D094 EXAM PREP

Autonomy versus shame and doubt (erikson)

1 to 3 years old, begin to explore the world, learn that they can control their actions and act on their environment to get results. Begin to show clear preference for certain elements of the environment such as food, toys, and clothing. Begin to establish independence, for example, a two-year-old Who wants to choose her clothes and dress herself. If denied the opportunity to do so, she may begin to doubt her abilities, which could lead to low self-esteem and feelings of shame.

Initiative versus guilt (erikson)

3 to 6 years old, capable of initiating activities and asserting control over their world through social interactions and play. Must resolve the task of initiative versus guilt by learning to plan and achieve goals while interacting with others. Those who are unsuccessful at the stage with their in initiative misfiring or suffered by over controlling parents may develop feelings of guilt

Kohlberg's stages of moral development

6 identifiable developmental stages of moral reasoning which form the basis of ethical behavior, the pre-conventional (level 1) contains the first stage (obedience and punishment orientation and second stage (self-interest orientation)), the conventional (level 2) contains the third stage (interpersonal accord and conformity) and fourth stage (authority and social-order maintaining orientation) the post-convential (level 3) contains the 5th stage (social contract orientation) and 6th stage (universal ethical principles)

Schema

Basic building blocks of cognitive models, enabling us to form a mental representation of the world

Physiological (Maslow)

Biological requirements for survival like food, water, shelter, & clothing

Trust versus mistrust (Erikson)

Birth to 12 months old, infants must learned that adults can be trusted. They are dependent on caregivers who are responsive and sensitive to the infants needs to help their baby develop a sense of trust. The baby will see the world as a safe predictable place. Unresponsive caregivers who do not meet their babies needs can engender feelings of anxiety fear and mistrust, their baby may see the world as unpredictable. If infants are treated cruelly or their meals are not met, they will likely grow up with a sense of mistrust for people in the world.

Piaget's 4 stages of cognitive development

Birth to 2yrs: sensorimotor stage (object permanence) 2-7yrs: preoperational stage (pretend play, egocentric) 7-11yrs: concrete operational stage (conservation) 12yrs & up: formal operational stage (abstract, moral reasoning)

theory of operant conditioning (Skinner)

Both positive and negative reinforcement increase behavior while punishment and extinction decrease behavior

4 to 9 months old - babbling stage 10 to 12 months old - holophrastic stage 18 to 24 months old - two word stage

Children first language acquisition at age 1 to 3 years old in Balada

Children are born with a language acquisition device or the innate ability to learn language

Chomsky

Lucas is a 4th grade student who has read almost every book in the class library. He asks his teacher if she'll bring him some "bigger kid" books to read because he's bored with the material in the classroom. Which need is he trying to satisfy?

Cognitive

The school calls an assembly each quarter to distribute academic achievement awards to students who've mastered a B average or higher that quarter.

Deficiency need: Esteem

A teacher provides students with multiple opportunities for cooperative group activities

Deficiency need: love and belonging

The school cafeteria opens early to provide free and reduced price breakfast to eligible students

Deficiency need: physiological

A school institutes a rigorous anti bullying program

Deficiency need: safety

A classroom that emphasizes a student social interaction with a more skilled partner is based on the ideas proposed by Piaget

False

According to typical language development expectations, a 2 to 3-year-old child should be able to follow multi phrase classroom directions with abstract language, e.g. draw a line under the picture on the paper that shows something you play with.

False

As May sits at a table alone drawing a picture of a house, she says aloud, "first I will draw a square. Now I will add the roof. I will put a chimney on top. Then I will put in some windows." May is engaging in social speech.

False

Bandura identify two kinds of models from which people could observe and learn new skills verbal and symbolic

False

Carol Gilligan believes that women brought a distinct perspective to ethical discussions because they prioritize abstract issues of right and wrong

False

In middle school classrooms, teachers can use the same activities for all students.

False

Ren is 3yrs old. His preschool teacher is worried about him because he can't print his name yet. The teacher's concern is justified.

False

Anika has served on student council for the past 2 years. Now that she's a senior, she believes she's more than qualified to serve as student council president, so she decides to run for office. Anika is attempting to meet a safety need.

