Cultural Anthropology Final
breastfeeding was universal in the United States until baby formula was developed when?
1950s
which of the following groups is a prominent American Indian rights group founded in 1968?
American Indian Movement (AIM)
Kiko and Washo were two primates who had learned
American Sign Language
in the Melanesian conception of time, the future is spacially located
Behind the body
A key principle of the holistic perspective developed by ___ is a goal of synthesizing the entire context of human experience
Franz Boas
The ___ prompted intellectuals to start systematically explaining the differences among people
Industrial Revolution
Which of the following groups were considered nonwhite racial groups?
Jews, Italians, and Finns
Cultural anthropologists do research by
building trusting relationships with people over a long period of time
throughout human history, humans have tended to adapt to the land in a way that is supportive of population size, a practice referred to as
carrying capacity
a clan that reckons descent through both their mother and father called a
cognatic clan
Techniques that classify features of a phenomenon and count, measure, and construct statistical models are
collecting and analyzing quantitative data
Marx theorized that when objects begin to take on mystical powers and engender obsessive desire and worship it is called
commodify fetishism
people's fascination with have the newest Nike of iPhone is an example of which of the following anthropological concepts?
commodity fetishism
Not all humans are born with some
culture
Franz Boas and his students were_______, emphasizing hat cultural characteristics result from a spread of cultural attributes from one society to another
diffusionists
Negative or unfair treatment of a person because of his or her group membership or identity is called
discrimination
the human ability to speak about the past, about items not present and about imaginary words is called
displacement
For the Ningerum patient to get help with his or her care and treatment, the main thing to do is
display visible signs of his or her illness
according to anthropologists, what social institution is the structured patterns and relationships through which people exchange good and services?
economic systems
The process of learning culture from a very young age is called
enculturation
What social distinction classifies people according to genealogical descent?
ethnicity
When social norms dictate that someone from a particular clan must marry outside of that clan, anthropologists say that the clan is
exogamous
If you live in a household with your mom and dad, your grandfather, as well as your aunt and two cousins, you live in what kind of family?
extended family
Environmental anthropologists accept the idea that all indigenous people are environmentalists
false
because of the widespread use of mass media today, sociolinguists have found increasing homogeneity in the use of language in the United States
false
doctors throughout the world enjoy a high degree of prestige
false
it has been proven that overpopulation will inevitably lead to global famine
false
which mode of subsistence includes the search for edible things?
foraging
One of anthropology's insights about the foraging mode of subsistence is that
foraging people have a cultural view of their environments as giving
Three broad theories of social structure dominate the social sciences, they are
functionalism, conflict, and interactional
health and illness
have much variation throughout different cultures and societies
The "one drop rule" enlarged the slave population by
including the mixed-race children of slaveholders in the enslaved population
why do foragers turn to agriculture?
increased population density causes too much competition for resources
The people anthropologists gather data from are called
informants
long-term damage to soil quality is typical of
intensification
when people describe violence as meaningless they
interpret violence as something without reason
which term refers to the knowledge about other people that emerges from relationships
intersubjective
The subfield of anthropology that studies language use is called
linguistic anthropology
the study of meaningful units formed by a combination of phonemes is called
morphology
which of the following refers to the family into which one is born and raised
natal family
what is the family formed by the married couple and their children called?
nuclear family
the human diet is
omnivorous
a migrant is
people who leave their homes to live or work for a time in about country or region
when a woman marries more than one man she is practicing
polyandry
Stylized performances involving symbols that are associated with social, political, and religious activities are called
rituals
violence is
socially constructed
A ___ would be best suited to parachute ethnography
study of community response to a disaster
A key difference between anthropologists of development and development anthropologists is
the first are analysts of development; the second seek ways to influence it from within
a rise in fundamentalism is often seen when
there are many changes in society
nuclear family units occur in and are important to nearly every society around the world
true
men who practice polygyny may marry
two or more eligible females
A word that best describes participant observation is
unstructured
Approximately how many children were born during the "baby boom"?
