties, social factors and psychological problems are the major causes of police officer misconduct

False

T/F: The CEO of a police agency has the most direct role in serving the mission of the police agency.

False

T/F: Virtues such as integrity and honesty help to form a foundation for morality. Therefore, a police officer is immoral if the officer lies to a criminal suspect during an interrogation

False

An early warning symptom reporting system can be used to identify problem officers and, ultimately, administer timely corrective intervention

True

T/F: Nothing undermines public confidence, trust, and support for the police more than unethical police conduct

True

To effectively meet and respond to the issues and challenges of the twenty-first century, the police must: (a) maintain traditional police culture and methodology (b) change the basic police mission (c) possess ethical leadership competence (d) sustain the traditional model of policing (e) all of the above

(C) possess ethical leadership competence

During the _______ communications process, one thinks, reasons, evaluates and speaks with oneself (a) intrapersonal (b) interpersonal (c) group (d) public (e) mass

(a) intrapersonal

Although its validity is questioned by recent theories, _______ theory suggest that inborn characteristics in human beings form the ingredients for leadership ability. (a) trait (b) behavior (c) personal-situational (d) contingency (e) interaction-expectation

(a) trait

One of the most common approaches to the study of leadership today is: (a) trait leadership theory (b) transformational leadership theory (c) scientific management leadership theory (d) leadership qualities theory (e) all of the above

(a) trait leadership theory

Sometimes referred to as the style approach, ________ theory focuses on what leaders do and how they act, based on the task at hand and the leader's relationship with others. (a) trait (b) behavior (c) personal-situational (d) contingency (e) interaction-expectation

(b) behavior

The primary focus of the traditional model of policing is: (a) police contact with law-abiding citizens (b) reacting to reported crimes (c) police officer initiatives to prevent crime (d) effective use of police officer time and talent (e) all of the above

(b) reacting to reported crime

As public officers, the police are supposed to be: (a) authoritarian (b) service-oriented (c) autocratic (d) subjectively-centered (e) all of the above

(b) service-oriented

________ supports actions as ethical when good outcomes (consequences) outweigh bad outcomes (a) absolutism (b) utilitarianism (c) kantianism (d) divine command theory (e) all of the above

(b) utilitarianism

The _______ provide(s) more complete and detailed information about crime than do the summary statistics of the traditional UCR system (a) NCIC (b) NCIC 2000 (c) NIBRS (d) GIS (e) all of the above

(c) NIBRS

Several basic principles of ethics can be derived from the theories of ethics. The basic principles of ethics include: (a) nomaleficence and beneficence (b) fidelity and veracity (c) justice and reparation (d) gratitude and confidentiality (e) all of the above

(e) all of the above

The area of change that signifies the potential for improvements in policing in the twenty-first century includes: (a) organization and deployment, i.e. community policing (b) technological advancements (c) professionalism (d) accountability (e) all of the above

(e) all of the above

Unethical police behavior can be prevented if police agencies: (a) exercise care in the recruitment and selection of officers (b) communicate professional values (c) hold officers accountable for their actions (d) take corrective action when unethical conduct occurs (e) all of the above

(e) all of the above

Working in teams and task forces tends to: (a) promote innovation and creative thinking (b) increase task accomplishment speed (c) lower costs (d) enhance quality of decisions (e) all of the above

(e) all of the above

________ are used as a theoretical basis for ethics (a) normative ethics (b) metaethcis (c) deontological theory (d) teleological theory (e) all of the above

(e) all of the above

Ethical leadership skills and concepts: (a) encompass a wide variety of behaviors that allow the leader to employ numerous approaches to accomplishing goals (b) do not demand consideration of values and ethics because of the officer's power and authority (c) fail to provide standards by which a police officer's actions can be evaluated (d) should not be used to direct the exercise of discretion (e) all of the above

(a) encompasses a wide variety of behaviors that allow the leader to employ numerous approaches to accomplishing goals

________ is (are) concerned with rational and objective decision-making based on what is universally acceptable in any society (a) morality (b) virtues (c) ethics (d) prudence (e) all of the above

(a) morality

_______ focuses on the morality of action as it considers what types of acts are morally right or wrong (a) normative ethics (b) metaethics (c) deontological theory (d) teleological theory (e) all of the above

(a) normative ethics

The police should: (a) orchestrate new policing philosophies and strategies (b) resist change (c) change the police mission (d) focus on leadership development rather than technical competence (e) all of the above

(a) orchestrate new policing philosophies and strategies

________ supposes that leaders must be adaptable, directing tasks, or supporting followers, depending on the demands of a particular set of circumstances (a) situational theory (b) path-goal theory (c) leader-follower (member) exchange theory (d) transformational theory (e) the psychodynamic approach

(a) situational theory

______ is a legitimate justification for the unethical behavior of a police officer. (a) the noble cause (b) peer pressure (c) loyalty (d) a psychological problem (e) none of the above

(a) the noble cause

Through the _______ communications process, individuals interact with each other, learning about one another's feelings, beliefs, and desires. (a) intrapersonal (b) interpersonal (c) group (d) public (e) mass

