CSE 3302 chapter 1

What is assembly language? A) A high-level programming language B) A low-level programming language C) A type of scripting language D) A markup language

B) A low-level programming language

Which of the following best describes a Lambda expression in Lambda Calculus?

B) A mathematical notation for representing functions

Who is the mathematician credited with developing Lambda Calculus? A) Alan Turing B) Alonzo Church C) John von Neumann D) Claude Shannon

B) Alonzo Church

What is the defining characteristic of an array? A) It can store items of different data types. B) It is a sequence of individually indexed items. C) It can only be used in Python programming. D) It has a variable length that can change at runtime.

B) It is a sequence of individually indexed items.

What is the role of an assembler? A) It loads machine code into memory. B) It translates assembly language code into machine code. C) It executes machine code instructions. D) It converts high-level code into assembly language.

B) It translates assembly language code into machine code.

Who developed the FORTRAN programming language in the early 1950s? A) Alan Turing B) John Backus C) Grace Hopper D) Charles Babbage

B) John Backus

What is part of the fundamental body of knowledge of computer science?

Basic principles and concepts of programming languages

What type of arithmetic did FORTRAN provide robust support for? A) Integer arithmetic only B) Complex numbers only C) Floating-point arithmetic D) Boolean arithmetic

C) Floating-point arithmetic

What is the purpose of the lambda operator (λ) in Lambda Calculus? A) It signifies the end of a function definition. B) It denotes a binary operation. C) It introduces a formal parameter in a function definition. D) It represents a conditional statement.

C) It introduces a formal parameter in a function definition.

What does a loader do in the context of computer programming? A) It translates assembly language into high-level code. B) It translates machine code into assembly language. C) It loads machine code into computer memory for execution. D) It converts binary code into hexadecimal code.

C) It loads machine code into computer memory for execution.

Why was FORTRAN popular among scientists and engineers? A) It was the first programming language ever created. B) It had the best graphical capabilities for data visualization. C) It supported algebraic notation and floating-point numbers. D) It was highly portable across different computer architectures.

C) It supported algebraic notation and floating-point numbers.

What was one of the limitations of early versions of FORTRAN? A) Lack of support for floating-point numbers B) Inability to handle algebraic notation C) Lack of structured control statements and data structures D) Compatibility with all computer architectures

C) Lack of structured control statements and data structures

What were keypunch machines commonly used for in early computing? A) Loading machine code into memory B) Printing program output C) Punching holes in cards or tape to encode data D) Reading punched cards

C) Punching holes in cards or tape to encode data

What function did a card reader serve in early computing? A) Writing data onto punched cards B) Translating assembly language into machine code C) Reading hole patterns on punched cards and converting them into digital data D) Loading programs into memory

C) Reading hole patterns on punched cards and converting them into digital data

Which of the following statements is true regarding early versions of FORTRAN? A) They had robust support for if-else statements and modern loop constructs. B) They were highly portable across different computer architectures. C) They relied heavily on GOTO statements for program control. D) They supported object-oriented programming.

C) They relied heavily on GOTO statements for program control.

In Lambda Calculus, what is the purpose of lambda expressions? A) To represent variables B) To perform arithmetic calculations C) To define functions D) To represent data structures

C) To define functions

What was the primary motivation behind creating FORTRAN in the 1950s? A) To make programming more challenging B) To develop a language for web development C) To make programming more accessible for scientific and engineering calculations D) To create a language for artificial intelligence

C) To make programming more accessible for scientific and engineering calculations

dynamic

Changing

Transrator

Compiler, Interpreter

Basic control abstractions

Conditional Statements, Loops, Function Calls

Which of the following operations is fundamental in Lambda Calculus for applying a function to an argument? A) Addition B) Subtraction C) Function composition D) Function application

D) Function application

Two types of programming language abstractions

Data abstraction and control abstraction

Portability

Dependency on hardware port to another platform About harware

Semantics

Expected behavior

True or False: GOTO is primarily associated with structured programming and is known for its ability to enhance code readability.

