Cultural Anthropology Final

breastfeeding was universal in the United States until baby formula was developed when?

1950s

which of the following groups is a prominent American Indian rights group founded in 1968?

American Indian Movement (AIM)

Kiko and Washo were two primates who had learned

American Sign Language

in the Melanesian conception of time, the future is spacially located

Behind the body

A key principle of the holistic perspective developed by ___ is a goal of synthesizing the entire context of human experience

Franz Boas

The ___ prompted intellectuals to start systematically explaining the differences among people

Industrial Revolution

Which of the following groups were considered nonwhite racial groups?

Jews, Italians, and Finns

Cultural anthropologists do research by

building trusting relationships with people over a long period of time

throughout human history, humans have tended to adapt to the land in a way that is supportive of population size, a practice referred to as

carrying capacity

a clan that reckons descent through both their mother and father called a

cognatic clan

Techniques that classify features of a phenomenon and count, measure, and construct statistical models are

collecting and analyzing quantitative data

Marx theorized that when objects begin to take on mystical powers and engender obsessive desire and worship it is called

commodify fetishism

people's fascination with have the newest Nike of iPhone is an example of which of the following anthropological concepts?

commodity fetishism

Not all humans are born with some

culture

Franz Boas and his students were_______, emphasizing hat cultural characteristics result from a spread of cultural attributes from one society to another

diffusionists

Negative or unfair treatment of a person because of his or her group membership or identity is called

discrimination

the human ability to speak about the past, about items not present and about imaginary words is called

displacement

For the Ningerum patient to get help with his or her care and treatment, the main thing to do is

display visible signs of his or her illness

according to anthropologists, what social institution is the structured patterns and relationships through which people exchange good and services?

economic systems

The process of learning culture from a very young age is called

enculturation

What social distinction classifies people according to genealogical descent?

ethnicity

When social norms dictate that someone from a particular clan must marry outside of that clan, anthropologists say that the clan is

exogamous

If you live in a household with your mom and dad, your grandfather, as well as your aunt and two cousins, you live in what kind of family?

extended family

Environmental anthropologists accept the idea that all indigenous people are environmentalists

false

because of the widespread use of mass media today, sociolinguists have found increasing homogeneity in the use of language in the United States

false

doctors throughout the world enjoy a high degree of prestige

false

it has been proven that overpopulation will inevitably lead to global famine

false

which mode of subsistence includes the search for edible things?

foraging

One of anthropology's insights about the foraging mode of subsistence is that

foraging people have a cultural view of their environments as giving

Three broad theories of social structure dominate the social sciences, they are

functionalism, conflict, and interactional

health and illness

have much variation throughout different cultures and societies

The "one drop rule" enlarged the slave population by

including the mixed-race children of slaveholders in the enslaved population

why do foragers turn to agriculture?

increased population density causes too much competition for resources

The people anthropologists gather data from are called

informants

long-term damage to soil quality is typical of

intensification

when people describe violence as meaningless they

interpret violence as something without reason

which term refers to the knowledge about other people that emerges from relationships

intersubjective

The subfield of anthropology that studies language use is called

linguistic anthropology

the study of meaningful units formed by a combination of phonemes is called

morphology

which of the following refers to the family into which one is born and raised

natal family

what is the family formed by the married couple and their children called?

nuclear family

the human diet is

omnivorous

a migrant is

people who leave their homes to live or work for a time in about country or region

when a woman marries more than one man she is practicing

polyandry

Stylized performances involving symbols that are associated with social, political, and religious activities are called

rituals

violence is

socially constructed

A ___ would be best suited to parachute ethnography

study of community response to a disaster

A key difference between anthropologists of development and development anthropologists is

the first are analysts of development; the second seek ways to influence it from within

a rise in fundamentalism is often seen when

there are many changes in society

nuclear family units occur in and are important to nearly every society around the world

true

men who practice polygyny may marry

two or more eligible females

A word that best describes participant observation is

unstructured

Approximately how many children were born during the "baby boom"?

