Cultural Antrhopology Final Exam

A big man's position does NOT depend on a. hard work. b. inherited status. c. generosity. d. personal charisma. e. accumulation of wealth.

b. inherited status.

________ refers to the study of an area or population over time. a. Team research b. Etic research c. Longitudinal research d. Survey research e. Genealogical method

c. Longitudinal research

In a stratified society, people who do not speak the prestige dialect still tend to accept the prestige as standard or superior, a quality referred to as a. diglossia. b. creolized. c. symbolic domination. d. hypercorrected. e. style shifting.

c. symbolic domination

The ________ society has village heads. a. Qashqai b. San c. Kapauku d. Yanomami e. Basseri

d. Yanomami

Linguistic displacement is the a. ability to use the rules of language to produce entirely new expressions. b. lexical difference between a protolanguage and a daughter language. c. ability to respond to environmental stimuli. d. linguistic dimension of culture shock. e. ability to talk about things that are not present.

e. ability to talk about things that are not present.

________ is NOT typical of state societies. a. A primarily foraging-based subsistence strategy b. Class stratification c. The fixing of state boundaries d. Intensive agriculture e. Fiscal support

a. A primarily foraging-based subsistence strategy

If an anthropologist is studying ethnic-religious conflict in contemporary Sri Lanka, he or she is most likely a(n) a. cultural anthropologist. b. linguistic anthropologist. c. paleoanthropologist. d. archaeological anthropologist. e. biological anthropologist.

a. Cultural anthropologist

________ occurs in all human societies a. The gender-based division of labor b. Transhumance c. Highly specialized technology d. The domestication of animals for food e. Terracing

a. The gender-based division of labor

Anthropology's comparative, biocultural perspective a. allows the inclusion of both biological and cultural approaches to comment on or solve a particular issue or problem. b. is the reason it has traditionally studied nonindustrialized societies. c. is insignificant, since evolution is studied by biological anthropologists, while culture is studied by cultural anthropologists. d. is a product of the participant observation approach. e. places it in the humanities.

a. allows the inclusion of both biological and cultural approaches to comment on or solve a particular issue or problem.

Biological anthropologists study all of the following EXCEPT a. ancient languages. b. human biological plasticity. c. primates. d. human evolution. e. human genetics.

a. ancient languages

Foraging economies are usually associated with a ________ sociopolitical organization. a. band b. tribe c. state d. chiefdom e. complex chiefdom

a. band

Recent research on chimpanzee eating habits indicates that a. chimps are habitual hunters. b. male chimps are exclusive herbivores. c. chimpanzees occasionally cook meat at volcanically heated springs. d. while chimps do hunt a little, they get most of their meat by stealing it from predators. e. chimpanzee hunting is the main reason New World monkeys are almost extinct.

a. chimps are habitual hunters.

The tendency of people living in the Peruvian Andes to develop a voluminous chest and lungs for life at very high altitudes is an example of a(n) a. genetic adaptation. b. long-term physiological adaptation. c. short-term physiological adaptation. d. cultural adaptation. e. archaeological adaptation.

a. genetic adaptation.

Individuals do NOT learn culture through a. genetic transmission. b. unconscious acquisition. c. observation. d. direct instruction. e. conscious acquisition.

a. genetic transmission

The fact that ________ gives an interview schedule the advantage over a questionnaire-based survey. a. interview schedules allow informants to talk about whatever they feel is important b. interview schedules rely on very short responses c. questionnaires are completely unstructured d. interview schedules are better suited to complex, urban societies e. questionnaires are emic, while interview schedules are etic

a. interview schedules allow informants to talk about whatever they feel is important

The domestic-public dichotomy a. is significant because public activities often have greater prestige than domestic ones do. b. tends to be more pronounced in foraging societies where gathering is the main subsistence activity. c. is not significant in urban industrial societies. d. is reinforced in American society by women working both inside and outside the home. e. is not present in the industrial states of the Western world.

a. is significant because public activities often have greater prestige than domestic ones do.

