CST Review Quizlet cards

Which of the following base pair sequences could be produced in DNA replication?

5' AGTCAT 3' 3' TCAGTA 5' d. 5' AGTCAT 3' 3' UCAGUA 5'

Based only on the sex chromosomes in typical human egg and sperm cells at fertilization, the probability of producing a female is

50%

5' ATCAGCGCTGGC 3' The above sequence of DNA is part of a gene. How many amino acids are coded for by this segment?

8

Which of these best completes this concept map?

A plant cell

Earth has undergone some catastrophic changes from time to time. Which of these most likely explains why life on Earth continued following these catastrophes?

A wide diversity of species existed.

Fur color in cats is controlled by an autosomal gene that can occur in the dominant form, (B), or the recessive form, (b). The length of the cat's fur is controlled by another autosomal gene that occurs in the dominant form, (S), or the recessive form, (s). The table below shows the traits for these allele codes.

All offspring will have short-haired fur.

There are many different enzymes located in the cytoplasm of a single cell. How is a specific enzyme able to catalyze a specific reaction?

An enzyme binds to a specific substrate (reactant) for the reaction catalyzed.

Which of these best illustrates natural selection?

An organism with favorable genetic variations will tend to survive and breed successfully.

How do human diseases caused by bacteria and diseases caused by viruses react to antibiotics?

Bacterial diseases respond to antibiotics; viral diseases do not.

5' G T A _ _ _ A A 3' 3' C A T G C A T T 5' This segment of DNA has undergone a mutation in which three nucleotides have been deleted. A repair enzyme would replace them with

CGT

Which of these is best demonstrated by the experiment above?

Differentiated cells contain a complete set of genes.

The bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens infects plants, and a portion of its DNA is inserted into the plant's chromosomes. This causes the plant to produce gall cells, which manufacture amino acids that the bacterium uses as food. This process is a natural example of

Genetic manipulation

Which cellular organelle is responsible for packaging the proteins that the cell secretes

Golgi apparatus

A small population of chimpanzees lives in a habitat that undergoes no changes for a long period. How will genetic drift probably affect this population?

It will reduce genetic diversity.

What causes tomatoes to ripen much more slowly in a refrigerator than they do if left on a table at room temperature?

Low temperatures reduce the action of ripening enzymes.

In fruit flies, the gene for red eyes (R) is dominant and the gene for sepia eyes (r) is recessive. What are the possible combinations of genes in the offspring of two red-eyed heterozygous flies (Rr)?

RR only

Striking the tendon just below the kneecap causes the lower leg to jerk. Moving an object quickly toward the face can cause the eyes to blink shut. These are examples of

Reflex reactions

Scientists found that, over a period of 200 years, a mountain pond was transformed into a meadow. During that time, several communities of organisms were replaced by different communities. Which of these best explains why new communities were able to replace older communities?

The Daphnia population will eat something else.

If a human baby boy inherits a recessive allele from his mother, in which circumstance would he most likely show the trait coded for by the recessive allele?

The allele is on the X chromosome.

Which of the following statements correctly describes meiosis?

The cells produced at the end of meiosis contain half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

The table below lists the typical diploid number of chromosomes of several different organisms.

The diploid chromosome number represents pairs of chromosomes, one from each parent, so its always an even number.

A genetic disorder due to a recessive allele (a) is lethal in homozygous individuals (aa), whereas heterozygous individuals (Aa) have no symptoms. Based on this information, which of the following is likely to result?

The disorder will be maintained in the population through the reproduction of heterozygotes.

In a pond, the primary producer is a green alga, Spirogyra; the primary consumer is the crustacean, Daphnia; the secondary consumer is a small fish, the bluegill; and the tertiary consumer is a larger fish, the smallmouth bass. What changes can be expected in the pond if the Daphnia are killed with pesticides? a.

The smallmouth bass population will die.

Rabbits introduced into Australia over 100 years ago have become a serious pest to farmers. Rabbit populations increased so much that they displaced many native species of plant eaters. What is the most logical explanation for their increased numbers?

There are few effective predators.

If a corn plant has a genotype of Ttyy, what are the possible genetic combinations that could be present in a single grain of pollen from this plant?

Ty, ty

How would the base sequence be coded on mRNA?

UGUCACG

A scientist puts nucleotide chains of UUUUUU in a test tube under conditions allowing protein synthesis. Soon the test tube is full of polypeptide chains composed of only the amino acid phenylalanine. What does this experiment indicate

UUU codes for the amino acid phenylalanine.

A food chain is shown below.

a drastic decrease in rainfall, causing drought

One human disease is caused by a change in one codon in a gene from GAA to GUA. This disease is the result of

a mutation

Sweat and skin secretions contain a mixture of molecules that kills or limits the growth of many types of microbes. This control of microbes is an example of

a nonspecific defense against infection.

The fight-or-flight response includes greater heart output and a rise in blood pressure. This response is due to

adrenaline secreted by the adrenal glands.

In carrier pigeons there is a rare inherited condition that causes the death of the chicks before hatching. In order for this disease to be passed from generation to generation there must be parent birds that

are heterozygous for the disease.

Individuals with HIV sometimes contract a pneumonia infection that is rare in the rest of the population because people with HIV

are unable to fight off these pneumonia-causing organisms.