77 million

___________ are important for an anthropologist to write down because they reflect his or her private observations, which can also be useful data

Headnotes

which English philosophers were concerned with the problem of disorder and argued that chaos is avoidable by creating strong government

Hobbes and Locke

the Neo-evolutionary typology of political systems would classify the role of president of the city council in your hometown as

a bureaucrat in a centralized state

the concept that people have images, knowledge, and concepts of the physical landscape that affect how they will actually interact with it is called

a cultural landscape

what is an "explanatory model" of a disease like cancer

a general explanation held by individual patients and their families for the patient's symptoms, the cause of these symptoms, and how to best treat the cancer

World Systems theory would be most suited to which of the following research projects

a historical study of indigenous resistance to colonialism

which project would be best suited to parachute ethnography

a study of community response to a disaster

according to anthropologist Sherry Ortner's analysis, the American flag is an example of

a summarizing symbol

a good illustration of the Marxist concept of surplus value is

a worker makes one $30 swear every hour in a factory by gets paid $15

The most comprehensive definition of food security is

access to sufficient nutrias food to be healthy and active

the most important goal of the Congolese sapper is to

accumulate prestige

the !Kung people of Southern Africa are an example of what kind of society?

acephalous

Research committed to making social change and improving the lives of marginalized people is

action anthropology

Research committed to making social change and improving the lives of marginalized people is called

action anthropology

the legal process by which an individual or council with socially recognized authority intervenes in a dispute and unilaterally makes a decision is

adjudication

a powerful method that uses objects to manipulate people is

advertising

development anthropologists often think of themselves as

advocates of poor and marginalized people

The "one drop rule" enlarged the slave population by

after the civil war

a good example of the process of medicalization is found in the changing understanding of which of the following conditions as a "disease"

alcoholism

When workers make only part of an object rather than the whole product, they have less of a relationship with the fruits of their labor. Karl Marx suggested that this changed relationship with the objects they were producing created a feeling of

alienation

Early Brittish settles in the 1600's mistakenly perceived the new landscapes in North America as an unpeopled wilderness when, in fact, it was

an anthropogenic landscape

what is "fortress conservation"

an approach to conservation that assumes that people are threatening to nature

An anthropologist interested in a cultural insider's perspective is seeking

an emic perspective

an anthropologist interested in a cultural insider's perspective is seeking

an epic perspective

______ refers o the belief that inanimate objects such as trees, rocks, cliffs, hills, and rivers are animated by spiritual forces or beings

animism

Soldiers returning from war often have which of the following symptoms

anxiety disorder

when you are consuming an object, the process of taking possession of it is called

appropriation

The subfield of anthropology that studies the material remains of past cultures is called

archaeology

advertisers have trained American consumers to focus on the newest and most exciting products through their

attempts to constantly frame their products as new and improved

In ______ societies, witchcraft accusations can work as an informed method of social control

band; tribal (both C&D)

in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, American doctors often had second jobs as

barbers

anthropologist George Gmelch studied which sport where he found that players used a lot of magic?

baseball

in many societies, people resolve disputes by restoring harmony, although people are not always satisfied with this resolution. Why?

because of a preference for justice, fairness, and the rule of law

Fieldwork involves

becoming involved in people's lives

a believer in cultural imperialism would explain that people who watch American television in remote places like a Warlpiri camp in the Australian outback are

being subjected to alien cultural influences

The subfield of anthropology that studies human evolution, including human genetics and human nutrition, is called

biological anthropology

medical anthropologist Nacy Schemer-Hughes uncovered a large criminal network engaged in the black market sale of

body parts

payments of cash, cattle, pigs, or shell ornaments form a man's clan or group, to the clan of a prospective bride is called______

bride price

cultural anthropologists do research by

building trusting relationships with people over a long period of time

how do religious rituals function politically

by legitimating community authority

in biological terms, humans are distinct from other primates with respect to their ability to use language because they

can speak using a larynx

A key difference between caste and social class is

caste divides people in terms of moral purity, class in socioeconomic terms

When Americans recognize that people are born into a particular social position due to the economic situations of their families, they are recognizing the existence of

class

according to medical anthropologists Csordas and Kleinman, the several therapeutic processes that bring healing include which of the following?