The type of pastoral economy in which the entire group moves with the animals throughout the year is a. nomadism. b. migration. c. transhumance. d. potlatching. e. redistribution.

a. nomadism.

Minimal pairs are used to identify a. phonemes. b. phones. c. aspiration. d. allomorphs. e. bound morphemes.

a. phonemes

Minimal pairs are used to identify a. phonemes. b. phones. c. aspiration. d. allomorphs. e. bound morphemes.

a. phonemes.

Salvage ethnography is the a. recording of cultural diversity that is threatened by Westernization. b. recovering of an archaeological site that is about to be destroyed by a public building or road. c. rewriting of an ethnography that was written in the ethnographic present. d. recording of linguistic diversity that is about to become extinct. e. effort to ensure that ethnography remains an important part of anthropology.

a. recording of cultural diversity that is threatened by Westernization.

Ascribed status is a a. status that a person has little or no choice about occupying. b. status that a person chooses. c. status that a person earns, as when a successful law student becomes a lawyer. d. position of dominance in a society. e. status based on standardized test scores.

a. status that a person has little or no choice about occupying.

Which statement is NOT true? a. "Cultural relativism argues that cultural values vary between cultures." b. "Cultural relativism argues that some cultures are relatively better than others." c. "Cultural relativism argues that we shouldn't use our own standards to judge conduct in other cultures." d. "Cultural relativism argues that no one culture is better than any other." e. "Cultural relativism argues that each culture is a unique, integrated whole."

b. "Cultural relativism argues that some cultures are relatively better than others."

Which statement about nonhuman primate calls is NOT true? a. "Nonhuman primate calls occur in response to environmental stimuli." b. "Nonhuman primate calls are able to demonstrate displacement." c. "Nonhuman primate calls are automatic and cannot be combined." d. "Nonhuman primate calls vary in intensity and duration." e. "Nonhuman primate call systems produce a limited number of sounds."

b. "Nonhuman primate calls are able to demonstrate displacement."

The Romance languages (e.g., French, Spanish) belong to the ________ language family. a. Mixe-Zoque b. Indo-European c. North Caucasian d. Dravidian e. Austro-Asiatic

b. Indo-European

________ refers to all of a language's morphemes and their meanings. a. Syntax b. Lexicon c. Ethnosemantics d. Ethnoscience e. Phonology

b. Lexion

________ is the ethnographic present. a. The dates that the anthropologist was living in the culture b. The period before Westernization c. The period that documents cultural change d. The dates that include cultural contact e. The date the ethnography was publishe

b. The period before Westernization

________ was prominent in Polynesian chiefdoms. a. The market principle b. The redistribution principle c. Generalized reciprocity d. Balanced reciprocity e. Negative reciprocity

b. The redistribution principle

Anthropologists should remain with the group they are studying for a. less than one month, in order to not overstay their welcome. b. a bit more than one year, in order to witness all seasons of activities. c. at least five years, in order to see how culture changes over time. d. six months, in order to interview all members of the culture once. e. three months, in order to see a full harvest cycle.

b. a bit more than one year, in order to witness all seasons of activities.

The relatively high incidence of expanded family households among poorer North Americans is a. the result of a patrilocal residence pattern. b. an adaptation to poverty. c. maladaptive, since smaller families would have fewer expenses. d. the result of bifurcate merging, a practice brought to the United States by Scotch-Irish immigrants during the early part of the 20th century. e. the reason welfare in the United States is ineffective.

b. an adaptation to poverty.

Ethnocentrism is defined as viewing another culture a. by that culture's standards. b. in terms of your own culture and values. c. by government standards. d. by the universal moral code that we all follow. e. through rose-colored glasses.

b. in terms of your own culture and values.

The Life at Home study based on middle-class families who either owned or were buying homes found that American life centered on the a. family room. b. kitchen. c. garden or yard. d. bedroom. e. living room.

b. kitchen.