False (either esteem or love/belonging)

Love and Belonging (Maslow)

Friendships, intimacy, trust, romance & love needs

Identity versus role confusion (erikson)

From 12 years old to 18 years old, and adolescence main task is developing a sense of self. Adolescents struggle with questions like who am I? And what do I want to do with my life? Adolescents who are successful at the stage have a strong sense of identity and are able to remain true to their beliefs and values in the face of problems and other peoples perspectives. When adolescents are apathetic, do not make a conscious search for identity, or our pressure to conform to their parents ideas for the future, they may develop a weak sense of self and experience role confusion

Intimacy versus isolation (erikson)

From 20s to early 40s after developing a sense of self and adolescence they are ready to share their lives with others. However if other stages have not been successfully resolved young adults may have trouble developing and maintaining successful relationships with others. People must have a strong sense of self before they can develop successful intimate relationships. Adults who do not develop a positive self-concept and adolescents may experience feelings of loneliness and emotional isolation

Industry versus inferiority (erikson)

From 6 to 12 years old, children begin to compare themselves with their peers to see how they measure up. They either develop pride and accomplishment in their schoolwork, sports, etc., or feel inferior and in adequate because they feel they do not measure up.

Kyle proudly told his father that he got a gold star on his spelling test at school today because he was the only student spelled all the words correctly. Which of Ericksons stages does this suggest that Kyle is currently passing?

Industry versus inferiority

stages of physical development (Arnold Gesell)

Infancy: birth-2 years old, adding motor skills, holding up head, rolling over, reaching for things, sitting, crawling, & walking. By 2 they're walking with increased coordination, manipulating toys in hands, feeding themselves, making towers of cubes, jump/running awkwardly, throwing things, & using a zipper Early childhood: 2-6yrs old, improvements in gross & fine motor skills, running, jumping, climbing, tumbling, & swinging. Can string beads, put puzzles together, & begin to scribble. By 4 many can print their names, dress/undress themselves, & eat with utensils Middle childhood: 6-10yrs old, gain weight & height, permanent teeth grow in. Participate in organized sports as speed & coordination skills advance, continue to refine motor skills resulting in improved handwriting & drawings. Can use fine motor skills to sew, build models, or do other crafts Adolescence: 10-18yrs old, weight/height increases rapidly, includes puberty. Girls usually begin earlier than boys. Increase in hormones affect behavior, might reject adult authority, & reach sexual maturity

A second grade student does not enjoy cleaning up after snacktime, but he does so enthusiastically because the teacher offers an incentive to the table that cleans up fast as each day

Instrumental orientation

Which of these is a component of Chomsky's language acquisition theory?

Language learning is innate and instinctive

A fifth grade class is discussing class rules. Several students and says that even if rules seem pointless, students need to follow them because of everyone breaks the rules chaos would result

Law and order orientation

social learning theory (Bandura)

Learning is a cognitive process that takes place in a social context and can occur purely through observation or direct instruction, even in the absence of motor reproduction or direct reinforcement - Modeling - Vicarious learning

Which of the following is typical of the social and emotional skills a child in elementary or grade school might display?

May try to verbalize feelings, but might become aggressive when under stress

A kindergarten teacher is planning classroom activities and is wondering what behavior to expect from students during group work. What is a typical social and emotional expectation for five year olds?

May want to please teacher or peers

Which statement accurately summarizes Vygotsky's thinking on cognitive development?

Much learning occurs via social interaction

Equilibration (Piaget)

Occurs when a child schemas can deal with new information through assimilation. However, an unpleasant state of disequilibrium occurs when new information cannot be fitted into existing schemas

An eight year old student uses plastic coins while learning how to add and subtract with money

Piaget

Identify whether the concept given describes an idea that was taught by Piaget or Vygotsky

Piaget: Little emphasis on the socio-cultural context of learning, believed that learning occurs individually Vygotsky: no general stages of development, established opportunities for learners to interact with more skilled individuals, and emphasized the major role for language and cognitive development

Ethics of Care Theory (Gillian)

Preconventional - I love myself Conventional - I love you more than I love myself Post conventional - I love myself and I love you

A teacher pours juice for Alice in a tall, narrow glass & for William in a short, squat glass. Although both have the same amount, Will shouts "hey, no fair! I have less than Alice!" Which of Piaget's developmental stages is William in?

Preoperational

Safety (Maslow)

Protection from the elements, financial & physical security, law & order, & freedom from fear needs

Social cognitive theory (Bandura)

Self beliefs influence behavior Formed through self reflection and self observation

esteem (Maslow)

Self respect, respect from others, achievement, independence, status, & prestige needs.

