Cross-Cultural Psychology Final

Stereotype threat is Select one: a. the result of people being unaware of the stereotypes that exist for their groups. b. limited to the experiences of racial groups that are discriminated against. c. something that can affect task performance. d. largely in people's minds, and does not affect actual behavior.

c

Which of the following ideas would be easiest to spread? Select one: a. Climate change reflects natural temperature variation more than human activity. b. Immigrants come to the U.S. because of terrible conditions in their home country. c. Illegal immigrants are taking our jobs. d. Immigrants enhance the productivity of the U.S.

c

Based on research on levels of the Big 5 Factors in the U.S., which one of the following patterns is most typical? Select one: a. Someone from rural Georgia with high E scores b. Someone from New York City with high N scores c. Someone from San Francisco, CA with high C scores d. Someone from Boston, MA with high A scores

b

Which one of the following conditions is MOST likely to be considered a culture-bound syndrome? Select one: a. bulimia nervosa b. schizophrenia c. anorexia nervosa d. anxiety

a

A group of East Asians and Americans have won a contest, and each person is allowed to pick a car from a selection of cars. All cars are of the same make, model, and year. The only thing that differs between them is that they can be one of two colors. Furthermore, there is an extremely unequal proportion between the two colors, making the minority-color very unique. Given this scenario, which of the following statements is TRUE? Select one: a. Americans will choose minority-colored cars. b. Americans will choose cars with the brightest colors. c. East Asians will choose their cars randomly. d. East Asians will choose minority-colored cars.

a

A key difference between evoked culture and transmitted culture is that Select one: a. evoked culture is limited to a specific geographical setting, whereas transmitted culture can move across different ecologies. b. evoked culture spreads much quicker than does transmitted culture. c. evoked culture is more likely found in nonliterate societies, whereas transmitted culture is more common in literate societies. d. the majority of cultural differences are evoked rather than transmitted.

a

Ambrose has an independent self, and Hayden has an interdependent self. Which of the following is TRUE about Hayden? Select one: a. He activates the same brain regions when thinking about himself and his mother, whereas Ambrose doesn't. b. He acts the same way regardless of the context or situation. c. He feels that his identity is based largely on his sense that he's an outgoing and extraverted person. d. He is more likely to get depressed and anxious than Ambrose.

a

Countries with the highest levels of subjective well-being typically have all the following characteristics EXCEPT Select one: a. the highest gross domestic product (GDP) regardless of income inequality b. satisfaction of their citizens' needs for respect and autonomy c. a relatively small gap between the rich and poor d. citizens whose basic physiological and psychological needs are met

a

Army recruits are assigned randomly into specific sleeping quarters, where they do a lot of socializing during break time and at night. The political and religious attitudes of the recruits were surveyed before they were assigned sleeping quarters, and then again after several weeks of training. According to dynamic social impact theory (which describes how ideas spread), what should the results of the follow-up survey be? Select one: a. The recruits' political and religious ideas tended to form clusters based on sleeping quarters. b. The recruits' political and religious ideas did not change from one survey to the next. c. The recruits' political ideas tended to form clusters based on sleeping quarters but their religious ideas did not change. d. The recruits tended to make friends with those who held similar political and religious ideas regardless of sleeping quarters.

a

Based on research findings about what variables were MOST important in the sociocultural adjustment of U.S. students studying abroad in Costa Rica, which of the following should you implement if you want to improve your adjustment in Spain? Select one: a. increase your social interactions with locals b. increase your openness to diversity c. increase your social initiative d. increase your flexibility

a

Based on the results of the Grabe et al. (2015) study, which of the following practices would be supported: Select one: a. In order to reduce relationship violence, women should be given control of some economic resources. b. In order to equalize relationship power, marriages should be based on love and not arranged by families c. In order to reduce relationship violence, male perpetrators need to be held accountable and punished d. Land ownership by men makes them more secure and thus less likely to engage in relationship violence

a

In the Saucier et al. (2015) study of world views, large cross-cultural variations were found in all the following beliefs EXCEPT Select one: a. the importance of achievement motivation b. the importance of men and women each playing different roles in society c. how important religion was in the person's life d. degree of loyalty to one's heritage

a

The two-factor theory of emotion would predict which one of the following? Select one: a. If your friend loses your favorite scarf and you think it's because they were just careless, you will feel angry at them. b. If someone pulls into the parking spot you have been waiting for, you inevitably will feel angry. c. if you believe your friend was late through no fault of their own, you will still feel angry at them because of the time you spent waiting. d. If you jump off a high cliff into a deep pond, you will feel fear because of the height involved.

a

Which explanation for cultural change best reflects Modernization Theory? Select one: a. Economic development drives cultures to become more individualistic. b. Intellectual traditions of a culture influence whether a culture is individualistic or collectivitic. c. A cultural history of voluntary migration drives cultures to become more individualistic. d. Economic development encourages cultures to become more collectivistic.

a

Which of the following (historically inaccurate) examples best demonstrates the process of the ratchet effect? Select one: a. Marx creates a new political ideology, Lenin builds on that ideology, and Stalin further expands on it. b. Wolverine and Thor independently create the first hammers. Wolverine's hammer is simply a rock, whereas Thor's hammer has a metal head and a long handle. c.Rafael Nadal demonstrates how to use a tennis racquet to hit a ball, and everyone mimics Rafael's movements with their racquets. d. Ke$ha brushes her teeth with a bottle of whiskey, but Lady Gaga gives her a tube of toothpaste because it cleans teeth better.

