Cultural Anthropology

The concept that people have images, knowledge, and concepts of the physical landscape that affect how they will actually interact with it is called

A cultural landscape

A good illustration of the Marxist concept of surplus value is

A worker makes one $30 sweater every hour in a factory but gets paid only $15

Approximately how many children were born during the "baby boom"

77 million

Koko and Washo were two primates who had learned

American Sign Language

Medical anthropologist Nancy Scheper-Hughes uncovered a large criminal network engaged in the black market sale of

Body parts

How do religious rituals

By legitimating community authority

The study of how people classify things in the world is called

Ethnoscience

Doctors throughout the world enjoy a high degree of presitge

False

Environmental anthropologists accept the idea that all indigenous people are environmentalists

False

It has been proven that overpopulation will inevitably lead to global famine

False

All knowledge systems about nature, including science, are culturally based

True

Buddhism is neither monotheistic nor polytheistic

True

Foragers tend to work less to survive than agriculturalists or pastoralists

True

Nuclear family units occur in and are important to nearly every society around the world

True

Secular rituals that celebrate the state or nation, particular occupations, or other identities may achieve many of the same ends as religious rituals.

True

The stereotype that Tahitian women were sexually promiscuous emerged almost overnight after the arrival of Captain Samuel Wallis in 1767, when Tahitians recognized that the British had steel that the crew would exchange for sexual favors

True

The main difference between economists and economic anthropologist is that economists

Try to understand and predict economic patterns

Using life history interviews, researchers are able to

Understand how a person's age affects his or her role in the community

A word that best describes participant observation is

Unstructured

The comparative method

Uses data from many different socieites

A surrogate mother is a

Woman who agrees to have an embryo implanted in her womb

The main reason men of the Malaysian Langkawi fishing community hand over their money to women is that

Women decontaminate money by using it to sustain possession of it is called

What is "fortress conservation"?

an approach to conservation that assumes that people are threatening to nature

Financial globalization has allowed for

corporations to move factories from one country to another

Anthropologist Sidney Mintz observes that most people around the world usually

eat a common patterned diet of core-legume-fringe foods

Ethical issues facing ethnographers include all of the following except

ensuring informant confidentiality

When a parent pays for a child's piano lessons, he or she is engaged in

generalized reciprocity

Why do foragers turn to agriculture

increased population density causes too much competition for resources

Ferdinand de Saussure asserted that in contrast to the usual ways in which people speak, there are the formal rules of language, which he called

langue

The exercise of political power requires

legitimacy

A voodoo doll is a good illustration of

magic that follows the law of similarity

The human diet is

omnivorous

The purpose of field notes is to

provide written records of information that an anthropologist collect.

Which of these is known as the Westermarck effect

the psychological revulsion against having sex with close relatives

Men who practice polygamy may marry

two or more eligible females

Globalization is the

widening scale of cross-cultural interactions caused by the rapid movement of money, people, goods, images, and ideas within nations and across national boundaries

The people anthropologists gather data from are called

Informants

Long-term damage to soil quality is typical of

Intensification

Which term refers to the knowledge about other people that emerges from relationships?

Inter subjective

Cultural differences are often caused and amplified by

Interconnections between societies

When people describe violence as meaningless they

Interpret violence as something without reason

The US government's prohibition of Native American children speaking their indigenous languages in Indian schools has contributed most profoundly to

Language death

Which method is an extended conversation that can shed light on how social institutions change over time?

Life hsitories

Until the 1920s anthropologists interpreted totemism as evidence of a group's

Limited intellectual capacity

__________ can be understood as raw supernatural power that is not caused by a person or spirit

Mana

A powerful method that uses objects to manipulate people is

Advertising

The view that nature and environmental conditions shape the characteristics and lifeways of a group of people is known as environmental

Determinism

The structured beliefs and behaviors surrounding the production, distribution, and consumption of food is referred to by anthropologists as

Foodways

Which mode of subsistence includes the search for edible things?

Foraging

One of anthropology's insights about the foraging mode of subsistence is that

Foraging people have a cultural view of their environments as giving

What are people who belong to conservative religious movements that advocate a return to traditional principles called?

Fundamentalists

Breastfeeding was universal in the United States until baby formula was developed when?

1950s

The neo-evolutionary typology of political systems would classify the role of president of the city council in your hometown as

A bureaucrat in a centralized state

World systems theory would be most suited to which of the following research projects?

