Cross Cultural Psychology

fundamental attribution error

A bias in attempting to determine the causes of people's behavior that involves overestimating the influence of their personality traits, while underestimating the influence of their particular situations; that is, over utilizing internal attributions and under utilizing external attributions.

absolutist

A clinical psychologists writes the following: "Psychological symptoms are similar around the world. If you are anxious, you are restless, not focused, and very tense. Cultural differences in symptoms are insignificant." This reflects which cross-cultural approach to comparing phenomena?

availability heuristic

A cognitive strategy for quickly estimating the frequency, incidence, or probability of a given event based on the ease with which such instances are retrievable from memory.

Representativeness Heuristic

A cognitive strategy for quickly estimating the probability that a given instance is a member of a particular category.

Schema

A cognitive structure of representation that organizes one's knowledge, beliefs, and past experiences, thereby providing a framework for understanding new events and future experiences; a general expectation or preconception about a wide range of phenomena.

Folk Theories

A collection of popular beliefs and assumptions - "everyday psychology" - formulated by the people for the people.

True

A common opinion within the field of psychology today is that it is reasonable to work within the client's belief system and the culture-specific components of his or her illness, without necessarily endorsing the validity of such beliefs

Humanist Tradition (humanism)

A discipline with the humanities that emphasizes the subjective side of the individual: the sense of freedom, beauty, creativity, and moral responsibility.

pseudoscience

A fake or false science that makes claims based on little or no scientific evidence.

field dependent style

A general cognitive ability of an individual to rely more on external visual cues and to be primarily socially oriented is called:

field independent style

A general cognitive ability of an individual to rely primarily on bodily cues within themselves and to be less oriented toward social engagement with others is called:

convenience or availability sampling

A graduate student tells you that she is going to travel India to collect comparative data for her dissertation. she indicates that she has chosen this country because she was born there and believes she will have a relatively easy time finding a research sample. What type of sampling strategy is she employing?

Parataxic reasoning

A kind of "magical thinking," frequently responsible for superstitious behaviors, in which events that occur close together in time are erroneously construed to be causally linked.

race

A large group of people distinguished by certain similar and genetically transmitted physical characteristics called:

Nation

A large group of people who constitute a legitimate, independent state and share a common geographic origin, history, and frequently, language

psychobiographical research

A longitudinal analysis of particular individuals, usually outstanding persons, celebrities, and leaders, representing different countries or cultures is called:

bidirectional causation

A mutual, reciprocal relationship between two variables wherein each is both a cause and an effect of the other

Bidirectional causation

A mutual, reciprocal relationship between two variables wherein each is both a cause and an effect of the other.

personality disorders

enduring patterns of behavior and inner experience that deviate markedly from the expectations of the individual's culture

Sri Lanka and China

"Dhat" is a culture-bound syndrome that occurs primarily in India. However, similar conditions also occur in which two countries?

One in a hundred

"Globally, what are the odds that an individual will be diagnosed with Schizophrenia?" during his or her life?

Monophasic cultures (for dreams)

- 1 phase of life - value cognition experiences that take place only during normal waking phases - do NOT incorporate dreams into reality

polyphasic cultures (for dreams)

- value dreams and treat them as part of reality - associated with spiritual or traditional view

True

A person's recognition of emotions in different national groups is more accurate if this person has had significant contact with those groups.

self-fulfilling prophecy

A phenomenon wherein people's attitudes, beliefs or assumptions about another person (or persons) can, with or without their intent, actually produce the very behaviors that they had initially expected to find is called:

meditation

A quiet and relaxed state of tranquility in which a person achieves an integration of emotions, attitudes, and thoughts.

Unidirectional Causation

A relationship between two variables wherein one is the cause and the other is the effect.

Antidote

A remedy to prevent or counteract an adverse effect

content-analysis

A research method that systematically organizes and summarizes both the manifest and latent content of communication is called:

Sex Culture

A set of requirement, beliefs, symbols, and norms regarding sexuality and its expression.

focus group methodology

A survey method used intensively in both academic and marketing research, during which a group of 7-10 participants respond to specific social, political, or marketing messages.

"Herostratos syndrome"

A syndrome associated with a person's belief that life has cheated him and the only way to compensate for the sense of injustice is to inflict pain on somebody else is labeled:

autotelic personality

A term that describes a person who tends to be engaged in activities that are naturally rewarding and not necessarily associated with material goals such as money, face, or high social status.