False

True or False: Von Neumann Architecture is characterized by separate memory units for data and instructions.

False

What CPU does?

Fetch, Decode, Execute

Control abstractions

Flow of control

Syntax, or structure

Form

FIRST

Here (place holder)

Variable

Name --> Location --> value

Data abstraction

Noun

What programming language allows computer users to do?

Programming languages allowed computer users to solve problems without having to reconfigure hardware

Structured control abstractions

Sequencing, Selection (Conditional Execution), and Iteration (Looping)

Language definition can be loosely divided into:

Syntax and Semantics

Incremental Development

The language was intended to evolve based on practical experience. This means that new features and changes should be well-considered and tested before being added to the language.

True or False: In computer architecture, the "fetch" stage is responsible for retrieving instructions from memory.

True

True or False: Operators would use switches to enter machine language codes into memory in von Neumann's computer architecture.

True

True or False: The idea of permanently hardwiring general-purpose operations into computers is associated with John von Neumann.

True

Goto is what?

Unconditional branch

Control abstraction

Verb

Efficient execution on the order of C

We want to maintain the speed of c (priority)

interface

a list

In object-oriented programming, what does "encapsulation" refer to? a) The process of hiding the implementation details of an object. b) The process of creating new objects from existing objects. c) The process of defining a new class. d) The process of reusing code.

a) The process of hiding the implementation details of an object.

Availability

already in use

Implementation

an implementation of a list

An abstract data type (ADT) is: a) A specific data structure like an array or linked list. b) A data type that hides implementation details and provides a set of operations. c) A programming language construct for loops and conditions. d) A type of data that cannot be manipulated by the user.

b) A data type that hides implementation details and provides a set of operations.

What is the process of giving a variable a name and a data type called? a) Initialization b) Declaration c) Assignment d) Compilation

b) Declaration

In computer architecture, what term is often associated with the process of retrieving instructions from memory? a) Jump b) Fetch c) Loop d) Execute

b) Fetch

Who proposed that computers should be permanently hardwired with a small set of general-purpose operations? a) Alan Turing b) John von Neumann c) Charles Babbage d) Grace Hopper

b) John von Neumann

What did John von Neumann suggest should be permanently hardwired in computers? a) Complex algorithms b) Machine language c) High-level programming languages d) Input devices

b) Machine language

What is Moore's Law, and why is it significant in the context of computer hardware? a) Moore's Law states that computer performance doubles every year. b) Moore's Law predicts that the number of transistors on a microchip doubles approximately every two years, driving rapid advancements in computer hardware. c) Moore's Law indicates that the size of computer memory decreases over time. d) Moore's Law suggests that computer software development should focus on parallel programming.

b) Moore's Law predicts that the number of transistors on a microchip doubles approximately every two years, driving rapid advancements in computer hardware.

What aspect of computer programming is often credited with the source of GOTO's power? a) Variable declarations b) Subroutines c) Conditional statements d) Loops

b) Subroutines

What is the primary purpose of data abstraction? a) To make data values accessible to programmers b) To hide the internal representation of data values c) To increase the size of computer memory d) To speed up data processing

b) To hide the internal representation of data values

Which of the following is an example of syntactic sugar? a) x = x - 5 b) x = x + 10 c) x = x * 2 d) x = x / 3

b) x = x + 10

What is a procedure?