Incest is a cultural universal, but a. not all cultures have one. b. not all cultures define incest the same way. c. not all cultures know about incest. d. some cultures have replaced it with the levirate. e. some cultures nevertheless encourage incest.

b. not all cultures define incest the same way.

The study of interactions among past living things in a past environment is a. paleoanthropology. b. paleoecology. c. garbology. d. social archaeology. e. adaptive anthropology.

b. paleoecology

Transhumance is a form of Select one: a. horticulture. b. pastoralism. c. foraging. d. agriculture. e. reciprocity.

b. pastoralism.

The term ________ refers to the minimal sound contrasts that distinguish meaning in a language. a. morphemes b. phonemes c. syntax d. grammar e. diglossia

b. phonemes

Biological differences between males and females, other than contrasts in breasts and genitals, is a. sex. b. sexual dimorphism. c. gender. d. gender dimorphism. e. sexual bifurcation.

b. sexual dimorphism.

Cultural relativism is a. a cultural universal, based upon the human capacity to use symbols. b. the argument that behavior in a particular culture should not be judged by the standards of another culture. c. a cultural particular, based upon the interrelatedness of humans. d. the opposite of participant observation. e. the same thing as ethnocentrism.

b. the argument that behavior in a particular culture should not be judged by the standards of another culture.

Ethnology is a. the study of human speech sounds. b. the comparative, generalizing aspect of cultural anthropology. c. the most important subfield of anthropology. d. the study of ancient ethnic groups. e. a synonym for ethnography.

b. the comparative, generalizing aspect of cultural anthropology.

Which of these statements about polyandry is true? a. "Polyandry is found only among mining communities in Madagascar." b. "Polyandry is a cultural adaptation to the high labor demands of rice cultivation." c. "Polyandry is a cultural adaptation to mobility associated with male travel for trade, commerce, and warfare." d. "Polyandry almost always takes the form of a sororate." e. "Polyandry is not considered a possible marriage form."

c. "Polyandry is a cultural adaptation to mobility associated with male travel for trade, commerce, and warfare."

Which of these statements is true of how horticulture and agriculture differ? a. Horticulture involves the use of domesticated animals, while agriculture does not. b. Because agriculturalists do not irrigate their fields, they are more dependent on seasonal rains. c. Agriculture frequently involves the use of terraces, while horticulture does not. d. Horticulture is labor intensive, while agriculture is land intensive. e. Horticulture's long-term yield is far greater and more dependable than that of agriculture.

c. Agriculture frequently involves the use of terraces, while horticulture does not.

________ is a characteristic of most foraging societies. a. Social stratification b. Sedentism c. Egalitarianism d. Irrigation e. Large population

c. Egalitarianism

________ is NOT associated with the market principle. a. Profit motive b. The law of supply and demand c. Fixed values for products d. Bargaining e. Industrialism

c. Fixed values for products

_______ is the term for an expert on a particular aspect of local life. a. Representative sample b. Etic informant c. Key cultural consultant d. Biased informant e. Life historian

c. Key cultural consultant

Which of the following is a negative consequence of online networking? a. Many relationships begin "virtually." b. There are increased opportunities to meet new people. c. People may share personal details with someone other than their partner. d. Internet dating is an "experience technology." e. Socially isolated people have an increased ability to network.

c. People may share personal details with someone other than their partner.

Cultural resource management is an example of applied a. ethnology. b. biological anthropology. c. archaeology. d. linguistic anthropology. e. ethnography.

c. archaeology.

Cultural rights are different from human rights in that a. human rights are real, while cultural rights are just perceived. b. cultural rights are morally based, while human rights are methodologically based. c. cultural rights are vested in groups, not in individuals. d. cultural rights are more clear-cut than human rights. e. the term cultural rights is a politically correct synonym for human rights.

c. cultural rights are vested in groups, not in individuals.