Individualist-Success Motivation

A type of achievement motivation that affects one's attitudes and actions and is directed toward the attainment of personal goals.

sexual motivation

A type of motivation that engages a person in sexual activity.

Research Methodology: Absolutist vs Relativist Attributes

Absolutist - universal, objective reference, cross-cultural similarities, etic Relativist - unique, subjective reference, cross cultural differences, emic

developing countries

According the the World Health Organization, more than 20 million unsafe abortions take place every year, mostly in:

peak experiences

According to Maslow, the most distinct feature of "autoletic" personality is:

Attitudes have been "cooling."

According to opinion pools, how have attitudes towards immigrants in the United States changed over the last several years?

Guided interaction with a more knowledgeable partner

According to psychologist Lev Bygotsky, what kind of children's interaction is most likely to advance their intellectual development?

task difficulty

Across cultures, when people explain why they succeed or fail, three explanations are commonly given. These explanations include individual ability, effort and:

consistency

Although personality is largely a theoretical concept, according to Shiraev and Levy (2017) it is also very important in psychological practice for at least three reasons, one of which includes:

refugee

An individual who has left his or her native country and is unwilling or unable to return to it because of persecution or fear of persecution (because of race, religion, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion) is called

joke teller belongs to the same group that is being ridiculed in the joke

An individual's acceptance of an ethnic joke often depends on the "ethnic match" . Which of the following statements most accurately describes this condition?

belonging

An individual's religious identity involves: believing, bonding, acting, and:

male and female

Androgyny is a combination, a coexistence, a blend of both ______________ behavioral characteristics, features, and reflections.

availability bias

Any condition where the availability heuristic produces systematic errors in thinking or information processing, typically due to highly vivid (dramatic) although rare (extraordinary) events is called:

motivational bias

Any systematic error in attribution that derives from people's efforts to satisfy their own personal needs, such as the desire for approval by others, high self-esteem, power or prestige is called:

dichotomous

Any variable that can be placed into either of two discrete and mutually exclusive categories is called:

The diagnosis should have been given within the DSM-IV guidelines

As a board certified professional, you diagnosed your client, a 22-year-old man, with "demonic possession." Upon submitting your claim to his insurance company for payment, you quickly find that they refuse to compensate you. Why did this happen?

generally similar

Basic human emotional expressions are ______________ across cultures

individualism

Complex behavior based on concern for oneself and one's immediate family or primary group as opposed to concern for other groups to which one belongs is defined as:

withdrawal

Cross-cultural similarities were found in the way emotions determine behavior. For example, joy causes approaching behavior, anger elicits aggressive behavior. What is the most common reaction of sadness or shame?

increased body temperature

Cross-culturally, embarrassment has common physiological responses, and one of them is:

social order and stability

Defenders of political censorship argue that restrictions on information are necessary to protect

the less change of divorce

Divorce rates around the world are negatively correlated with fertility rates. This means that the more children a family has:

this person has had significant contact with those groups

Elfenbein and Ambady (2003) showed that a person's facial recognition of emotions in different national groups is more accurate if:

East Asian

Emotional complexity or the co-occurrence of pleasant and unpleasant emotions simultaneously is more prevalent in ________________ than Western cultures.

subjective prescriptions

Erikson's theory of development has been criticized by psychologists for mixing objective descriptions with:

Broad

Erikson's theory of socialization is better applied to societies that practice a certain type of socialization emphasizing independence and free self-expression. What is the name of this type?

equivalence

Evidence that the methods selected for the study, measure the same phenomenon across other countries or cultures chosen for the study is called:

adaptive

Evolutionary psychologists emphasize the importance of the _________ role of human sexuality.

no it is not

For years homosexuality was considered a mental illness in the United States. It is still perceived as an illness today?

Indigenous Groups

Groups that are protected by international or national laws, retaining specific rights based on their historical ties to a particular territory and their cultural and historical uniqueness

True

Happy, productive individuals are not significantly happier than others but rather are more often involved in complex activities, that in turn, make them feel better about themselves and increase their self-esteem

the same will not be representative: most answers in such surveys are received from people who don't hold transitional views on sex

How could a high refusal rate affect the accuracy of surveys about sexual behavior?

cognitive dissonance

How do psychologists call psychological tensions caused by the perceived mismatch between attitudes and behaviors?

