Cultural Anthropology
The concept that people have images, knowledge, and concepts of the physical landscape that affect how they will actually interact with it is called
A cultural landscape
A good illustration of the Marxist concept of surplus value is
A worker makes one $30 sweater every hour in a factory but gets paid only $15
Approximately how many children were born during the "baby boom"
77 million
Koko and Washo were two primates who had learned
American Sign Language
Medical anthropologist Nancy Scheper-Hughes uncovered a large criminal network engaged in the black market sale of
Body parts
How do religious rituals
By legitimating community authority
The study of how people classify things in the world is called
Ethnoscience
Doctors throughout the world enjoy a high degree of presitge
False
Environmental anthropologists accept the idea that all indigenous people are environmentalists
False
It has been proven that overpopulation will inevitably lead to global famine
False
All knowledge systems about nature, including science, are culturally based
True
Buddhism is neither monotheistic nor polytheistic
True
Foragers tend to work less to survive than agriculturalists or pastoralists
True
Nuclear family units occur in and are important to nearly every society around the world
True
Secular rituals that celebrate the state or nation, particular occupations, or other identities may achieve many of the same ends as religious rituals.
True
The stereotype that Tahitian women were sexually promiscuous emerged almost overnight after the arrival of Captain Samuel Wallis in 1767, when Tahitians recognized that the British had steel that the crew would exchange for sexual favors
True
The main difference between economists and economic anthropologist is that economists
Try to understand and predict economic patterns
Using life history interviews, researchers are able to
Understand how a person's age affects his or her role in the community
A word that best describes participant observation is
Unstructured
The comparative method
Uses data from many different socieites
A surrogate mother is a
Woman who agrees to have an embryo implanted in her womb
The main reason men of the Malaysian Langkawi fishing community hand over their money to women is that
Women decontaminate money by using it to sustain possession of it is called
What is "fortress conservation"?
an approach to conservation that assumes that people are threatening to nature
Financial globalization has allowed for
corporations to move factories from one country to another
Anthropologist Sidney Mintz observes that most people around the world usually
eat a common patterned diet of core-legume-fringe foods
Ethical issues facing ethnographers include all of the following except
ensuring informant confidentiality
When a parent pays for a child's piano lessons, he or she is engaged in
generalized reciprocity
Why do foragers turn to agriculture
increased population density causes too much competition for resources
Ferdinand de Saussure asserted that in contrast to the usual ways in which people speak, there are the formal rules of language, which he called
langue
The exercise of political power requires
legitimacy
A voodoo doll is a good illustration of
magic that follows the law of similarity
The human diet is
omnivorous
The purpose of field notes is to
provide written records of information that an anthropologist collect.
Which of these is known as the Westermarck effect
the psychological revulsion against having sex with close relatives
Men who practice polygamy may marry
two or more eligible females
Globalization is the
widening scale of cross-cultural interactions caused by the rapid movement of money, people, goods, images, and ideas within nations and across national boundaries
The people anthropologists gather data from are called
Informants
Long-term damage to soil quality is typical of
Intensification
Which term refers to the knowledge about other people that emerges from relationships?
Inter subjective
Cultural differences are often caused and amplified by
Interconnections between societies
When people describe violence as meaningless they
Interpret violence as something without reason
The US government's prohibition of Native American children speaking their indigenous languages in Indian schools has contributed most profoundly to
Language death
Which method is an extended conversation that can shed light on how social institutions change over time?
Life hsitories
Until the 1920s anthropologists interpreted totemism as evidence of a group's
Limited intellectual capacity
__________ can be understood as raw supernatural power that is not caused by a person or spirit
Mana
A powerful method that uses objects to manipulate people is
Advertising
The view that nature and environmental conditions shape the characteristics and lifeways of a group of people is known as environmental
Determinism
The structured beliefs and behaviors surrounding the production, distribution, and consumption of food is referred to by anthropologists as
Foodways
Which mode of subsistence includes the search for edible things?
Foraging
One of anthropology's insights about the foraging mode of subsistence is that
Foraging people have a cultural view of their environments as giving
What are people who belong to conservative religious movements that advocate a return to traditional principles called?
Fundamentalists
Breastfeeding was universal in the United States until baby formula was developed when?
1950s
The neo-evolutionary typology of political systems would classify the role of president of the city council in your hometown as
A bureaucrat in a centralized state
World systems theory would be most suited to which of the following research projects?