built up of statements or collection

Which of the following best describes the concept of syntactic sugar? a) A way to make code shorter without improving readability b) A technique to make code more complex c) A mechanism to replace complex notations with simpler, more readable ones d) A method to add unnecessary symbols to code

c) A mechanism to replace complex notations with simpler, more readable

What is unit abstraction commonly associated with in computer science? a) Abstraction of user interfaces b) Abstraction of hardware components c) Abstraction of data and operations d) Abstraction of network protocols

c) Abstraction of data and operations

What are values that cannot be broken down into smaller components known as? a) Complex values b) Primitive values c) Atomic values d) Compound values

c) Atomic values

What term is used to describe the binary codes entered by operators to organize basic hardware operations in von Neumann's proposal? a) Assembly language b) High-level language c) Machine language d) Source code

c) Machine language

How does the traditional single-processor model of computation differ from the new architecture of multiple CPUs executing in parallel? a) They are identical in terms of how they execute tasks. b) Single-processor models are faster than parallel architectures. c) Single-processor models rely on sequential execution, while parallel architectures involve the concurrent execution of tasks across multiple CPUs. d) Parallel architectures are only used for specific scientific applications.

c) Single-processor models rely on sequential execution, while parallel architectures involve the concurrent execution of tasks across multiple CPUs.

What is the primary reason for the shift towards multi-core processors in modern computer architecture? a) To reduce the physical size of microchips. b) To increase clock speeds of individual processor cores. c) To overcome the limitations of Moore's Law and improve processing power through parallelism. d) To simplify the programming of large-scale software applications.

c) To overcome the limitations of Moore's Law and improve processing power through parallelism.

What is the purpose of syntactic sugar in programming? a) To make code more difficult to read b) To introduce complex notations c) To simplify and improve code readability d) To add unnecessary complexity

c) To simplify and improve code readability

Structured abstractions

collect intermediate information about the structure of a program. Collection of fields

Unit abstractions

collect large-scale information in a program

Basic abstractions

collect the most localized machine information

John von Neumann's ideas laid the foundation for the modern _______________ architecture used in computers today.

computer

Before the mid 1940s

computer operators set switches to adjust the internal wiring of a computer to perform the requested tasks

What is the main principle of the Object-Oriented Paradigm? a) Reusability b) Inheritance c) Abstraction d) All of the above

d) All of the above

Which architectural concept is represented by the term "Von Neumann Architecture"? a) Parallel processing b) Quantum computing c) Harvard architecture d) Stored-program computer

d) Stored-program computer

What are data types used for in programming? a) To complicate the code b) To confuse programmers c) To specify the size of computer memory d) To categorize and name kinds of data values

d) To categorize and name kinds of data values

In unit abstraction, what is the primary purpose of separating the interface from the implementation? a) To confuse users about how to use the software. b) To make the software less efficient. c) To allow users to directly access the implementation details. d) To provide a clear boundary between what users can interact with and how it's implemented.

d) To provide a clear boundary between what users can interact with and how it's implemented.

True or False: John von Neumann proposed that computers should be permanently hardwired with a large set of specific operations.

false

In computer architecture, the process of retrieving instructions from memory is often referred to as ___________.

fetch

Grammar

formal definition of the language's syntax

John von Neumann proposed that computers should be permanently hardwired with a small set of __________-purpose operations.

general

In the context of Von Neumann Architecture, the term "fetch" is closely related to the ___________ stage of instruction execution.

instruction

In von Neumann's proposal, operators would input a series of binary codes known as _______________ language to organize basic hardware operations.

machine

Operators could flip switches to enter these codes into _______________.

memory

Von Neumann Architecture is known for its use of a single ___________ that stores both program instructions and data.

memory unit

Data types

names given to kinds of data values

Programming language

often defined as "a notation for communicating to a computer what we want it to do"

Data abstractions

simplify the behavior and attributes of data for humans -Examples: numbers, character strings, search trees

Declaration

the process of giving a variable a name and a data type

constant

unchanging (value)

GOTO's power is often associated with its ability to perform ___________ jumps within a program.

unconditional

static

unmoving (Location)

Variables

use of symbolic names to hide computer memory locations containing data values

Data structure

•collects related data values into a single unit -Hides component parts but can be constructed from parts, and parts can be accessed and modified

Control abstractions

•simplify properties of the transfer of control -Examples: loops, conditional statements, procedure calls