The people in this group believe their behavior is the result of external factors, such as luck and help from other people.

If a researcher observed that most of the individuals from a given sample displayed an unassuming bias, what does this mean?

A and B 's may influence each other

If the strength of an ethnic group's religious beliefs are said to be positively correlated with their family values, which of the following statements is true?

grades at school

If you are conducting an experimental study assessing the impact of video games upon the academic performance of Japanese and American students, the dependent variable is:

content-analysis

If you were to examine African and European fairy tales to find out how often they refer to symptoms of mental illness, what kind of methodology are you likely to use?

Yes, but only if this person is relatively educated and culturally integrated in the United States.

Imagine that you are a psychologist working in private practice in the United States. You have a new client from a non-Western culture who claims that her psychological problems are caused by evil spiritual forces emitted from her mother-in-law. Would you consider this client delusional?

Asians scored higher on the measures

In 2002, European and Asian Americans were compared on measures of emotional distress, anxiety, sadness and fear of negative evaluation. What were the results of the study?

third gender

In India, there still exists a large category of people known for centuries as the Hijra, or the:

cultural differences

In cross-cultural comparisons, emotions may be cross-culturally similar or different, depending on the level of generalization chosen for description. Observations of specific emotional characteristics are more likely highlight ________________, than are observations of generalized characteristics.

formal rules and procedures

In terms of conflict resolution, in countries with high-powered distance, disagreements between two groups are typically resolved with the help of:

school children, army recruits, and immigrants

In the United States, early attempts to measure IQs began more than one hundred years ago. These studies examined primarily:

progress means growth, complexity, competition, and freedom

In the debate about Western and non-Western values, it is argued that, in general, Western values are based on the fundamental beliefs that the nature of human beings is selfish, scarcity is a primary condition of nature and:

Western and non-Western cultures

In traditional cross-cultural psychology, cultural dichotomies were used to compare and contrast:

qisas

Islamic law, punishment for crimes like murder/inflicting bodily injury "An eye for an eye" penalties, retributive justice

what is tasty and what is not is influenced by cultural practices

It has been observed that individuals from various regions have different taste preferences. For example, individuals from Vietnam eat dog meat, while most North Americans would consider doing so unacceptable. What does this reveal to psychologists about the relationship between culture and eating habits?

her nationality

Jane is a national of Canada. She is kind, goal-oriented, knowledgeable in literature, outgoing and musically inclined. Which of these characteristics would be considered a dichotomous variable?

his motivation

Lee has earned an undergraduate degree in biology. He is motivated to become a doctor. He has ascertained three letters of recommendation from his professors and has applied to medical school. He has not yet proposed to his girlfriend. Which of these characteristics referring to Lee is a continuous variable?

True

Less education typically implies increased poverty for the family as well as the inter-generational transmission of poverty.

Metathoughts

Literally, thoughts about thought, which involve principles of critical thinking.

True

Locus of control is essentially the extent to which individuals believe they can control and affect events in their own lives.

assisted suicide

Providing a seriously ill person with the means to commit suicide with the assistance of a physician or other person

sexuality and agressiveness

Psychoanalysis is criticized by contemporary psychology for is tendency to overemphasize the power of the unconscious as well as the role of:

Yes, it has been universally rejected

Many psychologists differ in their opinions on child labor. Some believe that it is wrong without exception. Others attempt to take cultural traditions into account. Has the United Nations universally rejected child labor?

to have between two and three children

More than 3,300 adolescents from 12 countries responded to the question about how many children they would love to have in the future. In most countries, on average, adolescents preferred:

no significant sex or nationality differences within or between nations

More than a thousand men and women from six nations (Spain, Peru, Venezuela, the United Kingdom, Australia, and the United States) completed questionnaires about their procrastination. Results of this study showed that:

young males

Numerous cross-cultural studies cite higher levels of aggression among _________ compared to other groups.

Japanese

Of the following, which group is most likely, compared to others, to report physical (non-psychological) symptoms of their depressive illness?

True

On online dating sites, people routinely portray themselves as taller, more athletic, and thinner than they actually are.