A historical study of indigenous resistance to colonialism
When workers make only part of an object rather than the whole product, they have less of a relationship with the fruits of their labor. Karl Marx suggested that this changed relationship with the objects they were producing created a feeling of
Alienation
The process of promoting one culture over others, through formal policy or less formal means, is referred to as
Cultural imperialism
Hybridization is about
Cultural mixing
The importance of a phenomenon like "revenge suicide" in Papua New Guinea is that it
Demonstrates than the non-powerful have ways of exercising political power
Push-pull factors
Describe the factors that push people to migrate from their homes and that pull them to host countries
"Going native" refers to a process whereby the anthropologist
Loses the ability to an engaged observer
What is the family formed by a married couple and their children called?
Nuclear family
Gift exchange for Marcel Mauss is based in
Obligation
Economies in which people seek high social rank, prestige, and power instead of money and material wealth are known as
Prestige economies
A key difference between anthropologists of development and development anthropologists is
The first are analysts pf development, the second seek ways to influence it from within
An explanation given for medicalizing the non-medical is
The growth in profits for insurance and pharmaceutical companies
Which part of the Zapotec agricultural system does not correspond well to Western ecological understandings?
The idea that maize has a soul
What is the most important thing that the core-legume-fringe dietary pattern indicates about how people eat?
There is a common general pattern of how people around the world eat
One of the primary reasons indigenous leaders criticize the dominant model for administering protected environmental areas is
They assume nature must be uninhabited by people
A central feature of cultural convergence theories is that
They explain the apparent decline of cultural diversity.
Violence is
socially constructed
James Ferguson, who is an anthropologist of development, argues that development exists:
to expand state power
What is an "explanatory model" of a disease like cancer?
A general explanation held by individual patients and their families that accounts for the patient's symptoms, the causes of these symptoms, and how to best treat the cancer.
Linguists refer to mixed languages with a simplified grammar that people rarely learn as a mother tongue as
A pidgin language
Which project would be best suited to parachute ethnography?
A study of community response to a disaster
According to anthropologist Sherry Ortner's analysis, the American flag is an example of
A summarizing symbol
Research committed to making social change and improving the lives of marginalized people is called
Action anthropology
In ______________________ societies, witchcraft accusations can work as an informal method of social control
Appalachians and Bands
When you are consuming an object, the process of taking possession of it is called
Appropriation
In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, American doctors often had second jobs as
Barbers
Anthropologist George Gmelch studied which sport where he found that players used a lot of magic?
Baseball
In many societies people resolve disputes by restoring harmony, although people are not always satisfied with this resolution. Why?
Because of a preference for justice, fairness, and the rule of law
Fieldwork invloves
Becoming involved with people's lives
Payments of cash, cattle, pigs, or shell ornaments from a man's clan or group, to the clan of a prospective bride is called
Bride price
Fijian objects were seen by most collectors as evidence of a
Complex society interested in social status
Fraz Boas and his students were _______________, emphasizing that cultural characteristics result from a spread of cultural attributes from one society to another.
Diffusionists
Political acts include all of the following except
Serving as treasurer during a game of Monopoly
The most comprehensive definition of food security is
Access to sufficient nutritious food to be healthy and active
The most important goal of Congolese sapeur is to
Accumulate prestige
The !Kung people of southern Africa are an example of what kind of society?
Acephalous
The legal process by which an individual or council with socially recognized authority intervenes in a dispute and unilaterally makes a decision is
Adjudication
Development anthropologists often think that of themselves as
Advocates of poor and marginalized people
A good example of the process of medicalization is found in the changing understanding of which of the following conditions as a disease?
Alcolholism
Which of the following groups is a prominent American Indian rights group founded in 1968
American Indian Movement (AIM)
Early British settlers in the 1600s mistakenly perceived the new landscape in North America as an unpeopled wilderness when, in fact, it was
An anthropogenic landscape
An anthropologist interested in a cultural insider's perspective is seeking
An emic perspective
_____________ refers to the belief that inanimate objects such as trees, rocks, cliffs, hills, and rivers are animated by spiritual forces or beings
Animism
Soldiers returning home from war often have which of the following symptoms?
Anxiety Disorders
In the Melanesian conception of time, the future is spacially located
Behind the body
A believer in cultural imperialism would explain that people who watch American TV in remote places like a Walpiri camp in the Austrailian outback are
Being subjected to alien cultural influences
Cultural Anthropologists do research by
Building trusting relationships with people over a long period of time
In biological terms, humans are distinct from other primates with respect to their ability to use language because they
Can speak using a larynx
Throughout human history, humans have tended to adapt to the land in a way that is supportive of population size, a practice referred to as
Carrying capacity
According the medical anthropologists Csordas and Kleinman, the several therapeutic processes that bring healing include which of the following
Clinical processes, symbolic processes, and social support
When a doctor observes a patient's symptoms and prescribes a treatment that he or she thinks will act directly on the patient's body to cure the problem, the doctor is adopting which kind of treatment process?