(b) interpersonal

Poor understanding and limited knowledge of cross-cultural communication concepts can lead to: (a) positive professional job task performance (b) job-related stress and poor officer health (c) officer promotion possibilities (d) fewer citizens complaints (e) all of the above

(b) job-related stress and poor officer health

______ occurs anytime one attempts to motivate, influence, or mobilize an individual or a group (a) management (b) leadership (c) administration (d) organization (e) all of the above

(b) leadership

________ is an area of ethical analysis that attempts to discover the reasons for making moral judgments (a) normative ethics (b) metaethics (c) deontological theory (d) teleological theory (e) all of the above

(b) metaethcis

Select the incorrect statement: (a) most police activity involves situational management (b) most police activity involves physical confrontation (c) most police activity requires ethical leadership (d) most police activity involves the exercise of discretion (e) all of the above are incorrect statements

(b) most police activity involves physical confrontation

_______ suggest that a leader should us a style that meets follower motivational needs. Followers are motivated when they believe they are capable and that their efforts will achieve goals and worthwhile rewards (a) situational theory (b) path-goal theory (c) leader-follower (member) exchange theory (d) transformational theory (e) the psychodynamic theory

(b) path-goal theory

________ values are enduring yet changeable beliefs that are reflected by an occupation or discipline. (a) societal (b) organizational (c) professional (d) personal (e) all of the above

(c) Professional

Widespread achievement of professional status by the police is difficult because: (a) the U.S. police service is a cohesive group (b) the police claim professional status (c) a common body of police knowledge does not exist (d) professional status is not achievable by the police service (e) all of the above

(c) a common body of police knowledge does not exist

Select the correct statement: (a) all human problems are communication problems (b) good communication techniques guarantee good communication (c) both sender and receiver share responsibility for a misunderstood communication (d) good communication always results in understanding (e) all of the above are correct statements

(c) both sender and receiver share responsibility for a misunderstood communication

_______ or non-consequentialism, is duty driven and focuses on the means through which one acts rather than end results (a) nonnative ethics (b) metaethics (c) deontological theory (d) teleological theory (e) all of the above

(c) deontological theory

During the _______ communications process, a limited number of people share thoughts, identify and solve problems, and develop new ideas through synergism (a) intrapersonal (b) interpersonal (c) group (d) public (e) mass

(c) group

______ makes the relationship between a leader and followers the focal point of the leadership process. (a) situational theory (b) path-goal theory (c) leader-follower (member) exchange theory (d) transformational theory (e) the psychodynamic approach

(c) leader-follower (member) exchange theory

The leadership theory that proposes that a complex combination of intellectual, affective, and action characteristics, as well as specific conditions in the leader's environment, operate to create successful leadership is referred to as _______ theory. (a) trait (b) behavior (c) personal-situational (d) contingency (e) interaction-expectation

(c) personal-situational

_________ is goal driven; the ends (consequences) justify the means used. (a) normative ethics (b) deontological theory (c) teleological theory (d) all of the above

(c) teleological theory

Obstacles to effective communication include: (a) the absence of emotional barriers (b) effective listening (c) the presence of physical barriers (d) common meanings in words and phrases (e) all of the above

(c) the presence of physical barriers

Through the application of _____ theory, an attempt is made to match the leader's style to the circumstances (a) trait (b) behavior (c) personal-situational (d) contingency (e) interaction-expectation

(d) Contingency

Police officer bills of rights: (a) have been enacted in all states to protect officers from arbitrary punitive action (b) are an alternative to policies that support police management rights to control officer conduct (c) are designed to protect incompetent officers (d) expressly provide statutory rights to protect officers from arbitrary disciplinary action (e) all of the above `

(d) expressly provide statutory rights to protect officers from arbitrary disciplinary action

Communication: (a) is an event that involves two people (b) does not contain communicative value unless it has a verbal component (c) is a simple process (d) is a medium for the transmission of thoughts and meaning (e) all of the above

(d) is a medium for the transmission of thoughts and meaning

Unethical (unprofessional) police behavior: (a) is systematic (b) manifests itself rarely and in only a few forms (c) is typically limited to municipal police agencies (d) is displayed by some individual officers (e) all of the above

(d) is displayed by some individual officers

Police agency _____________ are in the best position to directly impact the lives of the people who are served by the agency. (a) CEOs (b) middle managers (c) line supervisors (d) line officers (e) all of the above

(d) line officers

Virtues: (a) are easily developed (b) are easily discarded (c) in sensitize a person to ethical issues (d) operate independent of a situation (e) all of the above

(d) operate independent of a situation

_________ leadership competencies are used to create a vision, prioritize, delegate, and define goals and objectives. (a) communications and related interpersonal (b) motivational (c) problem solving (d) planning and organizing (e) articulation-implementation

(d) planning and organizing

Most police codes of ethics and conduct: (a) can be rejected as irrelevant to the practical realities of police work. (b) make allowances for imperfect behavior because police officers are human being (c) are standardized by the IACP (d) provide an aspiring standard against which officers can measure their own behavior (e) all of the above