clinical processes, symbolic processes and social support

When a doctor observes a patient's symptoms and prescribes a treatment that he or she thinks will act directly on the patient's body to cure the problem, the doctor is adopting which kind of treatment process?

clinical therapeutic process

words that come from the same ancestral language and originated from the same word are called

cognate words

Owning culture means

controlling symbols that give meaning

Financial globalization has allowed for

corporation to move factories from one country to another

anthropologists have studied hundreds of different kinship systems around the world over the past century, but they can all be grouped into six different patterns based on terms for which group of relatives?

cousins

A ___ on eating insect larvae would reveal the cultural constructions of insects as food

cross-cultural perspective

The subfield of anthropology that studies human diversity, beliefs, and practices is called

cultural anthropology

the processes of promoting one culture over others, though formal policy or less formal means, is referred to as

cultural imperialism

hybridization is about

cultural mixing

The moral and intellectual principle that one should withhold judgment about seemingly strange or exotic beliefs and practices is called

cultural relativism

The importance of a phenomenon like "revenge suicide" in Papua New Guinea is that it

demonstrates that the nonpowerful have ways of exercising political power

push-pull factors

describe the factors that "push" people to migrate from their homes and that "pull" them to host countries

the view that nature and environmental conditions shape the characteristics and lifeways of a group of people is known as environmental _______

determinism

a large sum of money or in-kind gifts given to a daughter to alleviate the burden to the groom of supporting another person is referred to as ______

dowry

anthropologists Sidney Mintz observes that most people around the world usually

eat a common patterned die of core-legume-fringe foods

a social movement that addresses the linages between racial discriminaiton and injustice, social equality, and environmental quality is

environmental justice

Assuming your culture's way of doing things is the best is called

ethnocentrism

interest within environmental anthropology conceded with how non-Western societies classify natural penomena is called_____

ethnoscience

the study of how people classify things in the world is called

ethnoscience

If you wanted to understand the norms of a society, you would be most likely to focus on

everyday interactions

The structured beliefs and behaviors surrounding the production, distribution, and consumption of food is referred to by anthropologists as

foodways

what are people who belong to conservative religious movements that advocate a return to traditional principles called

fundamentalists

what do anthropologists call the structural process of forgetting whole groups of relatives

genealogical amnesia

when a parent pays for a child's piano lessons, he or she is engaged in

generalized reciprocity

a cultural relativist would be most likely to emphasize that pastoralists

have developed effective social institution and knowledge that ensure long-term sustainability of the landscape

on the north coast of Papua New Guinea, a religious cult leader name Barjani was remembered through which object?

his hat

for anthropologists the most important aspect of any objects is

how it emerges from and exits within a set of human social relationships

what is the "subjectivity of illness"

how people understand and experience their condition on a personal level

Contemporary cultural anthropologists do not rank societies along an evolutionary scale from primitive to advanced to categorize human diversity

human diversity

according to Itzaj and many Native American beliefs

humans and nature exist in the same realm

the earliest engagement anthropologists had with material culture happed where?

in museums where objects from around the world were originally seen as evidence of how primitive of civilized different societies were

the people anthropologists gather data from are called

informants

the Serpent Mound in Ohio, and Woodhenge in Missouri are examples of

information about solar and lunar patterns embedded in art and religion

Because our values and beliefs include many elements of life such as clothes, food, and language means that culture is

integrated

a process that increases yields and includes propping soil, technology, a large labor force, water management, and plant and soil modification is

intensification

cultural differences are often caused and amplified by

interconnections between societies

why was meat eating important for human biological development

it provides high-quality protein for human brain development

why is Karl Polanyi's distinction between formal and substantive economics important?