77 million
___________ are important for an anthropologist to write down because they reflect his or her private observations, which can also be useful data
Headnotes
which English philosophers were concerned with the problem of disorder and argued that chaos is avoidable by creating strong government
Hobbes and Locke
the Neo-evolutionary typology of political systems would classify the role of president of the city council in your hometown as
a bureaucrat in a centralized state
the concept that people have images, knowledge, and concepts of the physical landscape that affect how they will actually interact with it is called
a cultural landscape
what is an "explanatory model" of a disease like cancer
a general explanation held by individual patients and their families for the patient's symptoms, the cause of these symptoms, and how to best treat the cancer
World Systems theory would be most suited to which of the following research projects
a historical study of indigenous resistance to colonialism
which project would be best suited to parachute ethnography
a study of community response to a disaster
according to anthropologist Sherry Ortner's analysis, the American flag is an example of
a summarizing symbol
a good illustration of the Marxist concept of surplus value is
a worker makes one $30 swear every hour in a factory by gets paid $15
The most comprehensive definition of food security is
access to sufficient nutrias food to be healthy and active
the most important goal of the Congolese sapper is to
accumulate prestige
the !Kung people of Southern Africa are an example of what kind of society?
acephalous
Research committed to making social change and improving the lives of marginalized people is
action anthropology
Research committed to making social change and improving the lives of marginalized people is called
action anthropology
the legal process by which an individual or council with socially recognized authority intervenes in a dispute and unilaterally makes a decision is
adjudication
a powerful method that uses objects to manipulate people is
advertising
development anthropologists often think of themselves as
advocates of poor and marginalized people
The "one drop rule" enlarged the slave population by
after the civil war
a good example of the process of medicalization is found in the changing understanding of which of the following conditions as a "disease"
alcoholism
When workers make only part of an object rather than the whole product, they have less of a relationship with the fruits of their labor. Karl Marx suggested that this changed relationship with the objects they were producing created a feeling of
alienation
Early Brittish settles in the 1600's mistakenly perceived the new landscapes in North America as an unpeopled wilderness when, in fact, it was
an anthropogenic landscape
what is "fortress conservation"
an approach to conservation that assumes that people are threatening to nature
An anthropologist interested in a cultural insider's perspective is seeking
an emic perspective
an anthropologist interested in a cultural insider's perspective is seeking
an epic perspective
______ refers o the belief that inanimate objects such as trees, rocks, cliffs, hills, and rivers are animated by spiritual forces or beings
animism
Soldiers returning from war often have which of the following symptoms
anxiety disorder
when you are consuming an object, the process of taking possession of it is called
appropriation
The subfield of anthropology that studies the material remains of past cultures is called
archaeology
advertisers have trained American consumers to focus on the newest and most exciting products through their
attempts to constantly frame their products as new and improved
In ______ societies, witchcraft accusations can work as an informed method of social control
band; tribal (both C&D)
in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, American doctors often had second jobs as
barbers
anthropologist George Gmelch studied which sport where he found that players used a lot of magic?
baseball
in many societies, people resolve disputes by restoring harmony, although people are not always satisfied with this resolution. Why?
because of a preference for justice, fairness, and the rule of law
Fieldwork involves
becoming involved in people's lives
a believer in cultural imperialism would explain that people who watch American television in remote places like a Warlpiri camp in the Australian outback are
being subjected to alien cultural influences
The subfield of anthropology that studies human evolution, including human genetics and human nutrition, is called
biological anthropology
medical anthropologist Nacy Schemer-Hughes uncovered a large criminal network engaged in the black market sale of
body parts
payments of cash, cattle, pigs, or shell ornaments form a man's clan or group, to the clan of a prospective bride is called______
bride price
cultural anthropologists do research by
building trusting relationships with people over a long period of time
how do religious rituals function politically
by legitimating community authority
in biological terms, humans are distinct from other primates with respect to their ability to use language because they
can speak using a larynx
A key difference between caste and social class is
caste divides people in terms of moral purity, class in socioeconomic terms
When Americans recognize that people are born into a particular social position due to the economic situations of their families, they are recognizing the existence of
class
according to medical anthropologists Csordas and Kleinman, the several therapeutic processes that bring healing include which of the following?
