Cumulative Mock Exam

frustration-aggression hypothesis

states that frustration always leads to aggression, though some individuals who experience frustration become passive and nonaggressive

social identity theory

states that individuals' social identity is a crucial part of their self-image and a valuable source of positive feelings about themselves

self-perception theory

stresses that individuals make inferences about their attitudes by perceiving their behavior

Relays sensory impulses to cerebral cortex for interpretation.

thalamus

Fluid filled chambers that are continuous to one another and to the central canal of the spinal cord.

ventricles

attribution theory

views individuals as motivated to discover the underlying causes of behavior as part of their effort to make sense of the behavior

1. The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems are subdivisions of the: A. Autonomic nervous system B. Voluntary nervous system C. Somatic nervous system D. Central nervous system E. Peripheral nervous system

A. Autonomic nervous system

8. Which one of the following represents the correct sequence from outermost to innermost layers of the meninges: A. Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater B. Pia mater, dura mater, arachnoid mater C. Arachnoid mater, dura mater, pia mater D. Dura mater, pia mater, arachnoid mater E. Pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater

A. Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

23. Movement of substances towards the cell body of a neuron is termed _____ movement. A. Retrograde B. Axongrade C. Anterograde D. Dendrograde

A. Retrograde

3. Which of these cells are not a type of neuroglia found in the CNS: A. Schwann cells B. Oligodendrocytes C. Ependymal cells D. Astrocytes E. Microglia

A. Schwann cells (What is their function? Produce myelin)

32. The knee-jerk reflex is an example of a: A. Stretch reflex (Stretch reflexes maintain muscle tone in large postural muscles and adjust it reflexively, keeps knees from buckling.) B. Tendon reflex (Helps prevent damage due to excessive stretch. Important for smooth onset and termination of muscle contraction) C. Flexor reflex (initiated by painful stimulus) D. Crossed extensor reflex (weight bearing limbs to maintain balance)

A. Stretch reflex (Stretch reflexes maintain muscle tone in large postural muscles and adjust it reflexively, keeps knees from buckling.)

10. Preparing the body for the ʺfight-or-flightʺ response during threatening situations is the role of the: A. Sympathetic nervous system B. Somatic nervous system C. Cerebrum D. Afferent nervous system E. Parasympathetic nervous system

A. Sympathetic nervous system

28. The peripheral nervous system consists of: A. The spinal and cranial nerves B. The brain and spinal cord C. Cranial nerves only D. The brain only E. Femoral

A. The spinal and cranial nerves

22. The door slams shut loudly and you flinch. After a few seconds, you realize that your heart is beating very rapidly and forcefully. This response is the result of your _______ nervous system. A. Afferent B. Autonomic C. Central D. Somatic

B. Autonomic

13. The midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata are housed in the: A. Diencephalon B. Brain stem C. Pineal gland D. Hypothalamus E. Cerebellum

B. Brain stem

9. The neuron processes that normally receive incoming stimuli are called: A. Schwann cells B. Dendrites C. Neurolemmas D. Satellite cells E. Axons

B. Dendrites

25. Pressure, pain, and temperature receptors in the skin are ________. A. Interoceptors B. Exteroceptors C. Proprioceptors D. Mechanoreceptors

B. Exteroceptors

14. Collections of nerve cell bodies inside the CNS are called: A. Nuclei B. Ganglia C. Nerves D. Tracts E. Tracts or ganglia

B. Ganglia

30. This stimulus type is sensitive to chemical changes, tissue stretch, and internal temperature changes: A. Exteroceptors B. Interoceptors C. Thermoreceptors D. Proprioceptors E. Chemoreceptors

B. Interoceptors

33. The parasympathetic nervous system has __________ preganglionic fibers and __________ postganglionic fibers. A. Short, long B. Long, short C. Short, short D. Intermediate, long E. Long, long

B. Long, short

34. __________ are the second-order neurons that form the olfactory tract. A. Supporting cells B. Mitral cells C. Volatile cells D. Bipolar cells E. Olfactory stem cells

B. Mitral cells

5. Afferent nerves are called __________, and motor nerves are called __________. A. Peripheral nerves; cranial nerves B. Sensory nerves; efferent nerves C. Cranial nerves; peripheral nerves D. Motor nerves; sensory nerves E. Mixed nerves; motor nerves

B. Sensory nerves; efferent nerves

35. Which of the following is NOT one of the five basic taste sensations? A. Sweet B. Spicy C. Sour D. Salty E. Bitter

B. Spicy

18. The ventricle located within the diencephalon is the ________________. A. First B. Third C. Second D. Fourth E. Lateral (What are ventricles filled with? CSF)