a

Which of the following is an example of ethnocentrism? Select one: a."Those people from Culture X are weird. Rather than using forks to eat like we do, like people are supposed to, they pick up their food with sticks." b. "I do not understand. How come we keep dogs as pets, but people from Culture X keep llamas as pets?" c. "I grew up eating fish raw, but people from Culture X like to eat fish cooked. Different countries just have different food preferences." d. "We should be more tolerant of different ethnicities, and make that the key goal of the university."

a

Which of the following is considered immoral by the standards of the ethic of community? Select one: a. Jack disobeys his father's commands. b. Peter skips school in order to attend a family reunion. c. Marian stabs Roland in the arm. d. April locks her sister in her room so that she cannot vote in the election.

a

Which one of the following groups is LEAST likely to view as immoral certain disgusting behaviors (such as having sex with dead chickens) Select one: a. politically liberal individuals b. politically conservative individuals c. lower-SES Brazilians d. lower-SES Americans

a

Which one of the following is MOST likely to occur in a culture with low relational mobility? Select one: a. Relationships tend to be very stable over time. b. Being physically attractive is socially valued. c. Marriages are based on romantic love. d. People have many close friends.

a

Which one of the following is TRUE about psychology? Select one: a. Less than 5% of psychological research is done with participants from non-Western non-industrialized countries b. Psychological research uses a representative sample of people from around the world. c. Psychological research uses a representative sample of people from within a culture. d. Psychological research uses a representative sample of people in Western industrialized cultures.

a

Which one of the following is an example of Kohlberg's preconventional level of moral development? A person who... Select one: a. chooses to do a good deed because s/he expects to get positive publicity b. refrains from stealing from a store because it is illegal. c. helps his/her little sister with homework rather than the sister's friend. d. donates money to AIDS research because s/he has AIDS

a

Which one of the following statements regarding intimate partner violence (IPV) is FALSE? Select one: a. the incidence of IPV in high income countries is very low b. women who report IPV are often blamed or disbelieved c. laws against IPV exist in the USA and Spain d. IPV is one of the top two causes of death among women in Jamaica

a

You live in a culture in which people grow their own food and rarely have to buy food from others. One day, a researcher from the United States asks you to play the Dictator Game with a stranger. You are given $50 and you must decide how much to give to the stranger. Based on all the information given in this question, which of the following amounts are you NOT likely to give? Select one: a. $25 b. $0 c. $15 d. $5

a

Your roommate is from a high context culture and you are from a low context culture. Which of the following is most likely to be an exchange between the two of you? Select one: a. You ask your roommate if you can use her hairdryer, and she responds with an uneasy expression and says, "I guess so." b. Your roommate is practicing dancing in the living room even though you want to watch TV. c. Your roommate asks you if she can use your yoga mat, and you reply, "I'll think about it." d. You ask your roommate why she seems upset with you, and she responds by telling you exactly what she's thinking, providing the whole context for you to understand.

a

Your friend immigrated more than a decade ago. While walking on the streets with your friend, he suddenly encounters a store that reminds him of his heritage culture. Which of the following is likeliest to result from that? Select one: a. Your friend is more likely to think in ways consistent with his heritage culture, at least temporarily. b. Your friend will be prevented from entering the adjustment phase of acculturation, if he hadn't entered it already. c. Your friend will, at that moment, choose to develop more of a separation acculturation strategy. d. Your friend will experience heightened acculturative stress.

a -This is frame-switching.

As the incoming CEO of a company where people of different ethnicities work in the same workspace, you have been given the task of creating a positive and friendly work environment. This means that people of different ethnicities should have trust in the company and have positive emotions toward each other. To do so, you plan to give a speech. According to the textbook, which of the following is the ideal approach to take in that speech? Select one: a. "Every race/ethnicity brings a different piece of the puzzle that, together, will help us accomplish great things." b. "Treat everyone the same—as a friend—to make this workplace a friendlier place." c. "Everyone is special and brings his or her uniqueness to the table. We should treasure and treat everyone similarly." d."There are no racial or ethnic differences here--only one human race."

a. this approach recognizes and values racial/ethnic diversity

A human, a giraffe, and a car. Which one doesn't belong? Select one: a. analytic thinker: car; holistic thinker: car b. analytic thinker: car; holistic thinker: giraffe c. analytic thinker: giraffe; holistic thinker: human d. analytic thinker: human; holistic thinker: car

b

According to research (Yakunina et al., 2012), which one of the following personality variables does NOT directly predict level of adjustment to a new culture? Select one: a. openness to diversity b. flexibility c. social initiative d. cultural empathy

b

All of the following contribute to the uniqueness of human cultural learning EXCEPT: Select one: a. how much the species learns b. the ability to learn from other members of one's species c. the use of individuals with high status from whom to learn d. how quickly the species learns

b

Applying your understanding of the Big Five factors, which one of the following associations is MOST likely? The most ardent supporters of Pres. Trump's policy of "building a wall" between the U.S. and Mexico are likely to be_______ [change wording or choices: argument that low A also works] Select one: a. high in Agreeableness b. low in Openness to Experience c. high in Openness to Experience d. low in Agreeableness

b

Based on Ma and Schoeneman's study with Americans and Kenyans, which of the following would be expected on the Twenty Statements Test? Select one: a. American undergrad: "I am a thoughtful person." Kenyan undergrad: "I am a member of an association." b. Kenyan undergrad: "I am a resourceful person." Kenyan tribesman (e.g., the Samburu): "I am a member of an association." c. All tribal Samburu: "I am a charitable person." d. All Kenyan populations: "I am a member of group X."

