CRSP - Fire Prevention
Extinguishing agents for Class B fires are?
foam, carbon dioxide and dry chemicals (powder) that serve to smother the fire or reduce the oxygen concentration available in the burning zone.
Fire Triangle: 3 variables required to initiate a fire?
fuel, oxygen (greater than 15% by volume), heat.
Class B fires involve flammable and combustible liquids and gases such as?
gasoline, alcohol and propane
A self-inspection program should focus on issues such as?
good housekeeping, fire prevention practices, proper maintenance of fire protection systems and equipment safe handling of hazardous materials and other fire safety controls.
metals that spark
hard metals
TDG
has nine hazard classes and utilizes Fire Diamond (4 diamonds) classification
basic types of fire detectors
heat detectors that sense thermal energy flame detectors that sense radiant energy smoke detectors that sense airborne particles
When are infrared (IR) detectors often used?
in large, open, hazardous areas where there is a possibility of an immediate flame producing fire such as flammable liquid fire
fire evolves through three specific stages
incipient, free burning, and smoldering
fire evolves through three specific stages
incipient, free burning, smoldering
flashpoint is
the temperature at which a flammable liquid produces enough vapour to be ignited.
The wet pipe system can only be used in areas where?
the temperature is always above freezing levels
Heat detectors are designed to detect?
the thermal output or heat from a fire.
occupancy class - A
theater, arena, stadium
Why is the wet pipe system quickest reacting system?
there is water in the pipes at all times
How may types of flame detectors?
two
The two types of flame detectors commonly used are?
ultraviolet (UV - blue light) detectors and infrared (IR - red light) detectors
NFPA Fire Diamond
used by emergency personnel to quickly and easily identify the risks posed by hazardous materials.
a method of controlling and containing a fire from spreading to another area is known as
compartmentalization
method of controlling and containing a fire from spreading to other areas
compartmentalization
Air sampling detectors are used for?
computer rooms, telecommunication facilities, offices and residences. A stream of air is continuously drawn into and expelled from the detector, and xenon lamps are used to analyze the particles in the air.
heat is transferred in through three different methods
conduction, convection, and radiation
heat is transferred through
conduction, convection, and radiation
The three different methods of heat transfer?
conduction, convection, and radiation.
air sampling detectors
considered the most reliable and valid measures of fire intensity
There are many potential ignition sources (open flames from torches and pilot lights; sparks from electrical equipment; hot surfaces such as electrical motors, wires, and pipes; radiant heat from boilers and portable heaters; lightning; static discharges; arcing from wires or electrical equipment, etc) but what are the two specific hazards that require special attention in the workplace?
cutting & welding and smoking
What type of sprinkler system's heads are not plugged by fusible links or bulbs and if fire is detected water is supplied to all sprinkler heads?
deluge system
Fire control systems are designed to?
detect fire and react to it automatically in order to signal building occupants and confine the fire to the area of origin
The overall purpose of fire detection systems is to?
detect the presence of fire quickly and provide an alarm or warning to building occupants in order that quick and appropriate responses may be initiated
Three basic types of fire detectors relate to the method by which?
detection occurs
A guide for developing and implementing a workplace fire safety management program
Fire safety concepts tree
non-combustible construction which subdivides a building or separates adjoining buildings to resist the spread of fire.
Firewall
What is activated in response to radiant energy generated by the flame or combustion?
Flame detectors
Building material combustibility has three aspects?
Flame spread, fuel contributed, smoke development
Class 1 liquids are known as
Flammable Liquids any liquid having a flash point below 100 F (37.8°C).
Class 1C Flammable Liquid
Flash point at or above 73 F (22.8°C) and below 100 F (37.8°C) Xylene Some Paints Some Solvent-Based Cements
Class 1B Flammable Liquid
Flash point below 73 F (22.8°C) and a boiling point at or above 100 F (37.8°C). Motor and Aviation Gasoline Toluene Lacquers Lacquer Thinner
Class 1A Flammable Liquid
Flash point below 73 F (22.8°C) and a boiling point below 100 F (37.8°C). Ethyl ether, heptane, pentane, propylene oxide, vinyl chloride
Flashover occurs during what stage?
Free burning stage
Second stage of a fire?
Free burning stage
Fire Chemistry
Fuel, Oxygen (great than 15% by volume), heat
Fire Tetrahedron: The 4 variables required to sustain a combustion reaction (fire)?
Fuel, oxygen, heat, and chemical chain reactions.
