Cultural Psych Final

a team of scientists observes that a new species (species X) tends not to copy exactly how a model uses a new tool, instead, they are very adaptive at figuring out on their own how to best use the tool. Conversely, another new species (Species Y) does tend to copy exactly how a model uses a new tool, paying attention to the behavioral strategies of the model. Based on this observation, what trajectory should we expect their respective cultural development to be like? (Hint: think about cumulative culture)

- species X will be more innovative and possibly more successful but species y will have more cumulative culture because there will be faithful transmission of customs through generations. -Species X will likely not have cumulative culture. Species Y will likely have cumulative culture.

As the incoming CEO of google where peopl of different ethnicities work in the same work space, you have been given the task of creating a positive and friendly work environment. This means that people of different ethnicities should have trust in the company and have positive emotions toward each other. To do so, you plan to give a speech. According to the textbook, what would be the ideal approach to take in that speech?

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what is "face"? is "face" easier to lose or to gain? **number 7 Exam 2**

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Shawna, a mother form the UK, is trying to determine which parenting style she should use with her child to maximize the child's school achievement, autonomy, and self-reliance. According to Baumrind's typology as found among Western samples, which parenting style should she use?

Authoritative

How do ideas spread?

Ch 3., natural selection of ideas, ideas as replicators, emptional ties to ideas help them spread memes- the smallest unit of cultural informarion that can be faithfully transmitted

What are the differences between "cultural" psychologists and "multicultural" psychologists?

Cultural- study how mind and culture context shape and inform one another multicultural- study behavior, cognition, and affect in setting where people of different backgrounds interact

After examening surveys you collected, you find that people's reponses tend to gather toward the center of your scale. What is this phenomenon known as?

Moderacy bias

Name an example of the process of the ratchet effect

a hammer is an example of the ratchet effect, used in the book

a human, a giraffe, and a car. Which one doesn't belong in the eyes of an analytic thinker? which one doesn't belong in the eyes of holistic thinker?

analytic- car holistic- giraffe

we enter the world being capable of speaking any language. Why do we have trouble learning additional languages?

as the brain becomes accustomed to a particular language's phonemes, it also loses ability to perceive phonemes not used in this language

according to the textbook, why would larger social groups be associated with the evolution of brain size?

because the larger the group, the more complex series of relations are required, also known as the social brain hypothesis

Why isnt there much cumulative culture among Chimps?

because they lack faithful transmission of information through generations, and this requires imitative learning while chimps use emulative learning

How does one find an animal's encephalization quotient (EQ?)

brain weight of animal/predicted brain weight compared to animals of same size

how would you correct an acquiescence bias when conducting a survey?

can be neutralized by reverse scoring half the items

Name an example of the process of "evoked" culture

certain environmental conditions "evoke" certain reponses from people ex: when individuals are capable of acting in an intimidating manner when they or their offspring are being threatened by others

a 2.5 year old human child, a chimp, and an orangutan are presented with the same problem-solving task -- they must figure out how to use a tool to reach up to the top of a cabinet and nudge a wooden block that will knowck over a banana. Based on the lecture and textbook, which of the three participants will outperform the others?

child and chimp will perform about the same. the child barely outperforms the chimp. while the orangutan will perform the worst

what is situation sampling?

comparing how different cultures respond to specific situations

cultures have been changing and evolving in recent decades in what ways?

cultures are becoming increasingly INTERCONNECTED, but are also becoming more INDIVIDUALISTIC and encouraging people to prioritize their personal goals ,people are becoming more intelligent

what is a distal cause for why a small group of Spaniards was able was aboue to conquer the Incan empire?

distal causes are initial differences that lead to the effects over long periods of time, like germs/outbreak of smallpox

Takeshi witnesses a murder, and tells his mother. She understands the gis tof the story, and then conveys that to the police. Which model of cultural evolution does this best illustrate?

epidemiology of ideas

what theory is best supported for why human primates evolved such large brains?

fruit consumption requires mental maps of where the fruit is, food extraction, knowing how to eat certain foods, and the social brain hypothesis

You review all of the studies that you've done in your career and realize that they all use WEIRD samples. Based on this characteristic of your samples, what challenges are the MOST applicable to your work?

generalizing to other areas of the world, making universal assumptions

An infant of Species X sees a model use a new tool to achieve a goal. How could you know that the infant is engaging in imitative learning?

if the infant uses the tool exactly as the model does with no modification

an infant of Species X sees a model use a new tool to achieve a goal. what type of observable actions would best demonstrate that an infant is engaging in emulative learning?

