NTDT 310 exam 3

After training and performance, it is recommended that athletes drink approximately ___ of fluid per kg of body weight lost, beginning as soon after exercise as is practical

1.5 L

As a rule of thumb for athletes, experts recommend a post-exercise fluid intake as soon after exercise as practical of approximately

1.5 L of fluid per kg body weight lost

Individuals should consume fluids containing carbohydrates and sodium after exercising continuously for approximately

2 hours

How many minerals have been identified as essential

21

Research has shown that daily intake of caffeine under ____mg does not result in dehydration; a 16 oz cup of commercially brewed coffee contains about ____ mg of caffein

450; 300

In addition to beverages and food, another source of water for the body is

Aerobic metabolism

Why do some athletes ingest glycerol prior to exercise?

Attracts water and results in fluid retention

These vitamins are involved in the production of ATP

B-complex vitamins

What are two factors associated with a lower percentage of body water?

Being older and having a large amount of body fat

What is oxidative stress

Damage that occurs due to the increase in free radical production

Blood cells whose primary function is the transport of oxygen are called ____.

Erythrocytes

Athletes who train and perform in the water, swimmers and water polo players, rarely sweat while in the water, T or F

False

Caffeine is the only fluid that has a diuretic effect, T or F

False

Dehydration and hypo hydration can be used interchangeably because they both refer to the process of losing water, T or F

False

Heavy sweating results in a loss of plasma water and a decrease in plasma sodium concentration, T or F

False

In the US, the amount of caffeine contained in an energy beverage must be stated on the label, T or F

False

More vitamin toxicities take about one or two weeks to develop T or F

False

Most body water is found in the extracellular fluid, T or F

False

Multimineral supplements have been carefully formulated and tested to make sure that the amounts contained do not interfere with absorption. True False

False

The water found in the ICF and the ECF remains static, T or F

False

What tissue is approximately 10% water?

Fat

When an athlete is hypo hydrated, ?

Heat dissipation is impaired and body temperature rises

what condition results from increasing core temperature and deteriorating thermoregulatory control?

Hyperthermia

What effect would glycerol leading have on an athlete's body weight?

Increase in body weight

In which compartment is the largest amount of body fluid stored?

Intracellular fluid

What is insensible water loss

Loss of water from the body that is not noticeable

Which of the following is a carotenoid with red pigment and antioxidant properties

Lycopene

What effect do vitamin B12 injections have in healthy athletes

No effect

which of the following is an anion involved in fluid balance?

Phosphate

What is the primary cation in extracellular fluid?

Sodium

A decrease in plasma volume occurs within the first few minutes after exercise begins, T or F

True

Based on the current body of scientific literature, a daily caffeine intake for adults of ~450 mg or less does NOT have a negative effect on fluid or electrolyte balance. T or F

True

Exceptional heat cramps may be the result of rapid and large losses of fluid and sodium, T or F

True

Free radicals and reactive oxygen ROS are much more likely to react with vitamin E than with polyunsaturated Fatty acids in the cell membrane T or F

True

Glycerol is an osmotically active, water-retaining molecule. T or F

True

It is easy for athletes who train in the heat to dehydrate because the rate of water absorption from the stomach and intestine is usually slower than the rate of loss from sweat, T or F

True

It is unsafe to make a blanket recommendation for fluid intake during exercise for all members of the same team, T or F

True

On average, an adult's body is approximately 60% water by weight, but individuals may range from 40 to 80%, T or F

True

The two major forces that result in the movement of water are fluid pressure and osmotic pressure, T or F

True

Vitamins with anti-oxidant properties can be fat soluble or water soluble T or F

True

Water can be lost through ventilation, T or F

True

When conditions are more humid, sweating is a less effective means of regulating body temperature, T or F

True

When hypo hydration occurs in the ECF, the osmolarity of the ECF increases and water shifts from the cells to the ECF, T or F

True

Which accounts for the largest amount of water loss in a sedentary individual

Urine

What vitamins are only found in foods of animal origin

Vitamin B12

Milk and milk products are excellent sources of

Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)

A mineral that is under substantial hormonal control

calcium

Before consuming sports drinks during an event, athletes should experiment with them during training because the ________ content of these drinks can increase ________

carbohydrate; gastric distress

When body fluids have a solute concentration that is greater than the concentration of solutes in the cells, they are referred to as ____.

hypertonic

Best source of vitamin E

nuts

All of the following are goals of fluid consumption during exercise EXCEPT ____

overconsumption of water to ensure stores are at maximum capacity

Hyponatremia resulting from exercise can cause a serious and sustained loss in _____ concentration to below 135 mmol/L.

plasma sodium

Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine is found in coenzymes that are needed to

release glucose from glycogen stores

The vitamin contained in coenzymes necessary for oxidation-reduction reaction in the production of ATP is

riboflavin

The compound present in the largest amount in sweat is

sodium

Prime example of minerals that act as electrolytes and help to maintain body fluid balance are

sodium, potassium, and chloride

Hypokalemia is a result of

substantial potassium loss without replenishment

Maintaining hydration during endurance events is most likely to be challenging due to

sweat rates that exceed gastric emptying and absorption rates

As an individual's core temperature rises, the ____ glands are activated to reduce the body's ____

sweat; heat load

The two most likely sources of larger-than-normal mineral losses in athletes are:

urine and sweat

One form of insensible water loss is

ventilation

Night blindness is associated with a clinical deficiency of

vitamin A