Combustible Liquids
Liquids with a flash point at or above 100 F (37.8°C).
LEL stands for
Lower Explosive Limit
LEL
Lower explosive limit (LEL): The lowest concentration (percentage) of a gas or a vapor in air capable of producing a flash of fire in presence of an ignition source (arc, flame, heat).
Pyrophoric
Materials that will ignite spontaniously when exposed to air
NFC and NBC are enforced by
Municipality; city, town, village, county, chief building official.
Fire jurisdiction (National, Provincial, Municipal)?
NBC and NFC create national standards. These are often adopted by provinces. Enforcement is often delegated to municipalities.
specified minimum requirements related to issues such as structural stability, fire resistance, means of egress, sanitation, lighting, heating and ventilation, and safety equipment such as alarms and fire repression systems.
NBC constructed by occupancy requirements
Both the NBC and the NFC reference or include many ____ Standards.
NFPA
a legal and moral obligation of employers a fundamental principle and objective considered in the NBC and NFC
NFPA 101 Life Safety Code
Information for Life safety, a key principle of fire prevention, can be found in what 4 documents?
NFPA 101, Life Safety Code, NBC and NFC of Canada.
Industrial Fire Brigades standard?
NFPA 600
TDG on SDS
NFPA 704 Diamond
Oxygen
Oxygen atmosphere 21%, below 15% free burning fire will begin to smolder, below 8% smoldering fire will stop burning.
Smoldering stage
Oxygen becomes depleted to below 15%. The result of the carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide produced. backdrafts can occur in this stage.
NFPA publications
NFPA publishes National Fire Codes, Life Safety Code (NFPA 101), Fire Prevention Code (NFPA 1), National Electrical Code, and the Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code.
What two codes are developed through the National Research Council (NRC) in Ottawa, and the provinces have the option of adopting the codes or amending them to reflect provincial practices and interests?
National Building Code and the National Fire Code
provide legislative guidance for workplace safety in building construction and operation?
National Building Code and the National Fire Code
NFPA stands for?
National Fire Protection Association
inspections, education & training, fire suppression, emergency service, evaluation of fire possibility, fire prevention, reports & record keeping, and communication are elements of
fire safety management program
a construction assembly that acts as a barrier against the spread of fire
fire separation
To compartmentalize fire areas, compartmentalization uses ?
firewalls, fire doors, and fire resistive windows
heat detectors
fixed temperature - fixed temp rate of range - set to pre determined levels
What are the two basic types of heat detectors?
fixed temperature detectors and rate-of-rise detector
a detector that senses radiant energy
flame detector
a detector that senses radiant heat
flame detector
Combustibility aspects
flame spread, fuel contributed, and smoke development
ionization smoke detectors best detect
flames
ionization smoke detectors best test
flames
Class B Fire involve?
flammable and combustible liquids and gases
Class IIIA Liquid
flash point at or above 140 F (60°C) and below 200 F (93.3°C)
Class III Liquid
flash point at or above 140 F (60°C).
Class IIIB
flash point at or above 200 F (93.3°C)
Class II Liquid
flashpoint at or above 100 F (37.8°C) and below 140 F (60°C).
Class K Fire involve?
combustible vegetable or animal non-saturated cooking fats
Fire Code Identifies storage regulations. examples would be..
"properly separated during storage" = do no put oxidizers and flammable liquids together
What are two ways that heat sources ignite fire?
(1) they provide a flame that directly ignites a fuel; or (2) they heat the fuel to its autoignition temperature.
occupancy class - F
1 = high hazard; bulk plants, flour mill, spray paint. 2 = Medium hazard; cold storage, labs, repair garage. 3 = low hazard; storage room, parking garage, workshop.
fire control systems
1. Automatic fire sprinkler systems are the most common and widely used. 2. Carbon dioxide systems are specifically engineered for specific hazards and displace the oxygen supply in the burning zone and extinguish the fire. The use of carbon dioxide systems is limited to Class A and Class B fires. 3. Foam can be generated chemically or mechanically. 4. Halon is an extinguishing agent that works by interrupting the chemical chain reactions by automatically flood a total room with halon gas. Health effects with Halon gas. 6. Water Spray Systems, recent adaptation of fire sprinkler systems that use high pressure to create water mist. 7. Dry Chemical Extinguishing Systems (in fire extinguishers) are effective on Class A, B, and C fires. (designed for use on flammable liquids and grease fires)
Impediments
Anything that obstructs means of egress or prevents/reduces passage
NFPA 600: What are the basic responsibilities that should be fulfilled by an industrial fire brigade?