A historical study of indigenous resistance to colonialism

When workers make only part of an object rather than the whole product, they have less of a relationship with the fruits of their labor. Karl Marx suggested that this changed relationship with the objects they were producing created a feeling of

Alienation

The process of promoting one culture over others, through formal policy or less formal means, is referred to as

Cultural imperialism

Hybridization is about

Cultural mixing

The importance of a phenomenon like "revenge suicide" in Papua New Guinea is that it

Demonstrates than the non-powerful have ways of exercising political power

Push-pull factors

Describe the factors that push people to migrate from their homes and that pull them to host countries

"Going native" refers to a process whereby the anthropologist

Loses the ability to an engaged observer

What is the family formed by a married couple and their children called?

Nuclear family

Gift exchange for Marcel Mauss is based in

Obligation

Economies in which people seek high social rank, prestige, and power instead of money and material wealth are known as

Prestige economies

A key difference between anthropologists of development and development anthropologists is

The first are analysts pf development, the second seek ways to influence it from within

An explanation given for medicalizing the non-medical is

The growth in profits for insurance and pharmaceutical companies

Which part of the Zapotec agricultural system does not correspond well to Western ecological understandings?

The idea that maize has a soul

What is the most important thing that the core-legume-fringe dietary pattern indicates about how people eat?

There is a common general pattern of how people around the world eat

One of the primary reasons indigenous leaders criticize the dominant model for administering protected environmental areas is

They assume nature must be uninhabited by people

A central feature of cultural convergence theories is that

They explain the apparent decline of cultural diversity.

Violence is

socially constructed

James Ferguson, who is an anthropologist of development, argues that development exists:

to expand state power

What is an "explanatory model" of a disease like cancer?

A general explanation held by individual patients and their families that accounts for the patient's symptoms, the causes of these symptoms, and how to best treat the cancer.

Linguists refer to mixed languages with a simplified grammar that people rarely learn as a mother tongue as

A pidgin language

Which project would be best suited to parachute ethnography?

A study of community response to a disaster

According to anthropologist Sherry Ortner's analysis, the American flag is an example of

A summarizing symbol

Research committed to making social change and improving the lives of marginalized people is called

Action anthropology

In ______________________ societies, witchcraft accusations can work as an informal method of social control

Appalachians and Bands

When you are consuming an object, the process of taking possession of it is called

Appropriation

In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, American doctors often had second jobs as

Barbers

Anthropologist George Gmelch studied which sport where he found that players used a lot of magic?

Baseball

In many societies people resolve disputes by restoring harmony, although people are not always satisfied with this resolution. Why?

Because of a preference for justice, fairness, and the rule of law

Fieldwork invloves

Becoming involved with people's lives

Payments of cash, cattle, pigs, or shell ornaments from a man's clan or group, to the clan of a prospective bride is called

Bride price

Fijian objects were seen by most collectors as evidence of a

Complex society interested in social status

Fraz Boas and his students were _______________, emphasizing that cultural characteristics result from a spread of cultural attributes from one society to another.

Diffusionists

Political acts include all of the following except

Serving as treasurer during a game of Monopoly

The most comprehensive definition of food security is

Access to sufficient nutritious food to be healthy and active

The most important goal of Congolese sapeur is to

Accumulate prestige

The !Kung people of southern Africa are an example of what kind of society?

Acephalous

The legal process by which an individual or council with socially recognized authority intervenes in a dispute and unilaterally makes a decision is

Adjudication

Development anthropologists often think that of themselves as

Advocates of poor and marginalized people

A good example of the process of medicalization is found in the changing understanding of which of the following conditions as a disease?

Alcolholism

Which of the following groups is a prominent American Indian rights group founded in 1968

American Indian Movement (AIM)

Early British settlers in the 1600s mistakenly perceived the new landscape in North America as an unpeopled wilderness when, in fact, it was

An anthropogenic landscape

An anthropologist interested in a cultural insider's perspective is seeking

An emic perspective

_____________ refers to the belief that inanimate objects such as trees, rocks, cliffs, hills, and rivers are animated by spiritual forces or beings

Animism

Soldiers returning home from war often have which of the following symptoms?

Anxiety Disorders

In the Melanesian conception of time, the future is spacially located

Behind the body

A believer in cultural imperialism would explain that people who watch American TV in remote places like a Walpiri camp in the Austrailian outback are

Being subjected to alien cultural influences

Cultural Anthropologists do research by

Building trusting relationships with people over a long period of time

In biological terms, humans are distinct from other primates with respect to their ability to use language because they

Can speak using a larynx

Throughout human history, humans have tended to adapt to the land in a way that is supportive of population size, a practice referred to as

Carrying capacity

According the medical anthropologists Csordas and Kleinman, the several therapeutic processes that bring healing include which of the following

Clinical processes, symbolic processes, and social support

When a doctor observes a patient's symptoms and prescribes a treatment that he or she thinks will act directly on the patient's body to cure the problem, the doctor is adopting which kind of treatment process?