False

On the basis of such comparative studies, researchers have found evidence that meditation and prayer do not affect any physiological or psychological processes of an individual.

perceptual expectations

Our experience with the environment (for example, living in a mountainous area) shapes our perception by creating perceptual sets. What are they?

critical thinking application

PCD - point of critical distinction, identify and examine when attempting to define, compare, and contrast any two phenomena.

developmental time-table

Parents expect their children to acquire particular skills (such as walking, talking, etc.) by certain ages. This set of expectations is called the:

their children have to learn the value of humility first

Qualitative research in New Zealand with Samoan men shows that the overt expression of emotion of feelings toward children was generally regarded as improper because, as fathers tended to believe

universal across cultures

Piaget proposed several stages of development that appear to be:

collectivism

Refers to behavior based on traditions, concerns for other people, and values they share together.

uncertainty orientation

Refers to people's common ways to handle uncertainty in the daily situations and lives in general.

False

Research shows, without exception, that all individuals from Western countries are more likely to display a strong internal locus of control

Japan

Research suggests that as compared to Americans, individuals from _____ are, as a group, less likely to show their emotions to strangers.

Europeans and European Americans

Researching for his theory of self-actualization, Maslow collected a sample consisted primarily of:

analytic

Robert Sternberg proposed three fundamental aspects of intelligence, analytic, creative and practical. He argued, however, that most modern intelligence tests only measure what type of skills.

customs followed by immigrants

Russia - child is not supposed to be seen by strangers for at least one month so that he or she is protected from the "evil eye". Vietnam - A new mother should not be exposed to cold because it disrupts the equilibrium that is believed crucial to good health. Muslim countries - Examination or delivery must be done by female health workers only. Some African countries - The tradition is to take the placenta home and bury it. Latin American countries - Women do not breast-feed the child in the first couple of days after delivery

De-Barnumize the following statement: "Russians are sensitive to criticism".

Russians, in particular situations, become more sensitive to criticism than other groups

Sana's nationality

Sana is a Canadian citizen, female, math major, extraverted, open-mined, strong, quick, anxious, and with some attention problems. In such a list of her "features" find a dichotomous variable:

the caste system

Self-perceptions of members of the social groups in India tend to be more hierarchically structured due to:

uncertainty avoidance

The degree to which the members of a society feel uncomfortable with uncertainty and ambiguity is called in cross-cultural psychology:

ethnic and racial attitudes

Social stereotypes are most likely rooted in____________ because they are more salient and notable.

Ability to form concepts, think abstractly, and apply knowledge to new situations

Societal expectations affect the way people interpret intelligence. For example, in Western cultures, fluid intelligence is particularly valued. Which of the following most accurately characterizes fluid intelligence?

the peripheral nervous system and the immune system

Spiritual factors such as strong religious beliefs, prayer, meditation, and combinations of these, affect at least four interacting physiological systems: the brain, the endocrine system, ________________________and ________________. (name the remaining two)

tolerance threshold

Stands for a measure of tolerance or intolerance toward specific personality traits in a cultural environment

consistent and tremendous cross-cultural similarities

Studies of the process of identification, description, and explanation of facial emotional expressions show:

Authoritarian style

Studies show that collectivism is positively correlated with what style of parenting?

Asian

Studies show that professionals are generally overconfident in their judgements or decisions and that overconfidence in general knowledge is typically stronger among _________ than among Western subject groups.

False

Studies show that there are no significant national differences in the way people maintain eye contact.

central

Symptoms of psychological disorders that are observable in practically all cultures are called:

metathinking

The act of thinking about thinking; engaging in a critical analysis and evaluation of the thinking process.

human development

The changes in physical, psychological, and social behavior as experienced by individuals across the life span from conception to death.

independent variable

The condition(s) that the researcher controls.

cross-cultural psychology

The critical and comparative study of cultural effects on human psychology is called:

cultural psychology

The domain that seeks to discover systematic relationships or meaningful links between culture and psychological variables.

positive correlation

The established cross-cultural correlation linking an increase in poverty in a community or country to an increase in violent crime would be an example of ?

locus of control

The generalized belief that the control of one's reinforcements rests either on controllable internal factors or on uncontrollable external factors is called:

Iceland

The lowest mortality rate these days is found in:

depth perception

The organization of sensations in three dimensions, even though the image on the eye's retina is two-dimensional is referred to as:

assimilation bias

The propensity to resolve discrepancies between pre-existing schemas and new information in the direction of assimilation rather than accommodation, even at the expense of distorting the information itself is called:

censorship

The restrictive practice of reviewing and determining what is appropriate for publication or broadcasting according to moral, ideological, or political considerations is called:

Sexual Orientation

The romantic or sexual attraction to people of a specific sex or gender

Median

The score in a distribution located at the 50th percentile

humanistic or Maslow

The self-actualizing person's life is governed by the search for "being-values" (B-values) such as Truth, Goodness, Beauty, Wholeness, Justices, and Meaningfulness. This view is rooted in which of the following theories?

application-oriented strategy

The strategy used to establish the applicability of research findings obtained in one country or culture to other countries or cultures is called:

Buddhist

The teachings on the Four Nobel Truths are central to the ______________ tradition.

dogmatism

The tendency to be closed-minded, rigid, and inflexible in one's opinions and subsequent behavior is called:

Barnum statement

The term for any generic description or interpretation about a particular individual that is of practically all individuals or groups is known as a(n).

religious affiliation

The term indicates an individual's acceptance of knowledge, beliefs, and practices related to a particular faith.

culture

The term refers to a set of attitudes, behaviors, and symbols shared be a group of people and usually communicated from one generation to the next.

Professional occupation, income, and education level bring diversity into any national, religious, racial, or ethnic group.

The text addresses the notion that all cultural groups are socially stratified. What implication, if any, does this have for psychological counseling?

return the other person's harm

The text discusses the distinctions between the English word "anger" and the Ifaluk (Pacific Region) word "song". Although they both refer to emotions involving appraisal of harm, "song" produces actions that aim at changing the offending person's behavior. Anger, on the other hand, produces actions that aim to do what?

persistence model

The theoretical view that suggests that adults acquire attitudes and behaviors early in life and tend not to change them later.

indirect survey

The type of survey in which the researcher's personal impact is very small because there is no direct communication between the respondent and the interviewer is called:

Multiculturalism

The view that encourages the recognition of equality for all cultural and national groups and promotes the idea that various cultural groups have the right to follow their own paths of development.

Ethnocentrism

The view that supports judgement about other ethnic, national, and cultural groups and events from the observer's own ethnic, national, or cultural group's outlook.

True

There is a common folk belief that there is no such thing as mental disorder. All psychological dysfunctions are a form of punishment for sinful or inappropriate behavior in the past.

Guilt

There is a statistical difference between people of Western cultures and non-Western cultures in terms of how they experience depressive symptoms. Which symptoms are more common in Western cultures than in non-Western cultures?

reading habits

There is evidence that scanning patterns (scanning a picture of text, for example) are subject to cultural variations. these variations are most closely linked with:

90

These days, about ________ percent of the world's heads of government are men.

arousal theories

These motivational theories assume that people seek to maintain optimal levels of arousal by actively changing their exposure to arousing stimuli:

the post hoc error

This is a logical error that because Event B follows Event A, then B must have been caused by A.

diyat

Under Islamic law, punishment for crimes like murder and/or inflicting bodily injury which is basically paying the legal heirs compensation for life lost or/and bodily injury inflicted.

True

Views of national character are enshrined in literature, embedded in various interpretations of history, disseminated through jokes and perpetuated by travelers' tales.

Belief Perseverance Effect

We defend our opinions in spite of arguments that challenge them.

Integrative attributes (Western/Eastern)

Western - analytical/reductionistic, calculation, value critical thinking, categorical organization, field-independent, pursuit of one truth, speed, nouns learned faster Eastern - holistic/synthesized, intuition, value wisdom, relational organization, field-dependent, acceptance of many truths, reflection, verbs learned faster

Integrative Attributes (Consciousness: Common Perceptions of Western/Eastern Views

Western - linear, rational, pragmatic, monophasic, mind-centered Eastern- nonlinear, irrational, mystical, polyphasic, heart-centered

psychological training

Western psychology and Buddhism claim that the happiness may be achieved through ______________________ and not necessarily through stimulus-driven pleasures.

social attribution

What do psychologists call the process through which we seek to explain and identify the causes of the behavior of others and our own actions?

display rules

What term do psychologists use for patterns of emotional expression considered appropriate within a particular culture, age, or social group?

stress

What term refers to the perception of a challenge to a person's capacity to adapt to inner and outer demands?

there should not be a cultural justification of abuse against women

When assessing abuse against women, which of the following statements best reflects the absolutist approach to cross-cultural studies?