1. supervise evacuation drills 2. operate firefighting equipment (extinguishers and hoses) 3. provide emergency scene first aid and CPR if needed 4. conduct inspections 5. implement emergency shutdown procedures v) implement emergency shutdown procedures.
Hazard analysis/reduction management program has how many steps
10
when oxygen concentration is reduced less than __% by volume the chemical reaction associated with fire will not have sufficient oxygen to support free burning combustion
15
when the oxygen concentration is reduced less than ____ by volume the chemical reaction associated with fire will not have sufficient oxygen to support free-burning combustion
15%
When flashover occurs, temperatures can exceed?
2000 F (human survival nearly impossible)
How many essential steps in Emergency Planning?
3
Fire Safety Concepts Tree comes from what NFPA standard?
550
How many elements does a fire safety management program have?
8
Two basic components to a fire detector system?
A device that detects the presence of fire, and an audible-visual alarm that serves to warn occupants and/or the local fire department of the fire condition.
Compartmentalization
A method of controlling and containing fire. This key concept in building design prevents the spread of fire from one area of a building to another. Fire compartments are created through the use of firewalls and fire resistive windows and doors.
Fire prevention
A proactive approach intended identify potential hazards and avoid incidents of fire.
The 5 classes of fire?
A, B, C, D, K
Incipient stage
Ample supplies of fuel and oxygen producing water vapor, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide. Fires up to 1000°F but room temperatures close to normal. Most deaths occur at this stage (Quilly?)
Underwriters Laboratories Inc (UL/ULC)
An independent organization that provides testing for the public. The ULC sticker or label is similar to the CSA label and signifies that the product has been tested and meets established safety standards. UL publishes annual directories Consensus by industry stakeholders
An essential part of every plant emergency plan?
An industrial fire brigade
Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ)
An organization, office, or individual responsible for enforcing the requirements, for approving equipment, materials, an installation, or a procedure. This can be federal, provincial, or municipal. CRSP should know AHJ and applicable codes for worksites.
Flammable liquid
Any liquid having a flash point below 100°F (37.8°C)
The most basic and versatile fire control system?
Automatic fire sprinkler systems
Fire load calculation is calculated in?
BTUs - British Thermal Unit
The specific organizations that make standards?
CSA, NFPA, UL, Factory Mutual, National Fire Code, National Building Code
Fire byproducts?
Carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, carbon, and others - that usually impact the health and safety of people and firefighters.
What are the four types of ignition sources?
Chemical, Electrical, Mechanical, Nuclear
Foam
Class A & B fires only
Water
Class A fires only
Dry Chemical
Class A, B, C (&D?) fires - not K
CO2
Class B & D (&K) only
Class II and III liquids are known as
Combustible liquids any liquid having a flash point at or above 100 F (37.8°C).
Class D Fire involve
Combustible metals such as magnesium, sodium, titanium, aluminum, potassium, and zirconium.
A method of controlling and containing a fire is known as?
Compartmentalization
Factory Mutual (FM)
Comprised of four insurance companies who share an interest in industrial fire safety. FM conducts research, develops standards, and issues approval on materials and fire protection equipment. FM also offers an annual Approval Guide. Goes above minimum standard
Heat transfer
Conduction, Convection, Radiation
Four fire extinguishing principles
Control the fire - physically remove or dilute the fuel, Control the oxygen - reduce atmospheric oxygen, place a barrier between the flame and the atmosphere, or apply inert gases. Control the heat - cool the fire, example water. Inhibit the chemical chain reactions - introduce a chemical agent that interferes by absorbing free radicals example dry chemical fire extinguishers
Class K Fires involve?
Cooking media (Vegetable or animal oils and fats)
Means of egress includes
Exit access, the exit, and the exit discharge (must terminate in a public way).
hard metals
Ferrous with iron, bronze , nickel
TDG NFPA Fire Diamond - Red
Fire Hazard 4 - below 73 F 3 - below 100 F 2 - above 100 F not exceeding 200 F 1 - above 200 F 0 - will not burn
Fire Safety Concepts Tree - three components?
Fire Safety Objectives, Prevent Fire Ignition, Manage Fire Impact.
Is the process that involves identifying all the physical hazards that are associated with a facility
Hazard Analysis
TDG NFPA Fire Diamond - Blue
Health Hazard 4 - deadly 3 - extreme danger 2 - hazardous 1 - slightly hazardous
First stage of a fire?