A preschool teacher wants Michael to say "more juice please" when he wants more juice. The teacher first uses positive reinforcement to condition Michael to say "more" when he wants more juice, then reinforces "more juice", and finally reinforces "more juice please."Which principle of operant conditioning is the teacher using?

Shaping

Language learning occurs when you receive a positive response to communication, increasing your motivation to try again

Skinner

Faith, a kindergarten student is learning English. Her teacher wants to reinforce Faith's use of English vocabulary in a way that is consistent with operant conditioning or behavior us principles. When faith calls out to ask for a pencil, how should the teacher respond in order to reinforce her use of vocabulary words?

Smile, hand faith a pencil, and say, "here is the pencil. Please remember to raise your hand next time."

Which 2 activities should an 18 month-old be able to perform?

Stacking books & using fingers to eat crackers

Mr. Smith is working with a middle school student. The student tells him she wants to follow behavioral expectations, but she is not always able to control her emotions when she gets upset and often ends up raising her voice and disrupting class. Which response is likely to help the student develop the social and emotional skill of self control?

Teach the student deep breathing strategies and allow her to move to the break corner when she is upset

Assimilation (Piaget)

The cognitive process of fitting new information into existing cognitive schemas, perceptions, and understanding. Overall believesbeliefs and understanding of the world do not change as a result of the new information

Accommodation (Piaget)

The cognitive process of revising existing cognitive schemas, perceptions, and understanding so that new information can be incorporated. This happens when the existing schema does not work, and needs to be changed to deal with a new object or situation

What is the zone of proximal development?

The level of development just above where a learner is currently functioning

A teacher has discovered one of her fourth grade students writing obscene words with chalk on the playground. The teacher is surprised because the student is one of the quietest and most well behaved children in class. Which explanation most closely fits benders theories?

The student noticed that his classmates laughed when another child did the same thing last week

What is the zone of proximal development?

The zone of proximal development is the space between a students actual and potential ability, and social interaction and scaffolding that can help students maximize their potential

Maslow's expanded hierarchy of needs

Transcendence, self-actualization, aesthetic, cognitive, esteem, love/belonging, safety, physiological. (First 4 are growth needs, last 4 are deficiency needs)

Arnold Gesell theorized that children develop according to distinct developmental stages

True

Chomsky would say that a child's pattern of language use demonstrates the existence of universal grammar

True

Diego knows a horse is a large animal w/ 4 legs, a tail, & body hair. When he sees a cow for the first time he calls it a horse. The word horse fits Diego's Schema for the characteristics of a cow.

True

Physiological Needs are the 1st needs that must be met in Maslow's hierarchy

True

Vygotsky emphasizes the role of culture on development far more than Piaget does

True

An infant who looks to a caregiver for reassurance illustrates Erickson stage of

Trust versus mistrust

An 18 month old in daycare recently developed ability to roll a ball back & forth w/ an adult. A 5yr old kindergartener recently developed ability to draw a stick figure family of himself, his parents, & his sister. A 9yr old 4th grader recently developed ability to shoot baskets consistently on school playground. A 13yr old 8th grader recently began growing facial hair on upper lip.

Typical physical development

A sophomore in high school decides to start a diversity club at school, hoping to advocate for inclusivity and equity for all learners. She does this because she believes it is the ethical thing to do, even though she is not sure how her peers will respond

Universal ethical principle orientation

A teacher shows a five year old student how to draw a tree, demonstrating the task for the student and giving the student examples

Vygotsky

Language learning happens in the contacts of culture and social interaction, but the scaffolding helping you develop language skills

Vygotsky

observational learning (modeling) (Bandura)

learning that occurs through watching and imitating the behaviors of others

Self-actualization (Maslow)

personal growth, fulfillment, & realization needs of one's personal potential as a human being. "To become everything one is capable of becoming."

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs (pyramid)

self-actualization, esteem, love/belonging, safety, & physiological.

Principles of Operant Conditioning (Skinner)

shaping, extinction, chaining, instinctive drift

Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory

the approach that emphasizes how cognitive development proceeds as a result of social interactions between members of a culture

Zone of Proximal Development (Vygotsky)

the difference between what children can do with assistance and what they can do alone