b

Based on the study of "Tiger Moms" by Fu and Markus (2014), which of the following statements is TRUE? Select one: a. Asian American adolescents are similar to their European American counterparts in feeling independent from their mothers b. Asian American adolescents perceive their mother's involvement in their academic work as supportive only if they feel interdependent with her. c. European Americans adolescents are motivated by failure to do better next time when their mothers encourage them. d. European American adolescents see their mother's involvement in their school work as a source of support.

b

Claudia and Hideki are math students. Claudia has a promotion orientation, whereas Hideki has a prevention orientation. What is the best way to make them both continue to put in effort to learn math? Select one: a. Give Claudia a very difficult math test so she's rigged to do poorly, but give Hideki a very easy math test so he's rigged to do well. b. Give Claudia a very easy math test so she's rigged to do well, but give Hideki a very difficult math test so he's rigged to do poorly. c. Give both students a very difficult math test that's rigged to make them do poorly. d. Give both students a very easy math test that's rigged to make them do well.

b

Cross-cultural research on schizophrenia supports which one of the following statements? Select one: a. visual hallucinations are a universal component of schizophrenia b. schizophrenia typically is found in countries around the world c. the symptoms of schizophrenia are the same in countries around the world d. the prognosis for schizophrenia is similar around the world

b

Culture affects the practice of prostitution in all of the following ways EXCEPT Select one: a. the emphasis on virginity before marriage in Muslim countries, especially for females, contributes to the acceptability of prostitution b. there is little stigma attached to prostitution in cultures where it is legal c. in individualistic cultures, prostitutes are viewed as making a personal choice; in more collectivist cultures, prostitutes may work to help their families d. limited economic opportunities for girls and women increases the likelihood of their participation in sex work

b

If a Japanese and an American were each contacted by a stranger for help, we would expect that Select one: a. the American would trust the stranger more than the Japanese only if the American had heard about the stranger previously. b. the Japanese would trust the stranger less than the American. c. the American would trust the stranger less than the Japanese. d. the Japanese would trust the stranger more than the American only if the stranger were of the same sex as themselves.

b

In Morocco, our bus drivers were able to eat and drink for free wherever they stopped. This was because the vendors knew that drivers brought potential customers their way, so even if that didn't occur at that time, it probably would in the future. This is an example of which type of sociality (group relationships)? Select one: a. communal sharing b. equality matching c. authority ranking d. market pricing

b

Inderjit, an Indian villager, came across a pot of gold while working in the fields. How is he most likely to distribute this gold after he brings it back to his village? Select one: a. Older villagers are seen as deserving more pieces of gold. b. People who need more money receive more pieces of gold. c. The amount people receive depends on their contribution to the village. d. Everyone gets five pieces of gold.

b

Jordan received a botox injection for the area around her eyes, meaning that the muscles around her eyes would be paralyzed and look emotionless for a period of time, while the rest of her face can still move. Before the paralyzing effect of the botox has worn off, she has dinner with an American friend and a Japanese friend. Jordan smiled throughout the night, indicating that she had a good time. Will Jordan's friends believe her smile? Select one: a. The American friend likely will not believe Jordan's smile, but the Japanese friend likely will not. b. The American friend likely will believe Jordan's smile, but the Japanese friend likely will not. c. Both will be unsure of whether to believe Jordan's smile. d. Both friends will likely believe Jordan's smile.

b

Lee Hom and Eason are 25-year-old Hong Kong natives who have recently moved to Canada after having lived in Hong Kong all their lives. According to Cheung, Chudek, and Heine, which of the following best characterizes their adjustment to Canada? Select one: a. The longer they stay in Canada, the more they identify with being Canadian. b. There is no relationship between how long they stay in Canada and how much they identify with being Canadian. c. The shorter their stay in Canada, the more they identify with being Canadian. d. The longer they stay in Canada, the less they identify with being Canadian.

b

Pres. Trump recently tweeted "LIBERATE MICHIGAN" (as well as two other states) in support of those protesting social distancing restrictions. What moral intuition is he appealing to? Select one: a. ethic of community b. ethic of autonomy c. ethic of divinity d. ethic of purity

b

Psychologists who came from Western countries to help victims of the 2004 tsunami in Sri Lanka did all of the following EXCEPT _____________, according to Christopher et al. (2014). Select one: a. increased anxieties in the participants of community "awareness sessions" b. worked with community leaders in setting up groups to process the experience c. implemented standardized stress debriefing procedures d. expected there to be an increase in suicidal and other post-traumatic behaviors

b

What aspect of subjective well being is most important in the U.S.? Select one: a. having few strong negative emotions b. having strong positive emotions c. having balanced emotions d. being satisfied with your life right now

b

What will a Jewish person think of a man who is thinking about cheating on his wife? Select one: a. The man has violated the ethic of autonomy. b. None of these choices is correct. c. The man deserves to be punished. d. The man has violated the ethic of divinity.

b

When considering how categories of privilege and subordination affect our lived experiences, which of the following examples is MOST likely? Select one: a. A Muslim American who does not worry about others' reactions to their religion. b. A man who does not think much about how being male affects him. c. A non-heterosexual who does not think about others knowing their sexual orientation. d. An African-American who does not think much about race.