(d) provide an aspiring standard against which officers can measure their own behavior

Select the incorrect statement: (a) the police mission can fail because goals and priorities are not clearly defined. (b) the police are forced to work in a politically, socially, and practically problematic environment (c) in many problematic environments, the police may fail without ethical leadership skills (d) the police rarely confront critical and difficult problems facing society. (e) all of the above are incorrect statements

(d) the police rarely confront critical and difficult problems facing society

Many experts on policing believe that the single greatest obstacle to achieving accountability for police behavior is: (a) the news media (b) police agency policy (c) individual police officers (d) the police subculture (e) all of the above

(d) the police subculture

______ focuses on a process through which a leader engages others and creates a connection that raises the level of motivation and morality in the leader as well as the followers (a) situational theory (b) path-goal theory (c) leader-follower (member) exchange theory (d) transformational theory (e) the psychodynamic approach

(d) transformational theory

A distinction between the police subculture and many other occupational subcultures include: (a) the degree to which values and beliefs are informally promulgated and adhered to (b) occupational stress (c) the presence of danger (d) the need for a defense mechanism against perceived threats from others (e) all of the above

(e) all of the above

A subculture is: (a) an enclave within a culture (b) characterized by a distinct, integrated network of attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors (c) a mechanism for self-protection (d) something that develops on all occupations (e) all of the above

(e) all of the above

An ethical culture can be established and maintained in a police organization through: (a) leadership that models ethical behavior (b) unification of individuals in support of ethical behavior (c) ethics education and training (d) ethics integration in personal as well as professional lives (e) all of the above

(e) all of the above

As compared to leadership qualities, leadership competencies (skills): (a) can be acquired through learning (b) can be measure effectively (c) focus on the ability to do rather than feel (d) are not defined in terms of subjective human emotions (e) all of the above

(e) all of the above

Effective policing in the twenty-first century necessitates: (a) ethical leadership competence of all police officers (b) police organizational, governance, and performance measurement changes (c) reconsideration of police selection and training standards (d) the public's reconceptualization of the role of the police (e) all of the above

(e) all of the above

Ethical leadership skills: (a) help police officers conceptualize and articulate their activities (b) assists police officers with defining their role (c) enhance a police officer's sense of confidence (d) highlight the importance of what police officers do (e) all of the above

(e) all of the above

Ethical leadership: (a) involves values (b) has a moral dimension (c) requires judgments about human behavior (d) involves ethical considerations (e) all of the above

(e) all of the above

From a criminal justice practitioner's prospective, ethical issues are often encountered in situations that involve: (a) the use of discretion or force (b) deceptive practices (c) assurance of rights to due process (d) loyalty to peers (e) all of the above

(e) all of the above

Police officers can use information about values and the theories and practices of leadership and ethics to: (a) better understand themselves (b) strengthen leadership capabilities (c) motivate and influence others (d) do the right thing (e) all of the above

(e) all of the above

Select the correct statement: (a) leadership and ethical behavior are individual responsibilities (b) ethical leaders find unconditional worth and valuable differences in others (c) an ethical leader seeks the common good for a community (d) effective leadership and ethics are inseparable (e) all of the above are correct statements

(e) all of the above

T/F: A police subculture can have positive as well as negative qualities and consequences

True

T/F: Absolutism, as a metaethical approach to the study of ethics, postulates that the ethical reasons for a decision are unchangeable and based on what is believed to be true

True

T/F: According to Sir Robert Peel, the test of police efficiency is the absence of crime and disorder, not police action against crime and disorder.

True

T/F: According to relativistic theory, what is morally right or wrong behavior depends on the group within which behavior takes place

True

T/F: An ethical leader is one who possesses a philosophical moral foundation upon which decisions and behavior are based

True

T/F: Conflict management and resolution through communication often require differing leadership communication styles because situations differ

True

T/F: Describing leadership in terms of the ability to motivate, influence, or persuade has been viewed as a major step in the direction of defining leadership.

True

T/F: Essential police leadership competencies may be defined as the skills necessary to promote community engagement, participation, and problem solving.

True

T/F: Many initiatives (such as those associated with crime reduction goals) fall because participants do not change effectively.

True

T/F: Numerous studies indicate that the traditional model of policing, in and of itself, is not an effective means for dealing with crime and disorder.

True

T/F: One of the earliest leadership theories focused on inborn characteristics unique to an individual

True

T/F: Tactical communication is used to solicit information and generate compliance without being confrontational or resorting to the use of physical force

True

T/F: The front-line police officer (the officer on the street) is the person responsible for implementing police strategy

True

T/F: The universal definition of leadership states that leadership involves the act of influencing others to achieve goals.

True

T/F: To secure and maintain public support, the police must strive to deploy ethical leaders to promote and reinforce the direct supervision front line officers.

True

T/F: Transactional leadership theory suggest that leaders and followers make contact and cooperate with one another for the purpose of a valued exchange

True