Clinical therapeutic process
Words that came from the same ancestral language and originated from the same word are called
Cognate words
A clan that reckons descent through both their mother and father is called a
Cognatic clan
Marx theorized that when objects begin to take on mystical powers and engender obsessive desire and worship it is called
Commodity fetishism
People's fascination with having the newest Nike shoes or iPhone is an example of which of the following anthropological concepts?
Commodity fetishism
Advertisers have trained American consumers to focus on the newest and most exciting products through their
Constant innovations and improvments
The human ability to speak about the past, about items not present and about imaginary worlds is called
Displacement
For the Nigerum patient to get help with his or her care and treatment, the main thing do is
Display visible signs of his or her illness
A large sum of money or in-kind gifts given to daughter to alleviate the burden of the groom supporting another person is referred to as
Dowry
According to anthropologists, what social institution is the structured patterns and relationships through which people exchange goods and services?
Economic systems
Interest within environmental anthropology concerned with how non-Western societies classify natural phenomena is called
Ehtnoscience
A social movement that addresses the linkages between racial discrimination and injustice, social equity, and environmental quality
Environmental justice
When social norms dictate that someone from a particular clan must marry outside of that clan, anthropologists say that the clan is
Exogamous
If you live in a household with you mom and dad, your grandfather, as well as your aunt and two cousins, you live in what kind o f family?
Extended family
Because of the widespread of mass media today, sociolinguists have found increasing homogeneity in the use of language in the United States
False
What do anthropologists call the structural process of forgetting whole groups of relatives?
Genealogical Amnesia
Anthropology have studied hundreds of different kinship systems around the world over the past century, but they can all be grouped into six different patterns based on terms for which group of relatives?
Grandparents
A cultural relativist would be most likely to emphasize that pastoralists
Have developed effective social institutions and knowledge that ensure long-term sustainability of the landscape
Health and illness
Have much variation throughout different cultures and societies
________ are important for an anthropologist to write down because they reflect his or her private observations, which can also be useful data.
Head notes
ON the north coast of Papua New Guinea, a religious cult leader name Barjani was remembered through which object?
His staff
which English philosophers were concerned with the problem of disorder and argued that chaos is avoidable by creating strong government?
Hobbes and Locke
For anthropologists the most important aspect of any object is
How it emerges from and exists within a set of human social relationships
What is the "subjectivity of illness"
How people understand and experience their condition on a personal level
According to Itzaj and many Native American beliefs
Humans and nature exist in the same realm
The earliest engagement anthropologists had with material culture happened where?
In museums where object from around the world were originally seen as evidence of primitive or civilized different societies were
A substantivist perspective on the economic life of a college fraternity would likely focus on the
Informal exchange of favors and goods among members
The Serpent Mound in Ohio, and Woodhenge in Missouri are examples of
Information about solar and lunar patterns embedded in art and religion
A process that increase yields and includes prepping soil, technology, a large labor force, water management, and plant and soil modification is
Intensification
Why was meat eating important for human biological development
It provides high-quality protein for human brain development
A key reason anthropologists study people's pursuit of cool things is that
Its' an important avenue through which people express and change their social relationships
The exchange of brass rods for the purchase of cattle or the payment of a bride price is an example of the use of
Limited-purpose money
The recent rise of autonomy movements among Hawaiian separatists and Zapatistas in Mexico are examples of
Localization
Eating practices are
Marked by identities such as gender, age, and ethic group
What subfield of anthropology tries to understand how social, cultural, biological, and linguistic factors shape the health of human beings in different cultures?
Medical Anthropology
Nearly all societies draw on more than one medical tradition simultaneously, a process which is called
Medical pluralism
"Mother nature" and "natural resources" are a good example of
Metaphors of human-nature interaction
_____________ are people who leave their homes to work for a time in other regions or countries
Migrants
The study of meaningful units by a combination of phonemes is called
Morphology
Mary Douglas compared food's structure in society with _______ and a formal dinner with a ______
Music; opera
Which of the following refers to the family into which one is born and raised
Natal family
Which economic theory studies how people make decisions to allocae resources like time, labor, and money in order to maximize their personal satisfaction?