it recognizes that economies involve both how people think and the actual transactions they engage in

the key reason anthropologists study people's pursuit of cool things is that

it's an important avenue through which people express and change their social relationships

Examples of social institutions are

kinship, marriage, and farming

the US government's prohibition of Native American children speaking their indigenous languages in Indian schools had contributed most profoundly to

language death

Mary Douglas compared food's structure in society with_____ and a formal dinner with a _____

language; sentence

Ferdinand de Saussure asserted that in contrast to the usual ways in which people speak, there are the formal rules of language, which he called

langue

During anthropological fieldwork, cultural anthropologists

learn the local language, record people's economic transactions, and study how environmental changes affect agriculture (all of these)

Culture is

learned and shared

If a functionalist were to explain why the teacher lectures from the front of the classroom to students organized in neatly arranged chairs, she or he would emphasize that

learning happens best when students are being talked at

the exercise of political power requires

legitimacy

Which methods an extended conversion that can shed light on how social institutions change over time?

life histories

___ is an extended conversation that can shed light on how social institutions change over time

life history

The exchange of brass rods for the purchase of cattle or the payment of bride price is an example of the use of?

limit-purpose money

Until the 1920s anthropologists interpreted totemism as evidence of a group's

limited intellectual capacity

the recent rise of autonomy movements among Hawaiian separatists and Zapatistas in Mexico are examples of

localization

"going anti" refers to a process whereby the anthropologist

loses the ability to be an engaged observer

a voodoo doll is a good illustration of

magic that follows he law of similarity

_____ can be understood as raw supernatural power that is not caused by a person or spirit

mana

eating practices are

marked by identities such as gender, age, and ethnic group

what pivotal evolutionary shift happened around 1.8 to 2 million years ago that is closely related to human foodways

mean consumption increased

What subfield of anthropology tries to understand how social, cultural, biological, and linguistic factors shape the health of human beings in different cultures?

medical anthropology

Nearly all societies draw on more than one medical tradition simultaneously, a process which is called

medical pluralism

"Mother Nature: and "natural resources" are good examples of

metaphors of human-nature interaction

_______ are people who leave their homes to work for a time in other regions or countries

migrants

anthropologist Sherry partner distinguished three kinds of culturally powerful symbols that include all the following except

narrative symbols

The process by which inheritable traits are passed along to offspring because they are better suited to the environment is referred to as

natural selection

Which economic theory studies how people make decisions to allocate resources like time, labor, and money to maximize their personal satisfaction?

neoclassical economics

traditional ecological knowledge is

not well known in the West because some species and ecological interactions exist in only one place

Gift exchange for Marcel Mauss is based in

obligation

All biological approaches to race are problematic because

one trait is assumed to be correlated with other characteristics like intelligence and personal character

if a development anthropologist were to get involved in a project in your city that is revitalizing a poor neighborhood, she or he would probably emphasize

other arching importance of listening to the priorities of the neighbors

when language speakers use slang or metaphor, they are engaging in which concept suggested by French linguist Ferdinand de Saussure?

parole

This type of interaction may include playing basketball, cooking, dining, or having coffee with informants

participant observation

___ may include playing basketball, cooking, dining, or having coffee with informants

participant observation

Norms are stable because people learn them when they are young

people learn them when they are young

the ability to digest milk into adulthood is called lactase

persistence

From an anthropological perspective, the main reason Wall Street banks are not the bastions of individualism and cold rationalism many think they are is that

personal relationships and local knowledge are critical to successful transactions

for a man in a non state society, which is the most powerful and valuable tool

persuasion

_______ refers to an individual bits of sound that change meaning

phoneme

linguists refer to mixed languages with a simplified grammar that people rarely learn as a mother tongue as

pidgin language

control over symbolic, material, and Human Resources are important dimensions of

political power

typically archaeologists find it easiest to study changing styles and fashions through which of the following classes of objects?