Adolescence

What is the common psychological label for the developmental period during which a child has reached sexual maturity but has not yet taken on the rights and responsibilities of the adult status?

Infancy

What is the common psychological label for the period from birth to approximately two years of age when the individual acquires initial motor, cognitive, and social skills?

Adulthood

What is the common term for the developmental period during which an individual has achieved the adult status prescribed by norms and laws of a particular society?

altered states of consciousness

What is the general name for phenomena that are different than normal waking consciousness and include mystic experiences, meditation, hypnosis, trance, or possession?

need

What is the general psychological term for a motivated state caused by physiological deprivation (such as a lack of food, water, etc.)?

Confucian work dynamism

What is the label for a cultural syndrome of an Eastern culture manifested in persistence at achieving economic goals, social stability, encouragement of prudence and savings, and promoting loyalty and trust by emphasizing shame?

Culture-bound syndromes

What is the name for recurrent, locally specific patterns of aberrant behavior and troubling experience that are generally limited to specific societies or areas and indicate repetitive sets of symptoms?

survey

What is the name for the investigative method in which groups of people answer questions about their opinions or their behavior?

Socialization

What is the name of the process by which an individual becomes a member of a particular culture and takes on its values, beliefs, and behaviors.

comparativists strategy

What is the name of the strategy that attempts to find similarities and differences in certain statistical measures in a sample of cultures?

low effort syndrome

What is the name of the syndrome that involves an individual having a low level of motivation on intelligence tests based on the belief that the tests are biased and test results are unimportant for success in life?

The Persistence Model

What is the name of the theoretical view that suggests that adults acquire attitudes and behaviors early in life and tend not to change them later.

direct survey

What is the name of the type of survey in which the interviewer maintains a direct communication with the respondent and is able to provide feedback, repeat a question, or ask for additional information?

Organization development

What is the professional term for a set of planned changes aimed at improving organizational and individual performance and well-being in a private or government company?

empirical reasoning

What is the psychological term for experience and cognitive operations drawn from everyday activities?

creativity

What is the psychological term for originality or the ability to produce valued outcomes in a novel way?

preceding events

What is the psychological term for the environmental circumstances and individual reactions that have a strong impact on particular emotional experiences?

sex culture

What is the term for a set of requirements, beliefs, symbols, and norms regarding sexuality and its expression?

trance

What is the term for a sleeplike state marked by reduced sensitivity to stimuli, loss or alteration of knowledge, and the substitution of automatic for voluntary motor activity?

evaluation of emotions

What is the term for an individual assessment of emotions according to certain criteria or principles?

instinct

What is the term for relatively complex, inherited behavior pattern that is characteristic of a species?

power distance

What is the term for the extent to which the members of a society accept that power in institutions and organizations is distributed unequally?

absolutist

Which approach in cross-cultural psychology argues that psychological phenomena are basically the same in all cultures?

Asian Americans

Which of the following groups as a whole scores the highest on intelligence tests?

one must achieve self-actualization to be happy and achieve financial fulfillment

Which of the following is NOT one of the Four Noble Truths

groups for this sample are selected according to an assumption or theory (for example, collectivist groups and individualist groups)

Which of the following is a description of a systematic sample in a cross-cultural research?

groups for this sample are selected according to an assumption or theory (for example, collectivist groups or individualist groups

Which of the following is a description of a systematic sample in cross-cultural research?

Sometimes female immigrants are insecure

Which of the following is an example of a Barnum statement?

Russia has a high rate of violent crime because Russians are violent.

Which of the following is an example of the Fundamental Attribution Error?

ageism-youth over elderly

Which of the following is considered a "drawback" to Western values

frustration

Which of the following is not a necessary component of the universal emotion process?

The act of providing psychological direction to a decision or course of action

Which of the following provides the most accurate description of psychological counseling?

Prejudice is a form of displayed aggression caused by frustration

Which of the following statements can be best associated the frustration-aggression theory of prejudice?

All US presidents were men.

Which of the following statements is not necessarily a reflection of a stereotype?

We defend our opinions in spite of arguments that challenge them.

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the Belief Perseverance Effect?

emotion recognition

Which of the following terms refers to the process of identification, description and explanation of an emotional expression?