B. Third

15. The Schwann cell forms a myelin sheath around the: A. Nucleus B. Cell body C. Axon D. Nodes of Ranvier E. Dendrites

C. Axon

24. The portion of an axon that communicates with its target cell is the: A. Dendrite B. Axon C. Axon terminal D. Cell body

C. Axon terminal

29. A synapse is formed in the olfactory bulb, which is also known as the __________. A. Synaptic cleft B. Axon terminal C. Glomeruli D. Generator Potential E. Olfactory cortex

C. Glomeruli (Name of the two neurons that synapse with one another? Mitral cell and olfactory sensory neuron)

19. The ventricles located within the cerebral hemispheres are the ________________. A. Third and Fourth ventricles B. Second and Third ventricles C. Lateral ventricles D. Medial ventricles

C. Lateral ventricles

26. All of the following are ways to classify a stimulus by type EXCEPT: A. Mechanoreceptors B. Photoreceptors C. Proprioceptors D. Nociceptors

C. Proprioceptors (Where are these found? Skeletal muscles, tendons, joints, ligaments and CT covering bones and muscles; respond to stretch)

20. The nervous system has three overlapping functions. Which of the following represents a logical sequence of these three functions? A. Sensory input, motor output, integration B. Motor output, integration, sensory input C. Sensory input, integration, motor output D. Integration, sensory input, motor output

C. Sensory input, integration, motor output

27. ___________ function as light touch receptors and are located in deeper layers of the epidermis. A. Hair follicle receptors B. Thermoreceptors C. Tactile (Merkel) Discs D. Thermoreceptors

C. Tactile (Merkel) Discs

6. The substance that is released at axonal endings to propagate a nervous impulse is called: A. An ion B. An action potential C. The sodium-potassium pump D. A neurotransmitter E. Nerve glue

D. A neurotransmitter (Common neurotransmitters (2)? NE and ACh)

17. The part of the brain that is involved in conscious thought and intellectual function is the _______________. A. Mesencephalon B. Hypothalamus C. Diencephalon D. Cerebral Cortex E. Thalamus

D. Cerebral Cortex (What is the cerebral cortex composed of? Grey matter)

4. The elevated ridges of tissue on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres are known as __________ while the shallow grooves are termed __________. A. Sulci; gyri B. Tracts; ganglia C. Ganglia; gyri D. Gyri; sulci E. Receptors; effectors

D. Gyri; sulci (What is a fissure? A deep groove)

12. In contrast to the somatic nervous system, the autonomic nervous system: A. Stimulates its effector cells B. Has centers in the brain and spinal cord C. Has both afferent and efferent fibers D. Has two motor neurons E. Has two afferent neurons

D. Has two motor neurons (What are the name of the two motor neurons? Pre and postganglionic neurons)

2. The cells within the nervous system that transmit action potentials are: A. Axons B. Glial cells C. Dendrites D. Neurons E. Astrocytes

D. Neurons

11. Which one of these effectors is NOT directly controlled by the autonomic nervous system: A. Smooth muscle B. Cardiac muscle C. Most glands D. Skeletal muscle E. Abdominal organs

D. Skeletal muscle (What division controls skeletal muscle? Somatic Nervous System)

21. While studying for an exam, you reach for a beverage. To extend your arm, your ______ nervous system is activated. A. Afferent B. Autonomic C. Sympathetic D. Somatic

D. Somatic

31. The sensory organ for taste: A. Papillae B. Gustatory hairs C. Taste pores D. Taste buds

D. Taste buds (What structure surrounds taste buds? Papillae)

7. Impulse conduction is fastest in neurons that are: A. Sensory B. Unmyelinated C. Cerebral D. Motor E. Myelinated

E. Myelinated (Why are myelinated faster? Keeps ions from leaking out of the axon.)

16. Sympathetic division fibers leave the spinal cord in the: A. Thoracolumbar region, and the postganglionic fibers secrete acetylcholine B. Craniosacral regions, and the postganglionic fibers secrete norepinephrine C. Craniosacral region, and the preganglionic fibers secrete norepinephrine D. Craniosacral region, and the postganglionic fibers secrete acetylcholine E. Thoracolumbar region, and the postganglionic fibers secrete norepinephrine

E. Thoracolumbar region, and the postganglionic fibers secrete norepinephrine

True or False? Astrocytes and satellite cells share similar functions.

True

True or False? Group C fibers have the smallest diameter and are unmyelinated.

True

True or False? The transverse fissure separates the cerebrum and cerebellum.