Incipient stage
Three stages of fire?
Incipient stage, Free burning stage, Smoldering stage
Fire protection building elements
Include limiting the spread of fire and ensuring the frame will not collapse easily during a fire. Load bearing components are key as fire introduces loads through thermal stress.
Fire safety management program's eight elements?
Inspections; Education and Training; Fire Suppression; Emergency Services; Evaluation of Fire Possibility; Fire Prevention; Reports and Record Keeping; and Communications.
Smoke detectors
Photoelectric detectors (beam of light) - smoke blocks the light beam and can detect fire in the early stages! ionization detectors (small radioactive material between two platelets) - smoke enters between two platelets impinging the ability for the ions to flow, reducing current.
The first line of defense against fire and are intended to be used by trained personnel when a fire is in its incipient stage?
Portable fire extinguishers
The National Building Building Code of Canada (NBC)
Provides minimum requirements for health, life safety, and structural sufficiency in NEW buildings
TDG NFPA Fire Diamond - Yellow
Reactivity 4 - may detonate 3 - shock and heat may detonate 2 - violent chemical damage 1 - unstable if heated 0 - stable
Interior finish
Refers to the materials such as flooring and wall finishes used inside the occupied space. Preferred interior building finishes are those that would produce low levels of toxic smoke and have low flammability and low flame spread. Combustibility and fire resistance are important properties to consider.
What are the three components of the "fire safety tree"?
Set fire safety objectives, Prevent fire ignition, Manage fire impact
What responds to the visible and invisible products of combustion?
Smoke detectors
Third stage of a fire?
Smoldering stage
TDG NFPA Fire Diamond - White
Specific Hazard acid alkali corrosive oxidizer radioactive use no water
CSA
The Canadian Standards Association (CSA) is an independent, not-for-profit organization established in 1919. CSA tests products and systems to ensure they meet with CSA and/or other recognized standards. CSA is accredited by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
NFPA
The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) is an international association that is based in the United States . The NFPA's mission is to prevent the loss of life and property from fire. The NFPA is a technical and an educational organization. Its primary technical activity is the production of consensus standards. The standards are written in such a way that they can be adopted into laws or regulations or incorporated by reference. Consensus by industry stakeholders
Three essential steps in Emergency Planning
The first step is to recognize and identify hazards and assess potential vulnerabilities. The second step is to contemplate the most likely and severe emergencies and develop plans for dealing with them. The third step is to ensure that the organization is capable of implementing the emergency plan.
National Fire Code of Canada (NFC) provides?
The minimum fire safety requirements for buildings, structures, and areas where hazardous materials are used. The NFC ensures an acceptable level of fire protection and fire prevention in the ongoing operation of buildings. Attempts to prevent fire from occurring *how to protect the building after its built.
Flashpoint
The minimum temperature at which a liquid gives off a vapor within a test vessel in sufficient concentration to form an ignitable mixture with air near the surface of the liquid.
Life safety is key in building designs
Warning of fire must be sufficient to allow evacuation. This includes means of egress, features of fire protection, building services, and fire protection equipment.
Fire Extingishers
Water - Class A, Foam - Class A & B, Dry Power - All but K, CO2 - Class B, D, K
Flashpoint
The temperature at which adequate vapors are produced to form an ignitable mixture in air.
Exit capacity
The total exit capacity must exceed the buildings occupant load. It is detewmined by multiplying the exit allowance persons per inch by the width of an exit.
What is the simplest type of sprinkler system?
The wet pipe system
Four basic types of automatic sprinkler systems?
The wet pipe system, the dry pipe system, the deluge system and the pre-action system
The goals of emergency planning?
To provide for life safety, conserve property and assure business continuity.
Compartmentalization: Firewalls and fire doors are rated by?
UL (Fire Resistance Code C) and CSA
UEL
Upper explosive limit (UEL): Highest concentration (percentage) of a gas or a vapor in air capable of producing a flash of fire in presence of an ignition source (arc, flame, heat). Concentrations higher than UEL are "too rich" to burn
fire load
a measure of maximum heat that would be produced if all the combustibles in a given area burned
fire load is
a measure of the maximum heat that would be produced if all the combustibles in given area burned
An important factor in obtaining insurance coverage?
a plant self-inspection program
The rate-of-rise heat detector is designed to a threshold rate of heat rise and are best suited to situations where?
a relatively fast developing fire is expected
Emergencies
a situation that threatens employees, customers, or the general public. can be natural or man made
The pre-action system
combination of dry system and an alarm system. Fire detection system is connected to the sprinkler valve.