clinical processes, symbolic processes and social support
When a doctor observes a patient's symptoms and prescribes a treatment that he or she thinks will act directly on the patient's body to cure the problem, the doctor is adopting which kind of treatment process?
clinical therapeutic process
words that come from the same ancestral language and originated from the same word are called
cognate words
Owning culture means
controlling symbols that give meaning
Financial globalization has allowed for
corporation to move factories from one country to another
anthropologists have studied hundreds of different kinship systems around the world over the past century, but they can all be grouped into six different patterns based on terms for which group of relatives?
cousins
A ___ on eating insect larvae would reveal the cultural constructions of insects as food
cross-cultural perspective
The subfield of anthropology that studies human diversity, beliefs, and practices is called
cultural anthropology
the processes of promoting one culture over others, though formal policy or less formal means, is referred to as
cultural imperialism
hybridization is about
cultural mixing
The moral and intellectual principle that one should withhold judgment about seemingly strange or exotic beliefs and practices is called
cultural relativism
The importance of a phenomenon like "revenge suicide" in Papua New Guinea is that it
demonstrates that the nonpowerful have ways of exercising political power
push-pull factors
describe the factors that "push" people to migrate from their homes and that "pull" them to host countries
the view that nature and environmental conditions shape the characteristics and lifeways of a group of people is known as environmental _______
determinism
a large sum of money or in-kind gifts given to a daughter to alleviate the burden to the groom of supporting another person is referred to as ______
dowry
anthropologists Sidney Mintz observes that most people around the world usually
eat a common patterned die of core-legume-fringe foods
a social movement that addresses the linages between racial discriminaiton and injustice, social equality, and environmental quality is
environmental justice
Assuming your culture's way of doing things is the best is called
ethnocentrism
interest within environmental anthropology conceded with how non-Western societies classify natural penomena is called_____
ethnoscience
the study of how people classify things in the world is called
ethnoscience
If you wanted to understand the norms of a society, you would be most likely to focus on
everyday interactions
The structured beliefs and behaviors surrounding the production, distribution, and consumption of food is referred to by anthropologists as
foodways
what are people who belong to conservative religious movements that advocate a return to traditional principles called
fundamentalists
what do anthropologists call the structural process of forgetting whole groups of relatives
genealogical amnesia
when a parent pays for a child's piano lessons, he or she is engaged in
generalized reciprocity
a cultural relativist would be most likely to emphasize that pastoralists
have developed effective social institution and knowledge that ensure long-term sustainability of the landscape
on the north coast of Papua New Guinea, a religious cult leader name Barjani was remembered through which object?
his hat
for anthropologists the most important aspect of any objects is
how it emerges from and exits within a set of human social relationships
what is the "subjectivity of illness"
how people understand and experience their condition on a personal level
Contemporary cultural anthropologists do not rank societies along an evolutionary scale from primitive to advanced to categorize human diversity
human diversity
according to Itzaj and many Native American beliefs
humans and nature exist in the same realm
the earliest engagement anthropologists had with material culture happed where?
in museums where objects from around the world were originally seen as evidence of how primitive of civilized different societies were
the people anthropologists gather data from are called
informants
the Serpent Mound in Ohio, and Woodhenge in Missouri are examples of
information about solar and lunar patterns embedded in art and religion
Because our values and beliefs include many elements of life such as clothes, food, and language means that culture is
integrated
a process that increases yields and includes propping soil, technology, a large labor force, water management, and plant and soil modification is
intensification
cultural differences are often caused and amplified by
interconnections between societies
why was meat eating important for human biological development
it provides high-quality protein for human brain development
why is Karl Polanyi's distinction between formal and substantive economics important?