Neoclassical economics
Traditional ecological knowledge is
Not well known in the West because some species and ecological interactions exist in only one place
If a development anthropologist were to get involved in a project in your city that is revitalizing a poor neighborhood, she or he would probably emphasize the
Overarching importance of listening to the priorities of the neighbors
When language speakers use slang or metaphor, they are engaging in which concept suggested by French linguist Ferdinand de Saussure
Parole
This type of interaction may include playing basketball, cooking, dining, or having coffee with informants
Participant
The ability to digest milk into adulthood is called lactase ___________
Persistence
From an anthropological perspective, the main reason Wall Street banks are not the bastions of individualism and cold rationalism many think they are is that
Personal relationships and local knowledge are critical to successful transactions
For a big man in a nonstate society, what is the most powerful and valuable tool?
Persuasion
_________ refers to individual bits of sound that change meaning
Phoneme
Control over symbolic, material, and human resources are important dimensions of
Political power
When a woman marries more than one man she practicing
Polyandry
Typically archaeologists find it easiest to study changing styles and fashions through which of the following classes of objects?
Pottery
For anthropologists political power refers to how
Power is used to attain goals for the good of the community
Animal call systems lack the ability (found in human languages) to produce an infinite number of word combinations. This ability in human language is called
Productivity
Brent Berlin and Paul Kay found that if a language had only three color terms, they would always be black (dark), white (light), and
Red
The collection of goods in a community and the subsequent re-division of those goods among members of a society is called
Redistribution
Which of the following social structures was identified as a way that African societies maintained order?
Religious practices and beliefs
In Malaysia capitalist entrepreneurship is
Respectful of Islamic and Malay obligations and values
What is a life cycle ritual that marks a person's or group of person's transition from one social state to another?
Rite of passage
Stylized performances involving symbols that are associated with social, political, and religious activities are called
Rituals
Anthropologist Daniel Miller suggested that shopping for and consuming objects are fundamentally as much ________ acts as they are economic acts
Social
In some Pentecostal and charismatic Christian religions, adherents experience an ecstatic religious happening (often associated with shamanism), which is known as?
Speaking in tongues
The earliest anthropologist to compare religious and spiritual beliefs around the world was E. B. Tylor. For him the heart of religious beliefs was the belief in
Spirits
Which of the following do Americans traditionally inherit patrilineally
Surnames
If you wanted to have consistent responses, what kind of interview would you use
Survey Interview
The difference between a survey and a structured interview is
Survey questions are closed-ended; structured interviews are not
Slash-and-burn agriculture, also called ___________ agriculture, is most effective farming technique in tropical areas when population densities are low
Swidden
The practice of referring to people by the names of their children (such as Father of Peter or Mother of Susan) is called
Tekonyms
Repatriation is
The act of returning human remains or cultural artifacts to the communities of descendants of the people to whom they originally belonged
Which of the following is the most ethnocentric reaction to African art?
The craftsmanship is poor because Africans have no artistic skills
The themes of reciprocity and gift exchange are critical to anthropologists because
The exchange of gifts is the economy in many societies
The idea that things have social lives to which of the following
The fact that objects are deeply intertwined with people's lives
Which approach to religious beliefs and behaviors do the textbook authors feel is most effective at explaining why people engage in religious behaviors, especially behaviors that do not directly benefit the individual, such as the actions of Jonathan Daniels, Tom Coleman, or suicide bombers in the Middle East?
The idea that religion is a system of social action
Matrilineal descent is traced through which relative?
The mother
Arthur Kleinman, a medical anthropologist who conducted research in Taiwan, argued that the key to understanding differences in perspective between doctors and patients is that healers and patients often have different
Ways of explaining what is happening to the sick person
Why is Karl Polanyi's distinction between formal and substantive economics important?
it recognizes that economies involve both how people think and the actual transactions they engage in
Anthropologist Sherry Ortner distinguished three kinds of culturally powerful symbols that include all of the following except
Narrative symbols
A migrant is
People who leave their homes to live or work for a time in another country or region
The importance of structural functionalism is that it
Showed that non-Western societies have order without formal government
When anthropologist Robert Welsch got sick in Papua New Guinea, most of the villagers attributed his symptoms to
Sorcery
The core of Anthony F. C. Wallace's understanding of religion was belief in
Supernatural things
According to Marshall Sahlins, when production is organized by families it is
The domestic mode of production
Why do films take on new meanings when shown to overseas audiences?
The specific cultural content and images in the film lead audiences to draw different conclusions because their culture is different
Hawaiians and other Polynesian islanders traditionally believed that mana, sacred or supernatural power, existed within certain objects, at sacred spaces, and in persons, including all of the following except
The sun
The rise of fundamentalism is often seen when
There are many changes in society