The term ________ refers to languages that have descended from the same ancestral language. a. descendant languages b. sibling languages c. daughter languages d. brother languages e. protolanguages

c. daughter languages

In matrilineal societies a. daughters become lifetime members of their mother's group, but sons belong to their father's group. b. sons become lifetime members of their mother's group, but daughters belong to their father's group. c. descent groups include only the children of the group's women. d. descent groups include only the children of the group's men. e. postmarital residence tends to be patrilocal.

c. descent groups include only the children of the group's women.

Incest restriction a. only exists in societies that practice patrilocal residence. b. is a feature of a capitalist economy. c. does not eliminate incest. d. has a genetic basis. e. is not documented in classic ethnographies.

c. does not eliminate incest.

Anorexia Nervosa is a Western diagnosis that a. was originally used for a condition found in children in East Asia. b. refers to a biologically specific syndrome. c. has only recently been used in China. d. refers to a condition discovered in the earliest hominins. e. refers to a condition generally confused with a milder malady called Mal de Ojo.

c. has only recently been used in China.

To conduct research among a group of people, the anthropologist must a. get permission from the American Anthropological Association. b. pay a fee to the individuals who will be interviewed. c. inform the people about the purpose, nature, and procedures of the research and its potential costs and benefits to them. d. get permission from the United States' State Department. e. hold a PhD in anthropology.

c. inform the people about the purpose, nature, and procedures of the research and its potential costs and benefits to them.

The ________ is the most stable social group among band societies with a seasonal pattern of population dispersal. a. lineage b. band c. nuclear family d. clan e. expanded family household

c. nuclear family

A "big man" is a a. person who holds a permanent political office. b. hereditary ruler. c. person of influence and prestige. d. leader who avoids excessive displays of generosity. e. leader who has tremendous power because he is regarded as divine.

c. person of influence and prestige.

Rules of endogamy a. prove that the incest taboo is not a cultural universal. b. encourage people to disregard social distinctions in choosing mates. c. tend to maintain social distinctions between groups. d. expand a population's gene pool. e. result in ever-widening kinship networks.

c. tend to maintain social distinctions between groups.

The best examples of pantribal sodalities existed among societies in a. Melanesia. b. Polynesia. c. the Great Plains of North America. d. southern Europe. e. Papua New Guinea.

c. the Great Plains of North America.

Economies are embedded in society because a. nonindustrial producers do not partake in the results of their labor. b. nonindustrial economies have little to do with the everyday lives of people. c. the relations of production, distribution, and consumption are social relations with economic aspects. d. governments strictly regulate most nonindustrial economies. e. most economic activity takes place far from home.

c. the relations of production, distribution, and consumption are social relations with economic aspects.

Which of these statements about the Etoro is NOT true? a. "Among the Etoro, heterosexual intercourse was believed to sap a man's vitality." b. "Among the Etoro, women who wanted too much heterosexual intercourse were viewed as witches." c. "Among the Etoro, heterosexual intercourse was permitted only about 100 days a year." d. "Among the Etoro, heterosexual intercourse was permitted only in a couple's residence." e. "Among the Etoro, heterosexual intercourse was seen as a necessary sacrifice that would eventually lead to a man's death."

d. "Among the Etoro, heterosexual intercourse was permitted only in a couple's residence."

All humans were foragers until approximately Select one: a. 10 million years ago. b. 1 million years ago. c. 100,000 years ago. d. 12,000 years ago. e. 1,000 years ago.

d. 12,000 years ago.

________ is/are NOT culturally constructed. a. Race b. Gender c. Kinship d. Sex e. Sexual norms

d. Sex

________ defines the processes by which organisms cope with environmental forces and stresses. a. Ethnology b. Ethnography c. Cultural resource management d. Adaptation e. Phenotype

d. adaptation

The pressurized cabin of an airplane flying at high altitude is an example of a(n) a. genetic adaptation. b. long-term physiological adaptation. c. short-term physiological adaptation. d. cultural adaptation. e. archaeological adaptation.

d. cultural adaptation.