Automatic fire sprinkler systems consist of what 4 components?
a water supply, a control valve, a system of pipes that distribute the water, and sprinkler heads with heat sensitive fusible links or bulbs.
Intertek
an emerging company that promotes Total Quality Assurance. Amalgamated from Warnock-Hersey and other British Companies. Typically certifies specialty items, such as intrinsically safe heaters, industrial laser power supplies, and food processing equipment.
occupancy class - C
anywhere you can sleep; hotels, houses/dwekllings
Automatic fire sprinkler systems use water as an extinguishing agent and are designed to?
apply water to the area of origin when a fire is in the incipient stage.
NFC - a maintenance document vs NBC - a construction and maintenance document
are complementary documents and are developed in harmony of the other.
When a fresh supply of oxygen is introduced to a fire at the smoldering stage sudden flaming combustion can re-occur, creating a condition known as a?
backdraft
Vapors
burn, not the liquid.
NFPA Standard 550, Fire Safety Concepts Tree is a guide for?
developing and implementing a workplace fire safety management program.
class C fires can be extinguished by
dry chemical
Class C fires can be extinguished by nonconductive extinguishing agents such as?
dry chemicals and inert gases
What type of sprinkler systems are filled with pressurized air or nitrogen that must be released from the system before the water will flow?
dry pipe system
Class C Fire involve?
electrical equipment
Heat transfer - convection
energy between an object and its environment due to fluid motion. Rising of hot air (above) ex. if you put your hands above a fire they will warm up.
Heat transfer - conduction
energy between objects that are in physical contact Requires direct contact. ex. a spoon in boiling water will be hot
Heat Transfer - radiation
energy from the movement of charged particles within atoms is converted to electromagnetic. Heat is given off in all directions. ex. earth being heated by the sun
that part of means of egress, including doorways, that leads from the floor area it serves, to a separate building, or an exterior open space
exit
Backdraft: what can occur making human survival nearly impossible?
explosion
Self-sustained oxidation of a fuel that emits heat and light
fire
the time in minutes and/or hours that a material or assembly will withstand the passage of flame and the transmission of heat under specified conditions
fire resistance rating
flame spread rating
fire resistive capability = how long will it take the item to burn
Flame spread rating of a product provides indication of it's?
fire resistive capacity
A guide for developing and implementing a workplace fire safety management program
fire safety concepts tree
Inspections, education and training, fire suppression, emergency services, evaluation of fire possibility, fire prevention, reports and record keeping, and communication are elements of
fire safety management program
occupancy class - D
office, professional service; bank, radio station, dental
occupancy class - B
jail, hospital
Auto Ignition Temperature
kindling point of a substance is the lowest temperature at which it will spontaneously ignite in a normal atmosphere without an external source of ignition, such as a flame or spark.
The accumulation of foreign materials on sprinkler heads is called?
loading
what does LEL stand for
lower explosive limit
accepted life safety terms outlined by the NFPA include?
means of egress; exit access; exit discharge; number of means of egress; egress width; door width; impediments; locked doors; occupant load; exit capacity; travel distance; lighting; emergency lighting; marking the means of egress; stairs; hazard contents; occupancy; fire alarm system; compartmentation; interior finish; headroom.
Important consideration in building design: Fire Load is a?
measure of the maximum heat that would be produced if all the combustibles in a given area, including contents, burned.
While all provinces retain centralized control and responsibility for the establishment and ongoing revision of building and fire codes, enforcement is often delegated to?
municipalities
Fire Separation
must be continuous, must have smoke tight joints at floor and ceiling, penetrations (pipes, wires, vent ducts) must be protected.
that type of construction in which a degree of fire safety is attained by use of non-combustible materials for for structural members and other building assemblies
non-combustible construction
Class C fires can be extinguished by?
nonconductive extinguishing agents such as dry powder and carbon dioxide
With the deluge sprinkler system all sprinkler heads are?
open and a fire detection system is connected to a sprinkler valve. If fire is detected the valve is opened and water is supplied to all of the sprinkler heads.
NFPA 600, Industrial Fire Brigades, provides guidelines for organizing an industrial fire brigade?
organizing an industrial fire brigade
Once a fire begins, there are four variables required to sustain it
oxygen, heat, fuel, chemical reaction
four variables required to sustain a fire
oxygen, heat, fuel, chemical reaction
Fire safety management program's eight elements are expressed as?
performance based objectives
NFC and NBC are
performance in nature. state an objective that must be achieved.