pottery

for anthropologists, political power refers to how

power is used to attain goals for the good of the community

A pre-formed, usually unfavorable, opinion about people who are different is

prejudice

Economies in which people seek high social rank, prestige, and power instead of money and material wealth are known as

prestige economies

Western colonial powers understood the different customs and cultures of the people they colonized as proof of their

primitive nature

animal call systems lack the ability to produce an infinite number of word combination. This ability in human language is called

productivity

ethical issues facing ethnographers include all of the following except

protecting informant's blood samples and other biological information

Ethical issues facing ethnographers include all of the following except

protecting informants' blood samples and other biological information

the purpose of field notes is to

provide written records of information that an anthropologist collects

Research that involves interviews, observations, images, objects, and words is a

qualitative study

Brent Berlin and Paul Kay found that if a language had only three color terms, they would always be black, white and

red

the collection of good in a community and the subsequent redivision of those goods among members of a society is called

redistribution

which of the following social structures was identified as a way that African societies maintained order

religious practices and beliefs

in Malaysia, capitalist entrepreneurship is

respectful of Islamic and Malay obligations and values

what is a life cycle ritual that marks a person's or group of persons' transition from one social state to another?

rite of passage

Anthropologists need to collect information from societies before they die out because it is the most significant aspect of the

salvage paradigm

Fijian objects were seen by most collectors as evidence of a

savage and bloodthirsty society

Which of the following groups of people were instrumental in the development of categorizing humans into distinct races

scientists

political acts include all the following except

serving as a treasurer during a game of Monopoly

An interpretive approach to culture, such as that promoted by Geertz, Turner, and Douglas, emphasizes that culture is a

shared system of meanings

A good example of disguised discrimination is when

shopkeepers or security guards follow black customers through stores

the importance of structural functionalism is that it

showed that non-Western societies have order without formal government

anthropologist Daniel Miller suggested that shopping for and consuming objects are fundamentally as much ____________ acts as they are economic acts

social

Even though anthropologists use parts of the scientific method, some don't see what they do as science because the complexity of ___ prevents any completely objective analysis of human culture

social behavior

In Latin America, "blackness" and "whiteness" are based on

social behaviors

The idea that cultures pass through stages from primitive to complicated is known as

social evolution

The "natural" order represented in social hierarchies of any society is supported by

social institutions

when anthropologist Robert Welsch got sick in Papua New Guinea, most of the villagers attributed his symptoms to

sorcery

in some Pentecostal and charismatic Christian religions, adherents experience an ecstatic religious happening (often associated with shamanism), which is known as

speaking in tongues

the earliest anthropologist to compare religious and spiritual beliefs around the world was E.B. Tylor. For him, the heart of religious beliefs was the belief in

spirits

The core of Anthony F. C. Wallace's understanding of religion was belief in

supernatural things

which of the following do Americans traditionally inherit patrilineally?

surnames

If you wanted to have consistent responses, what kind of interview would you use?

survey interview

If you wanted to have consistent responses, you would use a

survey interview

the differences between a survey and a structured interview is

survey questions are closed-ended; structured interview are not

slash-and-burn agriculture, also called______ agriculture, is most effective farming technique in tropical areas when population densities are low

swidden

A ___ is something that conventionally stands for something else

symbol

the practice of referring to people by the names of their children (such as father of Peter or mother of Susan) is called

tekonyms

the idea that things have social lives refers to the following?

that fact that objects are deeply intertwined with people's lives

repatriation is

the act of returning human remains or cultural artifacts to the communities of descendants of the people to whom they originally belonged

which of the following is the most ethnocentric reactions to African art?

the craftsmanship is poor because Africans have no artistic skill

According to Marshall Sahlins, when production is organized by families it is

the domestic mode of production

the themes of reciprocity and gift exchange are critical to anthropologists because

the exchange of gifts is the economy in many societies

which of the following reasons explains why a collabrative approach to conservation can be so challenging?