b

When considering the history of women's rights in Spain over the last 100 years, which one of the following statements is TRUE? Select one: a. Married women in Spain were first allowed to own property after Franco died. b. Under Franco, women were not able to exercise legal rights but were considered dependents of a male family member (husband, father, brother). c. Women who were part of the resistance movement (siding with the Republicans) during the Spanish Civil War had a status equal to that of the men d. Under Franco, young women were encouraged but not required to join Sección Femenina in order to learn to be good mothers and wives.

b

Which of the following does NOT explain why children at East Asian schools tend to do better at math than children at American schools? Select one: a. East Asian mothers tend to demand higher standards of achievement than American mothers. b. East Asian mothers are more likely than American mothers to believe that math is an ability that a child either has or not. c. East Asian teachers tend to use more concrete examples when teaching math than American teachers. d. East Asian students are at school for more hours per year than American children.

b

Which of the following is an example of pluralistic ignorance? Select one: a. Boston continues to reflect its Puritan origins, whereas Philadelphia continues to reflect its Quaker origins. b. Police officers in one region continue to use confrontational interview techniques even though they do not personally like the technique, because they believe that the practice is widely approved of by others. c. Baseball in Japan retains some distinctive Japanese elements. d. the increasing globalization of world cultures

b

Which of the following statements about the relationship between language and thinking is FALSE? Select one: a. The English language has an extremely large number of words for emotions. b. All cultures have words for numbers up to 5, the number of fingers on a hand. c. The words for colors in a particular language influence people's abilities to distinguish among colors. d. Language can interfere with recognition of patterns.

b

Which of the following therapists is most accurately being described as demonstrating cultural competence? Select one: a. Therapist C is a practitioner of both Morita therapy and Naikan therapy. b. Therapist D is familiar with her own cultural background's effect on her perspectives and strives to understand the cultural perspective of her clients. c. Therapist A is knowledgeable about different cultures. d. Therapist B works as part of a cultural consultation service.

b

Which one of the following groups would be LEAST likely to hold collectivist attitudes/values? [text says no gender diff in collectivism altho women are more interdependent w respect to others' feelings/concerns. Change choices]. Select one: a. A man from Pakistan b. A Caucasian man from Australia. c. A European-American woman from the U.S. d. A Latina from the southwest U.S.

b

Which one of the following groups/cultures should have more positive attitudes toward gender equality? Select one: a. more collectivist than individualistic cultures b. more urbanized than rural cultures c. more men than women d. more capitalist than socialist countries

b

Which one of the following statements about emotions is TRUE? Select one: a. People from different cultures react to news that a loved one has died with very different facial expressions b. people who express emotions more strongly actually have stronger physiological reactions than people who are less emotionally expressive c. people in very different cultures are equally accurate in recognizing a wide variety of emotions on others' faces d. if someone is smiling, it's a clear sign that they are feeling happy

b

Which one of the following statements about mental health is TRUE? Select one: a. Women are more likely to commit suicide than men worldwide. b. Suicide rates are rising in the U.S. c. Depression is the best predictor of suicide attempts across cultures. d. Most people with severe mental disorders in the U.S. are in mental institutions.

b

Which one of the following statements about the relationship between parenting styles and child outcomes is FALSE, at least according to research? Select one: a. Permissive parenting can sometimes be beneficial to children. b. Authoritarian parenting is associated with poor child outcomes in all populations studied. c. Neglectful parenting was not associated with positive outcomes in any group. d. Authoritative parenting is universally associated with at least one positive outcome.

b

Which one of the following statements is FALSE regarding acculturation? Select one: a. People who integrate themselves into a new culture typically develop new ways of thinking. b. People who integrate themselves into U.S. culture typically improve their physical health compared to those who retain the ways of their heritage culture. c. People who adopt a separation strategy to acculturation in the U.S. may demonstrate higher achievement motivation than those who adopt a more integrative acculturation strategy. d. People typically experience a period of strong positive feelings toward their host culture in the beginning but then get disillusioned with it.

b

Which one of the following statements is FALSE regarding the status of women and men in Spain currently? Select one: a. same-sex marriages are legal b. women in the labor force earn about the same as their male counterparts c. men rarely share housework and childcare responsibilities d. there has been a marked increase in concern about violence against women

b

With respect to happiness and life satisfaction, which one of the following is TRUE? Select one: a. People in virtually all cultures strive to be happy. b. People in virtually all cultures experience greater subjective well being to the extent that their relational needs are met. c. People in virtually all cultures experience happiness in terms of strong positive emotions. d. People in virtually all cultures associate happiness with feeling a sense of calm and peace.

b

When comparing the U.S. and Spain on Hofstede's 6 dimensions of culture, which one of the following statements is TRUE? Select one: a. The U.S. scores higher than Spain in uncertainty avoidance. b. The U.S. scores scores lower than Spain in collectivism. c. The U.S. scores higher than Spain in pragmatism/long-term orientation d. The U.S. scores scores higher than Spain in power distance.

b; no other culture scores lower than the U.S. on collectivism (i.e., higher than the U.S. on individualism)