Complete burning of plant material returns carbon primarily to theA

atmosphere.

If a paleontologist finds fossils of many different species existing in the same area at approximately the same time, the paleontologist can conclude that the ecosystem in this area had a high degree of

biological diversity.

The clear protein of an egg white becomes opaque and firm when cooked because the heat

changes the protein structure. 2. Which

The chart shows four alleles at the same locus that affect rabbits' coat color. Each allele is dominant to the ones below it. Rabbits with an albino or Himalayan coat are more susceptible to predators. Which of the following genotypes will produce a rabbit that is least likely to survive?

chc

The homeostatic mechanism in humans that regulates blood pH depends on the feedback of information from

chemical receptors.

Which molecule in plant cells first captures the radiant energy from sunlight?

chlorophyll

Which of these would have the least effect on natural selection in a subspecies of giraffes that is geographically isolated from other subspecies of giraffes?

chromosome number

Carbon dioxide is produced as cells break down nutrients for energy. Which of the following pairs of systems would participate in removing the carbon dioxide from the body?

circulatory and respiratory

The respiratory system depends on the nervous system for signals to

coordinate muscles controlling breathing.

The diagram above shows homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis. Which of the following correctly describes the process being illustrated?

crossing-over in which alleles are exchanged

Maltose can be broken down into glucose molecules by the enzyme maltase. Which of the following would slow the reaction rate?

diluting with water

Semi-conservative replication of DNA refers to the idea that

each new DNA molecule contains two new single RNA strands.

Which of these organisms are most helpful in preventing Earth from being covered with the bodies of dead organisms?

fungi and bacteria

A small portion of a population that is geographically isolated from the rest of the population runs the risk of decreased

genetic variation.

Fossil evidence suggests that a number of members of one fish species from an ancient lake in Death Valley, California, became several isolated species. Each of these new species lived in a different pond. Which of the following best explains the cause of this speciation?

geographic isolation

Which of these organisms would most likely be found at the bottom of a biomass pyramid?

green algae

Mendel hypothesized that reproductive cells have only one factor for each inherited trait. This hypothesis is supported by the observation that

haploid cells are produced by meiosis.

Eukaryotic cells are differentiated from prokaryotic cells because eukaryotic cells

have nuclei.

The graph below shows the birth rate and death rate for a population during the 1900s. From 1900 to 2000, the population has

increased

What is the greatest danger to a patient who has had damage to the skin?

infections in uncovered tissues

A species of finch has been studied on one of the geographically isolated Galapagos Islands for many years. Since the island is small, the lineage of every bird for several generations is known. This allows a family tree of each bird to be developed. Some family groups have survived and others have died out. The groups that survive probably have

inherited some advantageous variations.

Genetic engineering has produced goats whose milk contains proteins that can be used as medicines. This effect was produced by

inserting foreign genes into fertilized goat eggs.

The first stage of photosynthesis in a chloroplast is

light-dependent

According to this information, which group demonstrated the greatest biodiversity during the Cretaceous period?

lizards

A strand of mRNA containing the repeating sequence AAGAAGAAGAAG could code for which of the following amino acid sequences?

lys-lys-lys-lys

The diagram below shows a cellular process that occurs in organisms.

meiosis

A cell from heart muscle would probably have an unusually high proportion of

mitochondria

In aerobic respiration, the Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) takes place in

mitochondria.

Which of the following sequences represents chromosome number during fertilization?

n + n ® 2n

Mutations within a DNA sequence are a.

natural processes that always affect the phenotype.

A population of termites initially consists of darkly colored and brightly colored members. After several generations, the termite population consists almost entirely of darkly colored members because the brightly colored termites are easier for a predatory species of insectivores to locate. This situation is an example of

natural selection.

A healthy individual is a carrier of a lethal allele but is unaffected by it. What is the probable genotype of this individual?

one recessive lethal allele and one dominant normal allele

The Sabin vaccine is a liquid containing weakened polio viruses. Vaccinated individuals become protected against polio because the weakened viruses

promote production of antibodies.

The cell membrane of the red blood cell will allow water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and glucose to pass through. Because other substances are blocked from entering, this membrane is called

semi-permeable

A signal that the bladder is full is sent to the central nervous system by

sensory neurons.

Although there are a limited number of amino acids, many different types of proteins exist because the

sequence and number of amino acids is different.

Which of these organisms would most likely be found at the top of an energy pyramid?

sharks

A signal that the bladder is full is sent to the central nervous system by

signaling muscle tissues to contract

Which of the following is a function of the nervous system?

signaling muscle tissues to contract

Injecting a person with a killed-bacteria vaccine can protect that individual from a disease because the proteins of the killed bacteria

stimulate the production of antibodies which can be manufactured later in response to infection.

Which of these would most likely cause a mutation?

the insertion of a nucleotide into DNA

A single species of squirrel evolved over time into two species, each on opposite sides of the Grand Canyon. This change was most likely due to

the isolation of the two groups.

Which of these secretes a hormone that regulates the rate of metabolism of the body?

thyroid

The plasma membrane of a cell consists of?

two layers of lipids organized with the nonpolar tails forming the interior of the membrane.

Which of the following require a host cell because they are not able to make proteins on their own?

viruses

In order for the body to maintain homeostasis, the chemical decomposition of food to produce energy must be followed by

waste removal.