the fact that indigenous people often refuse to continue living on their land undermines conservation goals

an explanation given for medicalizing the nonmusical is

the growth in profits for insurance and pharmaceutical companies

Which part of the Zapotec agricultural system does not correspond well to Western ecological understandings?

the idea that maize has a soul

which approach to religious beliefs and behaviors do the textbook authors feel is more effective at explaining why people engage in religious behaviors, especially behaviors that do not directly benefit the individual, such as the actions of Jonathan Daniels, Tom Coleman, or suicide bombers in the Middle East?

the idea that religion is a system of social action

A substantivist perspective on the economic life of a college fraternity would likely focus on

the informal exchange of favors and goods among members

Geertz's approach to religion is a style of analysis that looks at the underlying symbolic and cultural interconnections within a society; this is often referred to as

the interpretive approach

Matrilineal descent is traced through which relative?

the mother

The primary ethical responsibility of anthropologists is to

the people or species they study

Anthropologists overcome ethnocentrism by seeing matters from

the point of view of another culture

which of these is known as the "Westermarck effect"?

the psychological revulsion against having sex with close relatives

Why do films take on new meanings when shown to overseas audiences?

the specific cultural content and images in the film lead audiences to draw different conclusions because their culture is different

Hawaiians and other Polynesian islanders traditionally believed that mana, sacred or supernatural power, existed within certain objects, at sacred, spaces, and in person, including all the following except

the sun

what is the most important thing that the core-legume-fringe dietary pattern indicates about how people eat?

there is a common general pattern of how people around the world eat

one of the primary reasons indigenous leaders criticize the dominant model for administering protected environmental areas is

they assume nature must be uninhabited by people

a central feature of cultural convergence theories is that

they explain the apparent decline of cultural diversity

James Ferguson, who is an anthropologist of development, argues that development exists

to expand state power

Why would English colonial leaders portray Africans as uncivilized heathens?

to justify African slavery

The most enduring and ritualized aspects of culture are referred to as

traditions

All knowledge systems about nature, including science, are culturally based

true

Anthropologists agree that, in addition to prejudice and discrimination, unearned privilege upholds social inequality.

true

Buddhism is neither monotheistic nor polytheistic

true

Genetically speaking, humans are a remarkably homogeneous species: there is far greater variation within human groups than there is between them.

true

Patterns of social inequality and racial discrimination have important biological consequences for certain groups, such as African Americans.

true

Secular rituals that celebrate the state or nation, particular occupations, or other identities may achieve many of the same ends as religious rituals.

true

foragers tend to work less to survive than agriculturalists or pastoralists

true

the stereotype that Tahitian women were sexually promiscuous emerged almost overnight after the arrival of Captain Samuel Wallis in 1767, when Tahitians recognized that the British had steel that the crew would exchange for sexual favors

true

The main difference between economists and economic anthropologists is that economists

try to understand and predict economic patterns

using life history interviews, researchers are able to

understand how a person's age affect his or her role in the community

Using life history interviews, researchers are able to

understand how a person's age affects his or her role in the community

a word that best describes participants observation is

unstructured

The comparative method

uses data from many different societies

The idea that Ongee ancestors make tidal waves and earthquakes would be understood by an interpretive anthropologist as a

way of explaining how the world works

Arthur Kleinman, a medical anthropologist who conducted research in Taiwan, argued that the key to understanding differences in perspective between doctors and patients is that healers and patients often have different

ways of explaining what is happening to the sick persons

Globalization is the

widening scale of cross-cultural interaction caused by the rapid movement of money, people, good, images, and ideas within nations and across national boundaries

the main reason men of the Malaysian Lengkawi fishing community hand over their money to women is that

women decontaminate money by using it to sustain the household

a surrogate mother is a

women who agrees to have an embryo implanted in her womb