A person is building a road to connect two towns, but the road is stopped by a mountain. The person can either build the road so that it follows the side of the mountain and continues on from the other side, or the person can just tunnel through the mountain. This person decides that people shouldn't get pushed around by nature, so decides to tunnel through the mountain. Which of the following terms best describes this way of thinking? Select one: a. entity theory of the world b. secondary control c. incremental theory of the world d. maintaining face

c

According to the theory that suggests that gender inequality is a product of a culture's division of labor in a particular economic system, which of the following cultures should have the greatest gender inequality? Select one: a. hunting and gathering societies b. modern post-industrialized cultures c. cultures that employ ploughs in agricultural work d. horticultural cultures, where families work small plots of land

c

Adolescent rebellion Select one: a. is especially pronounced in collectivistic societies. b. is universal, although adolescent violence is not. c. is more pronounced in societies with more individual opportunities. d. is observed in the vast majority of the world's cultures.

c

After examining surveys you handed out in a given culture, you find that many people in the culture tend to agree with both the positively worded item "I strongly support the prime minister's policies," and the negatively worded item "I disagree with the prime minister's policies." What is this an example of? Select one: a. reference-group effects b. moderacy biases c. acquiescence biases d. deprivation effects

c

Based on Imada & Yussen's (2012) research, what is the most likely outcome of the following scenario? Our class reads a story about a chorus competition in which there are an equal number of collectivistic and individualistic ideas. Each of us tells the story to another American student at Lafayette who in turn conveys the story to yet another American Lafayette student. This happens two more times so that there will be a total of 4 re-tellings. When comparing the story heard by the last group to the initial story, what would you expect? Select one: a. The final stories will have lost most of the individualistic ideas. b. The stories will be identical, although some minor points might have been omitted. c. The final stories will have lost most of the collectivistic ideas. d. The final stories will be fairly different from the initial stories, but will still contain an equal number of individualistic and collectivistic ideas.

c

Comparing the beliefs of college students in a large number of countries in the world is likely to: Select one: a. overestimate cultural differences b. completely misrepresent each culture's views c. underestimate cultural differences d. accurately represent each culture's views

c

Culture can affect the brain in all the following ways EXCEPT Select one: a.Westerners tend to focus their eyes on only parts of a complex picture compared to people from East Asia. b. Westerners spend fewer neural resources than do East Asians when looking at incongruent pictures c. cultural differences in eye fixations when looking at a complex picture are evident from an early age d. culture can encourage us to focus our attention on some aspects of the environment more than others, and differential attention can affect neural processing

c

Evidence in the text and from class supports which one of the following statements? Select one: a. Language and its structures determine human knowledge or thought b. Thought produces language but language does not affect thought c. Language and its structures shape but don't determine human knowledge or thought d. Language and thought are separate but parallel human processes

c

Imagine that Georgi moved to the U.S. from Bulgaria about 6 months ago. We might expect that he is Select one: a. having the time of his life, and is reveling in his new and exotic home. b. adjusting to American life, and is fully integrated into the community. c. struggling a bit, as there are times he feels homesick and he has not yet made many American friends. d. having a more difficult time acculturating than his neighbor, who moved from a small tribe from the Amazon.

c

In comparison to collectivist cultures, which one of the following is MORE common in individualistic cultures? Select one: a. Keeping track of who invited whom to the last social event and making sure to keep these invites relatively balanced/equal. b. A greater tendency to try to reduce interpersonal conflict during negotiations. c. Trying to "win" in an argument with a friend. d. A greater tendency to attribute failures to personal qualities than to external ones.

c

Just for fun, Mary decided to tape the corners of her mouth so that she will appear to be smiling for the duration of that day. According to the facial feedback hypothesis, which of the following emotions is Mary most likely to experience as a result? Select one: a. sadness b. no particular emotion; the taping will not affect her emotions c. happiness d. anger

c

Romantic love is Select one: a. something that grows with age until the birth of children. b. a recent phenomenon in some human cultures. c. something that appears to exist in all cultures. d. a product of individualism, and a concern with meeting an individual's unique needs.

c

The documentary "Half the Sky" provides evidence of all the following EXCEPT Select one: a. female victims tend to be blamed for the sexual abuse they experience b. attitudes toward gender affect how sexual abuse cases are handled c. families of sexual abuse victims in collectivist countries are more likely to hold perpetrators accountable than in individualist countries d. girls and women are valued less than boys and men

c

Wendy, an American patient with depression, reports feeling suicidal, with depressed mood and trouble sleeping. Weiwei, a Chinese patient with depression, is Select one: a. less likely to report sleep complaints. b. more likely to take anti-depressants. c. less likely to report depressed mood. d. more likely to become suicidal.

c

What can be said about sensitive windows for language acquisition? Select one: a. People who are raised bilingually have two distinct language centers in their brain that do not overlap. b. People can learn to speak languages equally well, regardless of age of acquisition. c. Children's abilitiy to distinguish among phonemes present in world languages fades after the first year. d. Children do not start to acquire any language input before the age of 1 year.

c

When it comes to prostitution/sex work and the law, which of the following statements is FALSE? Select one: a. prostitution is illegal throughout Morocco b. prostitution exists in most countries, legally or illegally c. prostitution is illegal throughout the U.S. d. prostitution is legal in Spain but pimping is not

c

When it comes to women and leadership, which one of the following statements is FALSE? Select one: a. young women in Spain are less likely than young women in the U.S. to view aspire to leadership positions b. women are more likely than men to use a transformational leadership style c. in Spain, the female gender role is perceived as relatively unlikely to change in the future d. there is gender bias against women leaders in both the U.S. and Spain

c

Which of the following is TRUE regarding changes in the intelligence of people in a culture? Select one: a. Intelligence is not increasing, only verbal IQ test performance. b. More involvement in sports leads to increased brain efficiency. c. Increased complexity of TV and movie plots is associated with increased intelligence. d. Higher education demands concrete ways of thinking, rather than abstract speculations.