it recognizes that economies involve both how people think and the actual transactions they engage in
the key reason anthropologists study people's pursuit of cool things is that
it's an important avenue through which people express and change their social relationships
Examples of social institutions are
kinship, marriage, and farming
the US government's prohibition of Native American children speaking their indigenous languages in Indian schools had contributed most profoundly to
language death
Mary Douglas compared food's structure in society with_____ and a formal dinner with a _____
language; sentence
Ferdinand de Saussure asserted that in contrast to the usual ways in which people speak, there are the formal rules of language, which he called
langue
During anthropological fieldwork, cultural anthropologists
learn the local language, record people's economic transactions, and study how environmental changes affect agriculture (all of these)
Culture is
learned and shared
If a functionalist were to explain why the teacher lectures from the front of the classroom to students organized in neatly arranged chairs, she or he would emphasize that
learning happens best when students are being talked at
the exercise of political power requires
legitimacy
Which methods an extended conversion that can shed light on how social institutions change over time?
life histories
___ is an extended conversation that can shed light on how social institutions change over time
life history
The exchange of brass rods for the purchase of cattle or the payment of bride price is an example of the use of?
limit-purpose money
Until the 1920s anthropologists interpreted totemism as evidence of a group's
limited intellectual capacity
the recent rise of autonomy movements among Hawaiian separatists and Zapatistas in Mexico are examples of
localization
"going anti" refers to a process whereby the anthropologist
loses the ability to be an engaged observer
a voodoo doll is a good illustration of
magic that follows he law of similarity
_____ can be understood as raw supernatural power that is not caused by a person or spirit
mana
eating practices are
marked by identities such as gender, age, and ethnic group
what pivotal evolutionary shift happened around 1.8 to 2 million years ago that is closely related to human foodways
mean consumption increased
What subfield of anthropology tries to understand how social, cultural, biological, and linguistic factors shape the health of human beings in different cultures?
medical anthropology
Nearly all societies draw on more than one medical tradition simultaneously, a process which is called
medical pluralism
"Mother Nature: and "natural resources" are good examples of
metaphors of human-nature interaction
_______ are people who leave their homes to work for a time in other regions or countries
migrants
anthropologist Sherry partner distinguished three kinds of culturally powerful symbols that include all the following except
narrative symbols
The process by which inheritable traits are passed along to offspring because they are better suited to the environment is referred to as
natural selection
Which economic theory studies how people make decisions to allocate resources like time, labor, and money to maximize their personal satisfaction?
neoclassical economics
traditional ecological knowledge is
not well known in the West because some species and ecological interactions exist in only one place
Gift exchange for Marcel Mauss is based in
obligation
All biological approaches to race are problematic because
one trait is assumed to be correlated with other characteristics like intelligence and personal character
if a development anthropologist were to get involved in a project in your city that is revitalizing a poor neighborhood, she or he would probably emphasize
other arching importance of listening to the priorities of the neighbors
when language speakers use slang or metaphor, they are engaging in which concept suggested by French linguist Ferdinand de Saussure?
parole
This type of interaction may include playing basketball, cooking, dining, or having coffee with informants
participant observation
___ may include playing basketball, cooking, dining, or having coffee with informants
participant observation
Norms are stable because people learn them when they are young
people learn them when they are young
the ability to digest milk into adulthood is called lactase
persistence
From an anthropological perspective, the main reason Wall Street banks are not the bastions of individualism and cold rationalism many think they are is that
personal relationships and local knowledge are critical to successful transactions
for a man in a non state society, which is the most powerful and valuable tool
persuasion
_______ refers to an individual bits of sound that change meaning
phoneme
linguists refer to mixed languages with a simplified grammar that people rarely learn as a mother tongue as
pidgin language
control over symbolic, material, and Human Resources are important dimensions of
political power
typically archaeologists find it easiest to study changing styles and fashions through which of the following classes of objects?