Most professional linguists regard AAVE as a(n) a. protolanguage. b. distinct language. c. linguistic anomaly. d. dialect of English. e. inferior version of English.

d. dialect of English.

What people say they do or should do is a. imagined culture. b. ethnocentrism. c. agency. d. ideal culture. e. verbal culture.

d. ideal culture

Which of the following human rights attempts to conserve each society's core beliefs, knowledge, and practices in relation to commercial value? a. cultural b. social c. individual property d. intellectual property e. religious

d. intellectual property

The custom in which a widow marries the brother of her deceased husband defines a. sororate marriage. b. serial polyandry. c. filial marriage. d. levirate marriage. e. polygynous marriage.

d. levirate marriage.

When studying a culture today, anthropologists a. must focus on one site at one point in time. b. will not take photos of their informants due to privacy laws. c. try to find cultures that have never been contacted by another culture. d. must consider power differentials and how they affect cultures. e. only study cultures with no access to television.

d. must consider power differentials and how they affect cultures

The basic social units typically found in foraging societies are a. band and clan. b. lineage and nuclear family. c. extended family and clan. d. nuclear family and band. e. band and extended family.

d. nuclear family and band.

Paying taxes is an example of a. generalized reciprocity. b. balanced reciprocity. c. the market principle. d. redistribution. e. negative reciprocity.

d. redistribution.

Obligatory interaction between groups or organisms that is beneficial to each is a. cultivation. b. swiddening. c. fallowing. d. symbiosis. e. transhumance.

d. symbiosis.

________ refers to a sign that has no necessary or natural connection to the thing it stands for or signifies. a. Morpheme b. Lexicon c. Phoneme d. Symbol e. Collateral

d. symbol

The domestic-public dichotomy is defined as a strong differentiation between a. spheres of exchange. b. the secular and the sacred. c. elite and commoners. d. the home and the outside world. e. local and international trade.

d. the home and the outside world.

Sociologists primarily study a. nonindustrial societies. b. small, nonliterate populations. c. the daily life of another culture. d. the industrial West. e. the industrial East.

d. the industrial West

The term alienation describes ________ in industrial economies. a. the peasants' loss of land b. an increasing subculture of poverty c. negative reciprocity d. the separation of workers from the things they produce e. the great distances that separate the homes and workplaces of most people

d. the separation of workers from the things they produce

Agriculturalists a. clear tracts of land they wish to use by cutting down trees and setting fire to the grass. b. generally work less than horticulturalists. c. must be nomadic to take full advantage of their land. d. use their land intensively and continuously. e. have a more varied diet than that of horticulturalists.

d. use their land intensively and continuously.

In survey research, the term ________ refers to the attributes that differ among members of a population. a. unknowns b. questionnaires c. interviews d. variables e. random samples

d. variables

Which of these statements accurately describes the use of language by apes? a. "Only humans are capable of learning and using language." b. "Apes use American Sign Language in the wild." c. "Apes cannot be taught to use American Sign Language." d. "Only chimpanzees can learn American Sign Language." e. "Apes can learn American Sign Language and have shown the capacity for cultural transmission, productivity, and displacement."

e. "Apes can learn American Sign Language and have shown the capacity for cultural transmission, productivity, and displacement."

Which statement is NOT true? a. "Culture is a distinctive possession of humanity." b. "Culture is acquired by all humans as members of society through enculturation." c. "Culture encompasses shared, symbol-based, learned behavior and beliefs transmitted across generations." d. "Everyone is cultured." e. "Culture is transmitted genetically."

e. "Culture is transmitted genetically."