c

Which of the following people is the best example of blending (in terms of cultural identity)? Select one: a. Jürgen has decided to accept the cultural values of his American host culture to fit in better, disregarding values from his German heritage culture. b. Loni is able to jump back and forth between her Hawaiian heritage cultural views and her Texan host cultural views. c. Sarah gained a much more interdependent self-construal after spending the last ten years in China, albeit less than that shown by Chinese. d. Bjorn is from a Swedish town where many people immigrate, leading to a very multicultural atmosphere.

c

Which one of the following patterns is MOST associated with people in collectivist cultures? Select one: a. desire to stand out b. promotion orientation c. desire to be seen positively by others d. concern with self enhancement

c

Which one of the following statements is FALSE with respect to how culture affects love and marriage relationships? Select one: a. couples seek family approval for marriage in most cultures b. Cultures with high gender inequality are most likely to have negative views of same-sex relationships. c. cultures with a strong extended family network encourage marriages that are based on love compared to cultures with more nuclear families. d. Indian immigrants to the U.S. who adopted a separation strategy preferred an arranged marriage over a love marriage

c

Which one of the following would indicate an individualistic response on the Twenty-Statement Test? Select one: a. I am an older brother. b. I am a student. c. I am very sociable. d. I am a member of Pi Beta Phi.

c

With respect to the concept of "aversion to happiness," which one of the following statements is FALSE? Select one: a. Aversion to happiness appears stronger in Eastern cultures than Western ones. b. Some cultures believe that being happy can make someone a worse person. c. Aversion to happiness is not found in the U.S. d. Some cultures believe that expressing happiness invites envy and thus social disharmony.

c

You've saved up a lot of money over the last few years and have decided to travel the world. In interacting with people from different cultures all over the world, which of the following are you most likely to find? Select one: a. People around the world have a similar range of scores on each of the Big Five factors. b. The Big Five only emerges reliably in the U.S. c. The same trait level may predict different behaviors in different cultures. d. Only the Big Five factor of Neuroticism emerges reliably across all cultures.

c

Your sister just got a new job. Her role is to be a surrogate sister for a teenage boy who has not unlocked himself from his room for a year. Ultimately, her job is to try to get the boy to get out of the house. What condition does this boy have? Select one: a. hwa-byung b. koro c. hikikomori d. dhat

c

We decide to do an experiment while we are in Spain this semester. We recruit 20 U.S. and 20 Spanish students at SLU Madrid and give them the choice of solving a puzzle individually or in pairs. We find that more U.S. students choose to solve the puzzle individually than do Spanish students, who more often prefer to work in pairs. What can we accurately conclude from these findings? Select one: a. students' choices in this experiment cannot tell us anything about cultural patterns b. the students' choices are caused by cultural differences in individualism-collectivism c. there appear to be cultural patterns in these students' choices d. cultural psychologists cannot use experimental designs to study culture

c: cultural background appears to be correlated with students' choices although we can't say anything about causation

A group of participants is given a hammer. They are asked to collectively strike the hammer onto a pad as hard as possible. Under which of the following circumstances would people try less hard on this group task than if they performed it individually? Select one: a. Their individual contributions are monitored. b. They are from a collectivistic culture. c. They are all women. d. They do not have relationships with the other group members.

d

A key difference between "cultural" psychologists and "general" psychologists is that: Select one: a. cultural psychologists study people from different cultures, whereas general psychologists study people from one culture. b. general psychologists believe that experiences shape the mind, whereas cultural psychologists believe that experiences do not shape the mind. c. general psychologists believe that people everywhere are born with similar brains, whereas cultural psychologists believe that people are born with different kinds of brains in different cultures. d. cultural psychologists believe that the mind is interdependent with context and content, whereas general psychologists believe that the mind is independent from context and content.

d

According to research, which person should be happiest/highest in subjective well being? Select one: a. the thinnest woman in a Western culture compared to women of average weight b. the person with the most friends in a collectivist culture compared to a person with fewer friends c. the wealthiest person in a culture compared to people in the next lower income bracket d. the person living in a culture where most people's basic needs are met compared to those living in a culture with more variability in basic need fulfilment

d

Ayumi is a Japanese student, and Alice is a European-American student. They are both participating in a study in which they are asked to provide some self-descriptions. Which of the following is the likeliest outcome of this study? Select one: a. Ayumi is likelier than Alice to be optimistic over the long term. b. Ayumi is likelier than Alice to say that she is an introverted person across different situations. c. Ayumi is likelier than Alice to focus on her individual characteristics, such as intelligence. d. Ayumi is likelier than Alice to say that she is both considerate and selfish.