Hallucinations and delusions

Which one is not a common symptom of acculturative stress?

collectivist-success motivation

Which type of achievement motivation directs a person to connect with others as his or her contribution is seen as beneficial to the members of a particular group or society in general?

legal

Which type of knowledge in cross-cultural psychology exists in the form of laws and other prescriptions established by authorities?

heuristics

While traveling in a foreign country you are approached by a group of strangers and have to quickly surmise their intentions. You will likely use a set of quick and simple mental shortcuts to accomplish this task. These shortcuts are called:

because this cognitive error is very common

Why was the fundamental attribution error labeled, "fundamental" by Lee Ross?

anger

Women tend to express most basic emotions more intensely than men. One emotion is an exception. Which one?

False

Younger and unmarried immigrants (age and marital status) are more likely to be registered voters in the United States.

mental disorder

a clinically significant behavioral or psychological syndrome or pattern that occurs in an individual and that is associated with present distress or disability or with a significantly increased risk of suffering death, pain, disability, or an important loss of freedom

Representativeness heuristic

a cognitive strategy for quickly estimating the probability that a given instance is a member of a particular category.

Ideological (Value-Based) Knowledge

a stable set of beliefs about the world, the nature of good and evil, right and wrong, and the purpose of human life - all based on a certain organizing principal or central idea

aesthetic experience

a term used to identify the feeling of pleasure evoked by stimuli that are perceived as beautiful, attractive, and rewarding.

nativist view

a theory that suggests all cognitive phenomena are inborn, that they unravel as a result of biological "programming," and that environmental perception requires little active construction by the organism.

scientific knowledge

a type of knowledge accumulated as a result of scientific research on a wide range of psychological phenomena

Legal Knowledge

a type of knowledge encapsulated in the law and detailed in official rules and principles related to psychological functioning of individuals

psychometric approach to intelligence

a view based on an assumption that our intelligence can "receive" a numerical value

psychometric approach

a view based on an assumption that our intelligence can "receive" a numerical value.

anger

an emotion aroused by being interfered with or threatened and overt or covert activities of attack or offense.

Naturalistic Fallacy

an error in thinking whereby the individual confuses or equates objective descriptions with subjective value judgments, in particular, by defining what is morally good or bad solely in terms of what is statistically frequent or infrequent

materialist view

an individual can become happy through the accumulation of material wealth, such as money

Drive

an internal aroused condition that directs an organism to satisfy a physiological need

representativeness bias

any condition in which the representativeness heuristic produces systematic errors in thinking or information processing

Barnum statement

any generic "one-size-fits-all" description or interpretation about a particular individual that is true of practically all human beings

Cognitive Bias

any systematic error in attribution that derives from limits that are inherent in people's cognitive abilities to process information

Dichotomous Variable

any variable that can be placed into either of two discrete and mutually exclusive categories

Continuous Variable

any variable that lies along a dimension, range, or spectrum, rather than in a discrete category, that can theoretically take on an infinite number of values and is expressed in terms of quantity, magnitude, or degree

feeling rules

particular cultural rules about how to feel in particular situations.

narcissistic personality disorder

characterized by a grandiose sense of self-importance, a preoccupation with fantasies of success or power, and a need for constant attention or admiration "Donald Trump"

gender

complex set of behavioral, cultural, or psychological features associated with an individual's sex

acculturation

considered in the context of immigration, the process of an individual's adjustment to a new culture

Ethnic Disidentification

detaching an individual's self from the ethnic group with which he or she has been previously associated or is currently associated

Schizophrenia

disorder characterized by hallucinations and delusions, disorganized speech, and disorganized or catatonic behavior.

natural dominance of men

general assumption about men's physical and biological superiority over women

expectation view

goals that the individual had in the past and the degree to which a person has accomplished these goals. what we expect from our lives

perception-comparative view

happiness is a state of mind based on appraisals and comparisons.

progressive view

if every individual is guaranteed and given basic social services-including health care, affordable housing, a decent salary, paid vacations, and free tuition, then there will be practically no external factors that contribute to this individual's unnecessary suffering

True

in the United States, African Americans have the highest mortality on most causes of death along with Native Americans.

heuristic (definition)

is a strategy for problem solving that reduces complex information and time-consuming tasks to more simple, rapid, and efficient judgmental operations, particularly in reaching decisions under conditions of uncertainty.