pottery
for anthropologists, political power refers to how
power is used to attain goals for the good of the community
A pre-formed, usually unfavorable, opinion about people who are different is
prejudice
Economies in which people seek high social rank, prestige, and power instead of money and material wealth are known as
prestige economies
Western colonial powers understood the different customs and cultures of the people they colonized as proof of their
primitive nature
animal call systems lack the ability to produce an infinite number of word combination. This ability in human language is called
productivity
ethical issues facing ethnographers include all of the following except
protecting informant's blood samples and other biological information
Ethical issues facing ethnographers include all of the following except
protecting informants' blood samples and other biological information
the purpose of field notes is to
provide written records of information that an anthropologist collects
Research that involves interviews, observations, images, objects, and words is a
qualitative study
Brent Berlin and Paul Kay found that if a language had only three color terms, they would always be black, white and
red
the collection of good in a community and the subsequent redivision of those goods among members of a society is called
redistribution
which of the following social structures was identified as a way that African societies maintained order
religious practices and beliefs
in Malaysia, capitalist entrepreneurship is
respectful of Islamic and Malay obligations and values
what is a life cycle ritual that marks a person's or group of persons' transition from one social state to another?
rite of passage
Anthropologists need to collect information from societies before they die out because it is the most significant aspect of the
salvage paradigm
Fijian objects were seen by most collectors as evidence of a
savage and bloodthirsty society
Which of the following groups of people were instrumental in the development of categorizing humans into distinct races
scientists
political acts include all the following except
serving as a treasurer during a game of Monopoly
An interpretive approach to culture, such as that promoted by Geertz, Turner, and Douglas, emphasizes that culture is a
shared system of meanings
A good example of disguised discrimination is when
shopkeepers or security guards follow black customers through stores
the importance of structural functionalism is that it
showed that non-Western societies have order without formal government
anthropologist Daniel Miller suggested that shopping for and consuming objects are fundamentally as much ____________ acts as they are economic acts
social
Even though anthropologists use parts of the scientific method, some don't see what they do as science because the complexity of ___ prevents any completely objective analysis of human culture
social behavior
In Latin America, "blackness" and "whiteness" are based on
social behaviors
The idea that cultures pass through stages from primitive to complicated is known as
social evolution
The "natural" order represented in social hierarchies of any society is supported by
social institutions
when anthropologist Robert Welsch got sick in Papua New Guinea, most of the villagers attributed his symptoms to
sorcery
in some Pentecostal and charismatic Christian religions, adherents experience an ecstatic religious happening (often associated with shamanism), which is known as
speaking in tongues
the earliest anthropologist to compare religious and spiritual beliefs around the world was E.B. Tylor. For him, the heart of religious beliefs was the belief in
spirits
The core of Anthony F. C. Wallace's understanding of religion was belief in
supernatural things
which of the following do Americans traditionally inherit patrilineally?
surnames
If you wanted to have consistent responses, what kind of interview would you use?
survey interview
If you wanted to have consistent responses, you would use a
survey interview
the differences between a survey and a structured interview is
survey questions are closed-ended; structured interview are not
slash-and-burn agriculture, also called______ agriculture, is most effective farming technique in tropical areas when population densities are low
swidden
A ___ is something that conventionally stands for something else
symbol
the practice of referring to people by the names of their children (such as father of Peter or mother of Susan) is called
tekonyms
the idea that things have social lives refers to the following?
that fact that objects are deeply intertwined with people's lives
repatriation is
the act of returning human remains or cultural artifacts to the communities of descendants of the people to whom they originally belonged
which of the following is the most ethnocentric reactions to African art?
the craftsmanship is poor because Africans have no artistic skill
According to Marshall Sahlins, when production is organized by families it is
the domestic mode of production
the themes of reciprocity and gift exchange are critical to anthropologists because
the exchange of gifts is the economy in many societies
which of the following reasons explains why a collabrative approach to conservation can be so challenging?