Clinical therapeutic process

Words that came from the same ancestral language and originated from the same word are called

Cognate words

A clan that reckons descent through both their mother and father is called a

Cognatic clan

Marx theorized that when objects begin to take on mystical powers and engender obsessive desire and worship it is called

Commodity fetishism

People's fascination with having the newest Nike shoes or iPhone is an example of which of the following anthropological concepts?

Commodity fetishism

Advertisers have trained American consumers to focus on the newest and most exciting products through their

Constant innovations and improvments

The human ability to speak about the past, about items not present and about imaginary worlds is called

Displacement

For the Nigerum patient to get help with his or her care and treatment, the main thing do is

Display visible signs of his or her illness

A large sum of money or in-kind gifts given to daughter to alleviate the burden of the groom supporting another person is referred to as

Dowry

According to anthropologists, what social institution is the structured patterns and relationships through which people exchange goods and services?

Economic systems

Interest within environmental anthropology concerned with how non-Western societies classify natural phenomena is called

Ehtnoscience

A social movement that addresses the linkages between racial discrimination and injustice, social equity, and environmental quality

Environmental justice

When social norms dictate that someone from a particular clan must marry outside of that clan, anthropologists say that the clan is

Exogamous

If you live in a household with you mom and dad, your grandfather, as well as your aunt and two cousins, you live in what kind o f family?

Extended family

Because of the widespread of mass media today, sociolinguists have found increasing homogeneity in the use of language in the United States

False

What do anthropologists call the structural process of forgetting whole groups of relatives?

Genealogical Amnesia

Anthropology have studied hundreds of different kinship systems around the world over the past century, but they can all be grouped into six different patterns based on terms for which group of relatives?

Grandparents

A cultural relativist would be most likely to emphasize that pastoralists

Have developed effective social institutions and knowledge that ensure long-term sustainability of the landscape

Health and illness

Have much variation throughout different cultures and societies

________ are important for an anthropologist to write down because they reflect his or her private observations, which can also be useful data.

Head notes

ON the north coast of Papua New Guinea, a religious cult leader name Barjani was remembered through which object?

His staff

which English philosophers were concerned with the problem of disorder and argued that chaos is avoidable by creating strong government?

Hobbes and Locke

For anthropologists the most important aspect of any object is

How it emerges from and exists within a set of human social relationships

What is the "subjectivity of illness"

How people understand and experience their condition on a personal level

According to Itzaj and many Native American beliefs

Humans and nature exist in the same realm

The earliest engagement anthropologists had with material culture happened where?

In museums where object from around the world were originally seen as evidence of primitive or civilized different societies were

A substantivist perspective on the economic life of a college fraternity would likely focus on the

Informal exchange of favors and goods among members

The Serpent Mound in Ohio, and Woodhenge in Missouri are examples of

Information about solar and lunar patterns embedded in art and religion

A process that increase yields and includes prepping soil, technology, a large labor force, water management, and plant and soil modification is

Intensification

Why was meat eating important for human biological development

It provides high-quality protein for human brain development

A key reason anthropologists study people's pursuit of cool things is that

Its' an important avenue through which people express and change their social relationships

The exchange of brass rods for the purchase of cattle or the payment of a bride price is an example of the use of

Limited-purpose money

The recent rise of autonomy movements among Hawaiian separatists and Zapatistas in Mexico are examples of

Localization

Eating practices are

Marked by identities such as gender, age, and ethic group

What subfield of anthropology tries to understand how social, cultural, biological, and linguistic factors shape the health of human beings in different cultures?

Medical Anthropology

Nearly all societies draw on more than one medical tradition simultaneously, a process which is called

Medical pluralism

"Mother nature" and "natural resources" are a good example of

Metaphors of human-nature interaction

_____________ are people who leave their homes to work for a time in other regions or countries

Migrants

The study of meaningful units by a combination of phonemes is called

Morphology

Mary Douglas compared food's structure in society with _______ and a formal dinner with a ______

Music; opera

Which of the following refers to the family into which one is born and raised

Natal family

Which economic theory studies how people make decisions to allocae resources like time, labor, and money in order to maximize their personal satisfaction?