True

True or False? White matter consists of regions of the brain and spinal cord that are dense with collections of myelinated fibers.

True

heuristics

are cognitive shortcuts that allow individuals to make decisions rapidly

stereotypes

are generalizations about a group's characteristics, though those traits may vary from one individual to the next

attitudes

are how individuals feel about things; their opinions and beliefs

elaboration likelihood model

explains the relationship between the rational and emotional aspects of appeals. It describes two ways to persuade: one is a central route, which engages someone thoughtfully and the other is a peripheral route, which involves nonmessage factors, such as the credibility and attractiveness

inoculation

giving people weaker arguments, allows people to resist persuasive techniques

Chief integration center of autonomic (involuntary) nervous system.

hypothalamus

self-fulfilling prophecy

individuals' expectations cause them to act in ways that serve to make those expectations come true

Egoism

involves giving to another individual to ensure reciprocity, gain self-esteem, present oneself as powerful, competent, or caring, and avoid social and self-censure for failing to live up to society's expectations

obediance

is a behavior that complies with explicit demands of the individual in authority

positive illusion

is a positive view that an individual has about him- or herself that is not necessarily rooted in reality

social cognition

is an area of psychology that examines how people select, interpret, remember, and use social information

stereotype threat

is an individual's fast-acting, self-fulfilling fear about being judged on the basis of a negative stereotype about his or her group

false consensus effect

is an overestimation of the degree to which everyone else thinks or acts the way an individual does, and it is the result of the individual using his or her own outlook to predict that of others

effort justification

is explained in the following way: Goals that require a lot of effort are the ones that are valued the most. If a great deal of effort is put forth, yet the goal is still not reached, then cognitive dissonance occurs

social contagion

is imitative behavior that involves the spreading of behavior, emotions, and ideas

in-group

is the group to which the individual belongs. The out-group is the other group to which he or she does not belong

agreeableness

is the personality trait most strongly associated with prosocial behaviors

social comparison

is the process by which individuals evaluate their thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and abilities in relation to other people

group polarization

is the solidification and further strengthening of a position as a consequence of a group discussion

social psychology

is the study of how people think about, influence, and relate to other people

bystander effect

is the tendency for an individual to observe an emergency and to help less when there are other people present than when the observer is alone

primacy effect

is the tendency to attend to and remember what we learned first

ethnocentrism

is the tendency to favor one's own ethnic group over other groups

conformity

is when a person's behavior coincides more closely with a group standard.

altruistic

means giving to another person with the ultimate goal of benefiting that person even if it incurs a cost to oneself

Contains visceral nuclei controlling heart rate, blood vessel diameter, respiratory rate, vomiting, coughing, etc.

medulla oblongata

social loafing

occurs when an individual exerts less effort when in a group, because the individual feels less accountable for his or her individual effort

empathy

occurs when an individual feels a oneness with the emotional state of another. The individual truly feels what the other person is feeling and going through because he or she has been there

social facilitation

occurs when an individual's performance improves because of the presence of others. The presence of others arouses individuals and that arousal produces energy

deindividuation

occurs when being part of a group reduces personal identity and erodes the sense of personal responsibility

Reciprocity

occurs when individuals do to others as they have had done to them. Reciprocity can bring about negative feelings, such as guilt if you do not return a favor or anger if someone else does not return a favor

persuasion

occurs when individuals try to change another person's attitudes

cognitive dissonance

occurs when individuals' psychological discomfort is caused by two inconsistent thoughts

risky shift

occurs when there is a tendency for a group decision to be riskier than the average decision made by the individual group members

door-in-the-face

persuasion technique in which the communicator makes the important point up front (which the listeners will probably reject) and then makes a weaker point at the end

foot-in-the-door

persuasion technique states that the strongest point or demand should be made in the beginning, or makes a small request at the beginning to get them to listen and comply and then asks for something more at the end

groupthink

refers to a group's impaired decision making and avoidance of realistic appraisal in order to maintain group harmony

medium

refers to how the message is presented; meaning what type of technology is used

informational social influence

refers to the influence that other people have on individuals because the individual wants to be right

normative social influence

refers to the influence that others have on an individual because the individual wants others to like them or approve of them

self-objectification

refers to the tendency for people to see themselves primarily as an object in the eyes of others. Self-objectification can interfere with task performance

fundamental attribution error

refers to the tendency of observers to overestimate the importance of internal traits and underestimate the importance of external factors when explaining a person's behavior

self-serving bias

refers to the tendency to take credit for success and to deny responsibility for failures

Social identity

refers to the way individuals define themselves in terms of their group membership