d

Based on Cheung et al.'s (2011) research, which one of the following statements is MOST ACCURATE? Select one: a. The factor of Interpersonal Relatedness is found only in China b. It's not possible to find universal personality factors. c. Using the Big 5 to assess personality levels in other cultures is an unbiased way to explore cross-cultural differences. d. The factor of Interpersonal Relatedness is a new factor not tapped by the Big 5 tests (NEO, IPIP)

d

Compared to Westerners, people from East Asia are more likely to Select one: a. choose a fun rather than a useful activity in their free time b. base their life satisfaction on how many positive feelings they have at a particular point in time c. believe it is important to be happy d. enjoy low rather than high arousal positive states

d

Diagnoses of social anxiety disorders are: Select one: a. higher in interdependent cultural contexts b. unrelated to cultural contexts c. largely constant across industrialized societies in the world d. lower among East Asians than among North Americans

d

During a professional ice hockey game, fans from around the world saw Tony Bertram, a professional hockey player, punch an unsuspecting player in the face and throw him onto the ice. Based on what you know about attribution styles, which of the following do you think is most likely to happen? Select one: a. East Asians and Westerners will equally blame Tony's nasty personality. b. East Asians and Westerners will equally blame Tony's family problems. c. East Asians will blame Tony's nasty personality, and Westerners will blame Tony's family problems. d. East Asians will blame Tony's family problems, and Westerners will blame Tony's nasty personality.

d

Hosea is an orthodox Baptist, and his neighbor, Henry, is a progressive Baptist. They are watching news coverage of China's ban on internet pornography. According to research on orthodoxy/progressiveness and morality, which of the following dynamics is likeliest to be TRUE in this scenario? Select one: a. Hosea is more likely than Henry to say, "That ban is moral because it shows a lack of respect between people who are in a relationship with each other." b. Henry is less likely than Hosea to say, "That ban is immoral because it does not allow people to become educated about sex." c. They are equally likely to say, "That ban is immoral because it infringes on people's ability to act as autonomous individuals." d. Hosea is likelier than Henry to say, "That ban is moral because it prevents people from succumbing to the sin of lust."

d

Imagine that you are just learning how to juggle. You would perform your best at it if you Select one: a. competed with a friend. b. were part of a group that was rewarded for their team efforts. c. surrounded yourself with friends and performed for them. d. performed by yourself in a room.

d

Jeeyoung is an East Asian student who is going through a tough time. Given her emotional situation, which of the following is she most likely to do to make herself feel better? Select one: a. introspect and solve the problems herself b. seek professional help c. seek the help of her close others d. remind herself of her connections with others

d

Our class decides to study the "Spanish personality." We collect all the ways that natives describe a person and we comb the Spanish dictionary for adjectives related to individual differences. Then we condense the combined list based on synonyms, create questions asking people to rate themselves and others in their social/family networks on all these traits, and then statistically look for patterns among the ratings. What research approach describes our method? Select one: a. an etic approach b. a combined etic-emic approach c. a situation sampling approach d. an emic approach

d

Sanjay is an Indian male who has been in an arranged marriage for more than 15 years. Sana is an Indian female who has been in a love marriage for more than 15 years. Based on research by Gupta and Singh, which person is likely to be happier after 15 years? Select one: a. Sana b. Happiness depends on the number of children each person has. c. They are equally happy. d. Sanjay

d

Several real estate agents have been convicted of several counts of real estate fraud. Which of the following is the most plausible reaction from American and Japanese news outlets? Select one: a. Japanese newspapers are likelier than American ones to perceive the agents as having exercised choice. b. Japanese newspapers are likelier than American ones to predict similar events will happen in the future. c. Japanese newspapers are likelier than American ones to recommend strong punishment of the agents. d. Japanese newspapers are likelier than American ones to view the real estate companies to be at fault.

d

The Singhs, an Indian family, are trying to decide on room arrangements for a new house that they are building. Which of the following moral principles is likely to be the LEAST important for this family? Select one: a. incest avoidance b. respect for hierarchy c. protection of the vulnerable d. the sacred couple

d

The findings from acculturation research are less coherent than many other topics largely because Select one: a. there is no consensual definition on what acculturation means. b. immigrants do not like to have their experiences studied by researchers. c. there are no validated acculturation measures. d. people's circumstances vary so much it makes it difficult to identify common patterns.

d

The postconventional level of moral development is most closely associated with what code of ethic? Select one: a. divinity b. community c. care d. autonomy

d

The use of "no" around age 2 is a developmental stage that Select one: a. signals adolescent rebellion later in life. b. only occurs in Western cultures c. is universally viewed as a healthy sign of self expression d. occurs in nearly all cultures but is interpreted differently by different cultures

d

Using López-Pérez et al.'s definitions, how would the U.S. be classified as a culture? Select one: a. horizontal collectivistic b. horizontal individualistic c. vertical collectivistic d. vertical individualistic

d

Wan-Ying wants to use the jiào xun type of parenting on her child. What is she NOT likely to do? Select one: a. watch her child closely while she or he does homework b. devote lots of time to nurture her child's musical talents c. show her son that he must bow when speaking to his grandparents d. allow her child to play games while watching the child like a hawk

d

When comparing countries around the world on gender equality, the most recent UN Global Gender Report (2020) found which one of the following statements to be TRUE? Select one: a. gender equality in educational attainment is similar between Spain and Morocco b. the U.S. is ahead of Spain in the percentage of women in government positions c. The U.S. has made marked gains in gender equality in the last year. d. Spain's level of gender equality is higher than that of the U.S.

d

Which of the following is an example of a proximal cause? Select one: a. Living along a continental axis allowed people in the Fertile Crescent to engage in agriculture. b. The modern hammer that has evolved over millennia is based on the original rocks that prehistoric humans used as hammers. c.Two psychologically different groups of immigrants settled in two different areas of the same country. Eight centuries later, those two areas still exhibit the same psychological differences. d. An Egyptian pharaoh brought in horse-drawn chariots, which allowed his army to out-maneuver and defeat his enemy in battle.