intercultural therapy

language's culture

situational view

maintains that happiness is not necessarily about material possessions or social services, rather the cumulative life situation in which individuals find themselves determine how happy they are

Androcentricism

male centered view of the world

Buddhist view on happiness

many people feel unhappy because they choose the wrong goals in life and mistakenly conclude that a desirable job, money, social success, and material possessions will make them happy.

melancholy (melancholia)

most common label used in many countries in the past for symptoms known today as depression

gender identity

one's sense of being male or female

self-esteem

person's general subjective evaluation, both emotional and rational, of his or her own worth, one's feelings of high or low self-worth

temperament

personality traits (presumably with a genetic basis) present in infancy

depressive disorder

psychological disorders in which a person suffers by a profound and persistent feeling of sadness or despair, guilt, loss of interest in things that were once pleasurable, and disturbance in sleep and appetite

Spirituality

refers to a broad range of phenomena concerning "non-material" matters related to faith, trust, and hope, in contrast to "material" matters related to ownership, accumulation of possessions, and competition.

Extrinsic motivation

refers to a type of motivation that engages people in various activities for a particular reward.

individualist-success motivation

refers to an internal aroused condition that directs an organism to satisfy some physiological need.

formal reasoning

refers to the basic cognitive operations based on abstract analysis of given premises and deriving a conclusion from them.

Human development

refers to the changes in physical, physiological and social behavior as experienced by individuals across the life span from conception to death.

absolute threshold

refers to the minimum amount of physical energy needed for an observe to notice a stimulus

late adulthood

refers to the period of physical wearing and decline.

rites of passage

refers to the rituals that recognize an individual's movement from one status to another.

self-serving bias

refers to the tendency to take credit for our successes and avoid responsibility for our failures.

identity

refers to the view of oneself as an individual and a member of society.

polycultural therapy

several therapists who represent different cultures

humanistic perspective

some individuals are born with a propensity to experience certain emotional states. It is also possible that material possessions, social protection and comparisons to other people can bring joy. Happiness can be learned and achieved. Happiness is a state of mind individuals can control. encourages interpersonal action (help!), critical thinking (think!) and engagement in social affairs (engage!) This approach is rooted in the modern view that scientific knowledge, reasoning, rationality, empiricism and skepticism have profoundly changed the way individuals perceive morality, justice, and happiness positive feedback, validation, self-growth

biological view

suggests that whether people are happy or less happy primarily depends on their genetic and biological makeup.

compensation hypothesis

suggests that while an ethnic group may excel in a particular sensory task, they may be less adept in others. Yet, in sum, sensory and other cognitive skills are evenly balanced across ethnic groups.

Sex

the anatomical and physiological characteristics or features of males and females.

Aggressive Motivation

the desire to harm or injure others

Self-actualization

the final stage in Maslow's hierarchy of needs, characterized by aesthetic, creative, philosophical, and spiritual understanding A final level of psychological development in which individuals strive to realize their uniquely human potential to achieve everything they are capable of achieving.

Mode

the most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution

Ecological Context

the natural setting in which human organisms and the environment interact

self

the representation of one's identity or the subject of experience

Sociopolitical context

the setting in which people participate in both global and local decisions; it includes various ideological issues, political structures, and presence or absence of political and social freedoms

Dementia

the term used to describe a deterioration of cognitive functioning, including memory loss, aphasia, or disturbed executive functioning.

traditional culture

the term used to describe cultures based largely on beliefs, rules, symbols, and principles established predominantly in the past, confined in local or regional boundaries, restricting and mostly intolerant to social innovations

Nontraditional culture

the term used to describe cultures based largely on modern beliefs, rules, symbols, and principles, relatively open to other cultures, absorbing and dynamic, science-based and technology-driven, and relatively tolerant to social innovations

openness model

the theoretical view that suggests that adults change their attitudes and behavior to adjust to changing situations

psychotherapy

treatment of psychological disorders through psychological means, generally involving verbal interaction with a professional therapist.

bicultural therapy

two types of healers, Western/Native

Intrinsic motivation

type of motivation that engages people in various activities for no apparent reward except the pleasure and satisfaction of the activity itself.

spiritual view

underlines the importance of inner factors and emphasizes the search for the higher power within the individual.

altruism

unselfish concern for the welfare of others; generosity