if the infant uses the tool in a different way than the model but still achieves the same goal

An american family is planning for how its family members will be sleeping. What moral value is MOST LIKELY to be reflected in their sleeping arrangements?

incest avoidance

An indian fmaily is planning for how its family members will be sleeping. What moral value is MOST LIKELY to be reflected in their sleeping arrangements?

incest avoidance

It is not unusual at all for the officers at Police Station 54 to observe their colleagues using confrontational interview techniques. Even though they do not personally like the technique, many officers believe that the practice is widely approved of by others and expected of them. What is this an example of?

it is Aquiescence, in the book it uses an analogy in page 125: essentially people scored high in approval measure, even if they were not big fans of the government policies just as how the officers "agree" upon the confrontational techniques

what is holistic thinking best characterized by?

looking at the whole picture [thematic categorization]

when completing the 20 statements test, people from non-western cultures, in contrast with people from western cultures, are likelier to describe themselves how?

non-westerners are more likely yo describe themselves by their relationships rather that individual traits

what are the characteristics of a promising cultural psychology trainee

open mind towards other cultures and practices?

who is susceptible to the Muller-Lyer illusion

people raised in cultures with carpentered corners, mostly westerners

what is the relationship between the neocortex ration and mean group size?

primates in larger groups tend to have larger neocortex ratio

what is Anthropocentrism?

projecting qualities of people into animals, but not the other way around

after examining surveys that you collected from culture X, you notice that everyone's responses tend to cluster at both ends of the scale. How do you correct this?

same a moderacy bias, standardizing scores (z scores), this statistically forces everyone to have a uniform response stlye that the average level of responseis identical across cultures

what do cultural psychologists mean when they refer to studies with WEIRD samples

samples that only include Western Educated Industrialized Rich Democracies. Meaning their studies can only be generalized to them

what is analytic thinking best characterized by?

separating things from each other, breaking things down [taxonomic categories]

in what ways are natural selection and sexual selection are similar?

similarities- some cultural ideas persist for longer that others (higher survival rates) Some cultural ideas are more prone to being passed along to others (reproduced more) [Addition: both depend on the number of surviving offspring an individual has]

what is the process by which individuals acquire the knowledge, skills, and dispositions that enable them to participate as more or less effective members of their community?

socialization

After examining surveys that you collected from Culture X, you notice that everyone's responses tend to cluster at both ends of the scale. How would you correct this?

standardizing scores (z scores), this statistically forces everyone to have a uniform response style, but assumes that the average level of response is identical across cultures

what you define culture as "groups" you can run into a few problems. What are the problems associated with defining culture primarily as a social group?

stereotype prone, essentializing, reification

choosing which culture to study often depends on your research question. If you wanted to test the universality of a psychological phenomenon (ex: willingness to punish cheater), what should you do?

test two very different societies

according to lecture: what is negresence

the process of becoming Black, the self examination of the social construction of one's race and acknowledgement of belonging to the race

Homer sharpens a rock and uses it to shave. Schick adds a handle to the rock for better grip. Gillette then changes the rock to a titanium blade for durability. The progression of improvements made to the shaving utensils would be an example of what?

the ratchet effect

what problems are especially associated with studies using WEIRD samples>

the results cannot be generalized to other cultures

what is proximal cause for why a small group of Spaniards was able to conquer the Incan Empire?

the spainards had more historical war experiences, weapons, and horses

Mr. Hyde wants to unpack the cultural differences between Japanese and American horror movies. What is Mr. Hyde trying to find out?

the underlying meaning in the differences in content between the horror movies

which two cognitive abilities generally set humans apart from other animal species

theory of mind and language

Korean differs from English in that English has an /f/ and a /p/ phoneme [sound], whereas Korean lacks the /f/ phoneme. To many Koreans, these two phonemes sound the same. Applying what is discussed in the textbook about language acquisition, what would you predict as most likely to occur

they would not be able to distinguish between the /f/ and /p/ sounds

What are examples of children demonstrating the existence of theory of mind?

thoery of mind is the ability to understand that others have minds, intentions, and perspectives different from one's own. Children demonstrate this by imposing emotions on animals?

what does it mean to respect and appreciate diversity?

to be open minded and appreciative of differences rather than judgemental from lecture: "recognizing that people have the right to find their own personal and societal identity. People shouldn't be judged against one "standard"

what does it mean to "unpack culture"?

understand what actually creates cultural differences amid the many cultural practices, Identifying variables that create cultural differences