The four types of self-inspection are?
periodic, intermittent, continuous and special.
What type of sprinkler systems are a combination of a dry system and an alarm system?
pre-action system
Standards Council of Canada
promote the efficient and effective VOLUNTARY standardization
class B fires include
propane
class B fires involve
propane
the National Building Code (NBC)
provides minimum requirements for health, life safety, and structural sufficiency in new buildings.
Examples of soft metals?
pure gold, silver, copper, lead, pewter, brass
essential steps in the emergency planning process
recognize and identify hazards, contemplate the most likely emergencies and develop action plans, drills, and testing
the essential steps in the emergency planning process
recognize and identify hazards, contemplate the most likely emergencies, and develop action plans, drills, and testing
Management must decide what type and size of fire brigade is required and must support the brigade through the provision of?
resources, equipment and training
under canadian law, the regulation of building construction and fire prevention & protection are
responsibilities delegated to the provinces
Free burning stage
self sustained chemical reactions intensify, greater amount of heat are produced and fuel and oxygen supplies are rapidly consumed. Flashover can occur in this stage
Chemical chain reactions produce
smoke which contains byproducts of combustion such as carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, carbon and other molecules.
Class B fires: foam, carbon dioxide and dry chemicals are used to?
smother the fire or reduce the oxygen concentration available in the burning zone
metals that do not spark
soft metals
Class D fires can be extinguished by?
special agents produced for the specific metal
class D fires can be extinguished by
special agents produced for the specific metal
Ultraviolet (UV) detector are designed and developed for?
specialized applications where the detector is relatively close to the expected ignition source. They should not be used near arc welding.
Firewalls
specific to occupancy, generally built higher than the roof deck, openings must be protected with properly rated closures
A fixed temperature heat detector includes what and is used for?
spot detectors intended for use in small areas, as well as line detectors that are electrically operated and activated by temperature.
occupancy class - E
stores, retail outlets
For effective fire protection, the building components must be able to ?
support normal structural loads, contain the spread of smoke and fire gases, and prevent excessive heat flow for a reasonable period of time.
National Building Code of Canada (NBC) provides?
technical provisions for the design and construction of new buildings. it also applies to the alteration, change of use and demolition of existing buildings. Attempts to limit impact of fire when it does occur. *building code - how to build the building.
Loading can delay or prevent?
the activation of a sprinkler head
What properties should be considered when choosing construction materials (2)?
the combustibility and the fire resistive properties
Flashover occurs when?
the contents of a room simultaneously reach their ignition temperature and become involved in flames.
NFPA Standard 550, Fire Safety Concepts Tree can be applied to?
the development of a fire safety system for all building structures.
Fire load must be calculated to determine?
the level of fire protection required
auto ignition temperature
the lowest temperature at which a flammable liquid will evolve sufficient vapour that will self-ignite
what is the best definition of auto ignition temperature
the lowest temperature at which a flammable liquid will evolve sufficient vapour that will self-ignite
The NBC and NFC are national standards than may be adopted or revised by? . . It is important for the candidate to identify the authority having jurisdiction (AHJ) in the particular area where buildings and facilities are located.
the provinces
Fire load calculation includes?
the rate of flow for automatic suppression devices such as fire sprinkler systems, as well as the amount of water or other extinguishment agents that must be available for fire fighters.
Compartmentalization prevents?
the spread of fire from one area of a building to another
flash point
the temperature at which a flammable liquid produces enough vapour to be ignited
Class A Fire are extinguished with?
water (because it can penetrate the fuel and absorb heat), foam, dry powder
type of sprinkler system has the quickest reaction time
wet pipe
which type of sprinkler system has the quickest reaction time
wet pipe
Heat sources ignite fire
what will ignite, not what will burn! provide a flame that directly ignites a fuel or they heat the fuel to its auto-ignition temperature.
class A fires involve
wood
Class A Fire involve?
wood and paper
Fire Safety Concepts Tree: Manage fire impact?
• Control fuel properties, quantity and distribution • Control environment • Automatically or manually suppress fire • Control fire with construction
Fire Safety Concepts Tree: Prevent fire ignition?
• Control ignition sources • Control heat transfer • Control fuels
Fire Safety Concepts Tree: Fire safety objectives include?
• Life safety • Property conservation • Business continuity