________ focuses on how people with different motives, intentions, and degrees of power and influence manage to create and transform the society in which they live. a. Cultural relativism b. Experimental anthropology c. Interpretive anthropology d. Neoevolutionism e. Practice theory

e. Practice theory

________ is unique to humans. a. Social life b. Tool use c. Meat eating d. Food sharing e. Preserved kinship systems

e. Preserved kinship systems

________ is a cultural universal. a. Hypodescent b. Hyperdescent c. Bifurcate merging kinship terminologies d. Transhumance e. Some kind of family

e. Some kind of family

________ is a cultural generality. a. Life in groups b. The use of fire c. The incest taboo d. Use of symbols e. The nuclear family

e. The nuclear family

An age set is a. a village council. b. a pantribal sodality that represents a certain level of social achievement. c. all men and women related by patrilineal descent from a human apical ancestor. d. all men and women related by matrilineal descent from a nonhuman apical ancestor. e. a group including all men or women born during a certain span of time.

e. a group including all men or women born during a certain span of time.

Anthropologists consider ________ to be "cultured." a. educated people b. key cultural consultants c. ethnocentric people d. culturally sensitive people e. all people

e. all people

Four-field anthropology does not claim ________ as a distinctive feature. a. its holistic approach b. broad cross-cultural comparisons c. the study of human biology, culture, and language d. both scientific and humanistic dimensions e. an exclusive focus on contemporary cultures

e. an exclusive focus on contemporary cultures

Lobola is a substantial gift to be given before, at, or after a marriage a. by the wife to her husband. b. by the husband to his wife. c. by the wife's kin to her husband. d. by the husband's kin to his wife. e. by the husband and his kin to the wife and her kin.

e. by the husband and his kin to the wife and her kin.

The internalization of a dominant ideology is a. a method of chiefly redistribution. b. the way that pantribal sodalities are formed. c. a resistance method practiced in small-scale societies. d. a form of fiscal control. e. called hegemony.

e. called hegemony.

Kin groups with members who are related to a common ancestor are a. bands. b. sodalities. c. age sets. d. secret societies. e. descent groups.

e. descent groups.

When an individual gives something to someone else but expects nothing in return, this is an example of a. balanced reciprocity. b. positive reciprocity. c. negative reciprocity. d. specialized reciprocity. e. generalized reciprocity

e. generalized reciprocity

Humans do NOT share such features as ________ with other primates. a. opposable thumbs b. an enlarged brain-to-body ratio c. depth perception d. parental investment in offspring e. habitual bipedalism

e. habitual bipedalism

Archaeologists study a. language. b. race. c. biological adaptation. d. modern cultural diversity. e. material remains.

e. material remains

When a tenant farmer gives 20 percent of his crop to his landlord, he is allocating resources to a a. social fund. b. subsistence fund. c. ceremonial fund. d. replacement fund. e. rent fund.

e. rent fund.

The study of the relationships between social and linguistic variation is a. historic linguistics. b. applied linguistics. c. cultural resource management. d. adaptation. e. sociolinguistics

e. sociolinguistics

The study of the relationships between social and linguistic variation is a. historic linguistics. b. applied linguistics. c. cultural resource management. d. adaptation. e. sociolinguistics.

e. sociolinguistics.

Linguists believe that a. only 120 languages are now spoken in the world. b. the number of languages spoken in the world is increasing rapidly. c. nothing can be done to preserve linguistic diversity. d. all people should study English in order to facilitate cross-cultural communication. e. the world's linguistic diversity has been cut in half over the past 500 years.

e. the world's linguistic diversity has been cut in half over the past 500 years.

When Kottak began researching among the Betsileo in Madagascar, the children ran away from him because a. he was associated with the schoolteachers, whom no one trusted. b. he was traveling with his wife, and no one would talk to a woman. c. they were afraid that he was working with the national government to take away their land. d. they were afraid that if he took pictures of them, it would capture their souls. e. they thought he was a vampire.

e. they thought he was a vampire.

Humans do NOT share such features as ________ with chimpanzees. a. tool use b. meat eating c. stereoscopic vision d. high intelligence e. visible estrus

e. visible estrus

A matrilineal-matrilocal society is most likely to emerge when a. population pressure is high. b. a shift to agriculture has recently taken place. c. men's hunting activities are more important than women's gathering. d. polygyny is common. e. warfare is infrequent.

e. warfare is infrequent.