the fact that indigenous people often refuse to continue living on their land undermines conservation goals
an explanation given for medicalizing the nonmusical is
the growth in profits for insurance and pharmaceutical companies
Which part of the Zapotec agricultural system does not correspond well to Western ecological understandings?
the idea that maize has a soul
which approach to religious beliefs and behaviors do the textbook authors feel is more effective at explaining why people engage in religious behaviors, especially behaviors that do not directly benefit the individual, such as the actions of Jonathan Daniels, Tom Coleman, or suicide bombers in the Middle East?
the idea that religion is a system of social action
A substantivist perspective on the economic life of a college fraternity would likely focus on
the informal exchange of favors and goods among members
Geertz's approach to religion is a style of analysis that looks at the underlying symbolic and cultural interconnections within a society; this is often referred to as
the interpretive approach
Matrilineal descent is traced through which relative?
the mother
The primary ethical responsibility of anthropologists is to
the people or species they study
Anthropologists overcome ethnocentrism by seeing matters from
the point of view of another culture
which of these is known as the "Westermarck effect"?
the psychological revulsion against having sex with close relatives
Why do films take on new meanings when shown to overseas audiences?
the specific cultural content and images in the film lead audiences to draw different conclusions because their culture is different
Hawaiians and other Polynesian islanders traditionally believed that mana, sacred or supernatural power, existed within certain objects, at sacred, spaces, and in person, including all the following except
the sun
what is the most important thing that the core-legume-fringe dietary pattern indicates about how people eat?
there is a common general pattern of how people around the world eat
one of the primary reasons indigenous leaders criticize the dominant model for administering protected environmental areas is
they assume nature must be uninhabited by people
a central feature of cultural convergence theories is that
they explain the apparent decline of cultural diversity
James Ferguson, who is an anthropologist of development, argues that development exists
to expand state power
Why would English colonial leaders portray Africans as uncivilized heathens?
to justify African slavery
The most enduring and ritualized aspects of culture are referred to as
traditions
All knowledge systems about nature, including science, are culturally based
true
Anthropologists agree that, in addition to prejudice and discrimination, unearned privilege upholds social inequality.
true
Buddhism is neither monotheistic nor polytheistic
true
Genetically speaking, humans are a remarkably homogeneous species: there is far greater variation within human groups than there is between them.
true
Patterns of social inequality and racial discrimination have important biological consequences for certain groups, such as African Americans.
true
Secular rituals that celebrate the state or nation, particular occupations, or other identities may achieve many of the same ends as religious rituals.
true
foragers tend to work less to survive than agriculturalists or pastoralists
true
the stereotype that Tahitian women were sexually promiscuous emerged almost overnight after the arrival of Captain Samuel Wallis in 1767, when Tahitians recognized that the British had steel that the crew would exchange for sexual favors
true
The main difference between economists and economic anthropologists is that economists
try to understand and predict economic patterns
using life history interviews, researchers are able to
understand how a person's age affect his or her role in the community
Using life history interviews, researchers are able to
understand how a person's age affects his or her role in the community
a word that best describes participants observation is
unstructured
The comparative method
uses data from many different societies
The idea that Ongee ancestors make tidal waves and earthquakes would be understood by an interpretive anthropologist as a
way of explaining how the world works
Arthur Kleinman, a medical anthropologist who conducted research in Taiwan, argued that the key to understanding differences in perspective between doctors and patients is that healers and patients often have different
ways of explaining what is happening to the sick persons
Globalization is the
widening scale of cross-cultural interaction caused by the rapid movement of money, people, good, images, and ideas within nations and across national boundaries
the main reason men of the Malaysian Lengkawi fishing community hand over their money to women is that
women decontaminate money by using it to sustain the household
a surrogate mother is a
women who agrees to have an embryo implanted in her womb