d

Which of the following persons should experience the least amount of acculturation stress? Select one: a. Fatimah, in the U.S. 5 years, who has rejected her native culture (and their oppression of women) and who has completely adopted American ways of dressing, eating, and behaving b. Carol, in Spain for 5 years, who lives among other Western expatriates, eats at American restaurants, buys American products, and who has yet to acquire a mastery of Spanish c. Maria, in Spain 5 years, who has rejected her Bolivian identity and culture but who is critical of most of the ways locals behave. d. Elena, in the U.S. 5 years, who celebrates her Spanish heritage and also actively engages in life in the U.S.

d

Which of the following statements about how mothers interact with their young children is TRUE? Select one: a. In most societies, children sleep in their own room. b. Across cultures, amount of face-to-face contact time is similar. c. Maternal socialization practices are fairly similar around the world. d. American mothers have among the lowest rates of physical contact with their infant.

d

Which of the following statements about nonverbal communication is FALSE? Select one: a. The U.S. hand gesture for OK may be perceived as insulting in some cultures. b. Spain is a higher contact culture than the U.S. c. People in collectivistic cultures tend to be less emotionally expressive than people in more individualistic cultures. d. People who are blind tend to express happiness and sadness in different ways than their sighted counterparts.

d

Which one of the following is NOT an effect of formal education? Select one: a. the ability to group things together based on some abstract category b. the ability to acquire knowledge about things you haven't experienced directly c. the ability to take written tests d. the emphasis on practical relationships among objects

d

Which one of the following personality factors is least universal? Select one: a. Agreeableness b. Conscientiousness c. Extroversion d. Openness to experience

d

Which one of the following statements most accurately reflects Hamamura's (2012) conclusion from his research? Select one: a. Japan has not become increasingly individualistic but has retained its collectivist orientation. b. Japan has become so individualistic that it is indistinguishable from the U.S. c. Japan has increased in individualism on demographic indices but not in terms of attitudes. d. Japan has become increasingly individualistic but still retains some collectivist ideas.

d

With respect to defining mental disorders, which of the following statements is FALSE? Select one: a. A behavior can be considered a sign of a mental disorder even if the majority of people engage in it. b. Diagnosing a mental disorder depends on how much it interferes with a person's ability to work or maintain relationships. c. If you believe in voodoo, a voodoo priest may be able to cure you of your symptoms. d. There is a universal standard for defining mental disorders.

d

With respect to spatial perception, which one of the following statements is TRUE? Select one: a. Cultures the world over primarily use terms equivalent to "left" and "right" to convey spatial directions. b. Giving spatial directions by using oneself as a reference point appears to be of long historical standing. c. Spatial perception is one of those human experiences that is relatively unaffected by cultural influences. d. Most pre-modern cultures represent space using absolute terms, like "river-side" and "mountain-side".

d

Yasmeen is an Indian professor and Jane is an American professor. They teach the same class at the same school by alternating the weeks when they lecture, and they also share the same office during office hours. Both teachers are in their shared office listening to students plead their case to get some extra points for their essay. Under which of the following circumstances would Jane be LESS willing to give extra points than would Yasmeen? Select one: a. If the student's claim was "I should get these few extra points because my friend Ryan got a few extra points as well" b. If the student's claim was "I think I should be given these few extra points because I am a better student than the grade indicates" c. If the student's claim was "I deserve these few points because I worked really hard and spent a lot of sleepless nights doing practice questions" d. If the student's claim was "I need these few extra points to get the position I'm looking for in this animation firm"

d

You are from a collectivistic culture. You usually order the standard #1 (Coke/hamburger/fries combo) at the local eating place but today, Coke is unavailable. Are you most likely to get your second favorite combo (tea/noodles/spiced pickles), or do you get the hamburger/fries with tea? Select one: a. You'd ask for a special order of something else. b. It's 50-50 which meal you'd get c. You get the hamburger/fries with tea d. You get the second favorite combo (tea/noodles/spiced pickles)

d

You meet someone who tells you they have many friends (more than 40) and no enemies. They are MOST LIKELY from: Select one: a. a culture high in masculinity b. a culture low in relational mobility c. a collectivistic culture d. a culture high in relational mobility

d

Your best friend expects you to attend a family event with her/him so that s/he has someone s/he can hang out with. You agreed but then an opportunity arose for you to go to a concert of your favorite group with a new acquaintance (who recently moved to your town) who had an extra ticket. Unfortunately, the two events are at the same time so you can't do both. According to López-Pérez et al. (2015), which of the following is most likely to occur? Select one: a. Self-interest is the dominant moral reason used by young adults in both vertical and horizontal collectivist cultures b. If you are from a vertical collectivist culture, you're more likely to choose to go with the new acquaintance than go to the family event with your best friend. c. If you are from a horizontal collectivist culture, you're more likely to choose to go with the new acquaintance than go to the family event with your best friend. d. In both vertical and horizontal collectivist cultures, you're more likely to go to the family event with your best friend than go to the show with the new acquaintance.

d

Your friend Petra is planning to immigrate somewhere and wants to go to a place where she'll have the best chance of adjusting to the new culture. Which of the following should you recommend as being the best place for her? Select one: a. a society in which she will be a visible minority b. a society that encourages people to code-switch c. a society that is homogenous, where everyone has a well-defined role d. a society that espouses values that match Petra's personality

d