Neoclassical economics

Traditional ecological knowledge is

Not well known in the West because some species and ecological interactions exist in only one place

If a development anthropologist were to get involved in a project in your city that is revitalizing a poor neighborhood, she or he would probably emphasize the

Overarching importance of listening to the priorities of the neighbors

When language speakers use slang or metaphor, they are engaging in which concept suggested by French linguist Ferdinand de Saussure

Parole

This type of interaction may include playing basketball, cooking, dining, or having coffee with informants

Participant

The ability to digest milk into adulthood is called lactase ___________

Persistence

From an anthropological perspective, the main reason Wall Street banks are not the bastions of individualism and cold rationalism many think they are is that

Personal relationships and local knowledge are critical to successful transactions

For a big man in a nonstate society, what is the most powerful and valuable tool?

Persuasion

_________ refers to individual bits of sound that change meaning

Phoneme

Control over symbolic, material, and human resources are important dimensions of

Political power

When a woman marries more than one man she practicing

Polyandry

Typically archaeologists find it easiest to study changing styles and fashions through which of the following classes of objects?

Pottery

For anthropologists political power refers to how

Power is used to attain goals for the good of the community

Animal call systems lack the ability (found in human languages) to produce an infinite number of word combinations. This ability in human language is called

Productivity

Brent Berlin and Paul Kay found that if a language had only three color terms, they would always be black (dark), white (light), and

Red

The collection of goods in a community and the subsequent re-division of those goods among members of a society is called

Redistribution

Which of the following social structures was identified as a way that African societies maintained order?

Religious practices and beliefs

In Malaysia capitalist entrepreneurship is

Respectful of Islamic and Malay obligations and values

What is a life cycle ritual that marks a person's or group of person's transition from one social state to another?

Rite of passage

Stylized performances involving symbols that are associated with social, political, and religious activities are called

Rituals

Anthropologist Daniel Miller suggested that shopping for and consuming objects are fundamentally as much ________ acts as they are economic acts

Social

In some Pentecostal and charismatic Christian religions, adherents experience an ecstatic religious happening (often associated with shamanism), which is known as?

Speaking in tongues

The earliest anthropologist to compare religious and spiritual beliefs around the world was E. B. Tylor. For him the heart of religious beliefs was the belief in

Spirits

Which of the following do Americans traditionally inherit patrilineally

Surnames

If you wanted to have consistent responses, what kind of interview would you use

Survey Interview

The difference between a survey and a structured interview is

Survey questions are closed-ended; structured interviews are not

Slash-and-burn agriculture, also called ___________ agriculture, is most effective farming technique in tropical areas when population densities are low

Swidden

The practice of referring to people by the names of their children (such as Father of Peter or Mother of Susan) is called

Tekonyms

Repatriation is

The act of returning human remains or cultural artifacts to the communities of descendants of the people to whom they originally belonged

Which of the following is the most ethnocentric reaction to African art?

The craftsmanship is poor because Africans have no artistic skills

The themes of reciprocity and gift exchange are critical to anthropologists because

The exchange of gifts is the economy in many societies

The idea that things have social lives to which of the following

The fact that objects are deeply intertwined with people's lives

Which approach to religious beliefs and behaviors do the textbook authors feel is most effective at explaining why people engage in religious behaviors, especially behaviors that do not directly benefit the individual, such as the actions of Jonathan Daniels, Tom Coleman, or suicide bombers in the Middle East?

The idea that religion is a system of social action

Matrilineal descent is traced through which relative?

The mother

Arthur Kleinman, a medical anthropologist who conducted research in Taiwan, argued that the key to understanding differences in perspective between doctors and patients is that healers and patients often have different

Ways of explaining what is happening to the sick person

Why is Karl Polanyi's distinction between formal and substantive economics important?

it recognizes that economies involve both how people think and the actual transactions they engage in

Anthropologist Sherry Ortner distinguished three kinds of culturally powerful symbols that include all of the following except

Narrative symbols

A migrant is

People who leave their homes to live or work for a time in another country or region

The importance of structural functionalism is that it

Showed that non-Western societies have order without formal government

When anthropologist Robert Welsch got sick in Papua New Guinea, most of the villagers attributed his symptoms to

Sorcery

The core of Anthony F. C. Wallace's understanding of religion was belief in

Supernatural things

According to Marshall Sahlins, when production is organized by families it is

The domestic mode of production

Why do films take on new meanings when shown to overseas audiences?

The specific cultural content and images in the film lead audiences to draw different conclusions because their culture is different

Hawaiians and other Polynesian islanders traditionally believed that mana, sacred or supernatural power, existed within certain objects, at sacred spaces, and in persons, including all of the following except

The sun

The rise of fundamentalism is often seen when

There are many changes in society