Dairy Production - Exam 1
What is GA's #1 farm commodity?
Broilers 4.6 billion
Dairy Breed: - 3rd most popular breed because of sturdiness - Good feet and legs - Moderate amounts of milk
Brown Swiss
What state gets paid the least amount of money for milk because they produce much more than their people need?
California
What are the top 5 milk producing states?
California Wisconsin Idaho NY Pennsylvania
Determining if the calf is alive, dead, strong, or weak: - In the chest in a forward facing calf and around the umbilicus in a malpresented calf
Check for Heartbeat
Availability of dairy products declined because consumers don't use dairy products as much. What is the exception?
Cheese
Name the following Stage of Parturition: - Expulsion of after birth - Want placenta out no more than 24 hours - If not - prostaglandin shot
Cleaning - expulsion of placenta/fetal membranes
Visual signs of an illness are considered:
Clinical
Which phase of the Dry Period needs more attention?
Close up
Which Environmental Pathogen? ~50% last less than 10 days ~70% last less than 30 days ~13% become chronic and persist >100 days Known to clear without handler knowing Most likely a culprit case Animals usually go through 2 tests of antibiotics instead of treating on 1st test (we would rather her fight it herself)
Coliform
Mammary glands provide nourishment and protection to the neonate by:
Colostrum Passive immunity Other forms of protection: • Lactoferrin • Lysozyme • Lactoperoxidase • IgA • IgM
A voluntary farmer-funded national program developed by the National Milk Producers Federation (NMPF), to preserve dairy family farmer businesses.
Cooperatives Working Together
CWT
Cooperatives Working Together
What helps synchronize all internal processes?
Cortisol
The Internal Process: Fetus
Cortisol production (stress) due to spacial constriction (filling up uterus) Contractions
What is "Push Up"
Cows eat and make "holes" so there are machines that will "push up" feed so cows can reach food again.
The Gland Cistern is separated from Teat Cistern by:
Cricoid Fold
What are 4 ways to eliminate mastitis?
Culling Treatment in Lactation Spontaneous Recovery Treatment at Drying Off
DHIA
Dairy Heard Improvement Association
DHI
Dairy Herd Improvement
DRMS
Dairy Records Management System
The cream separator was invented by:
De Laval (1878)
How does Mastitis affect profitability?
Decreased milk production Milk dump b/c treatment Vet/drug costs Labor costs Culling
How does mastitis affect milk production?
Decreases milk production by causing tissue damage, reduced lactose production and scar tissue formation in the udder
Increasing or Decreasing? - Consumption of total fluid milk
Decreasing
Increasing or Decreasing? - Consumption of whole milk
Decreasing
Is it possible to influence the milk yield and composition of a lactating dairy cow? If so, by what ways?
Diet Milking Frequency Milking Procedure
What can increase the frequency of metritis?
Difficult calving or retained placenta
When a calf is being birthed, you want the hoofs facing
Down in the front
What allows for involution of regeneration of secretory cells of the mammary system?
Dry Period
The ______________ ______________ starts with the alveoli and ends with the streak canal
Ductular System
Perching and Idle Standing are clues that stalls are not comfortable. Idle Standing is usually doe to what specifically?
Due to bedding depth and comfort
Difficult calving or _____________, is scored from ____-____.
Dystocia 1 - 5 (where 3 and above is considered dystocia)
What barn orientation is preferred?
East-West
Excess accumulation of fluids in tissue spaces is known as:
Edema
How do you determine subclinical cases?
Elevated SCC (shows up in monthly DHI reports) Milk Culture Results
Mastitis is caused by what two types of pathogens?
Environmental Contagious
Clinical cases are usually associated with:
Environmental Pathogens
The alveoli is lined with
Epithelial cells
When and where were the first cattle domesticated?
Europe and Asia during the New Stone Age
The mammary gland is an _______________ gland
Exocrine Gland
Name the following Stage of Parturition: - Uterine contractions become more frequent and with more force, moving the fetus through the birth canal
Expulsion - of the fetus
What season are we have the greatest demand?
Fall
The Dry Period is Separated into 2 phases:
Far off Close up
FMMO
Federal Milk Marketing Orders
What ultimately determines the timing of parturition?
Fetal Cortisol Fetus determines the day Dam determines the time of day
Clinical signs of mastitis could show:
Flakes/clots in milk Mild swelling of infected quarters Abnormal/hot/swollen udder Fever Decreased appetite Decreased milk production Dehydration
What is the least efficient milking parlor?
Flat Barn or Side Opening
Why do we want grooved concrete in our barns?
Foot Health Traction (grooving concrete is expensive, so we usually groove in one direction. But adding diagonal grooves increases traction)
Types of Dairy Housing:
Free-Stall Tie-Stall Loose Housing (loafing) Pasture Based Dry Lots
If there is not enough lunge space, cows will try to stand up with _________ legs first.
Front legs
The Teat Cistern is separated from the Streak Canal by several folds of tissue (4-8) that radiate in several directions. This area is known as:
Furstenberg's Rosettes
Phenotype =
Genotype + Environment (in this situation, phenotype = milk production)
What are the goals of the close up phase?
Get her milking Calf in hutch
What are some precursors of milk?
Glucose AA FA Minerals
Dairy Breed: - High levels of beta-carotene which gives milk its orange color
Guernsey
Why is whole milk consumption declining while low fat/no fat milk is inclining?
Health conscience of consumers
Why does Georgia produce less gallons of milk per year compared to some of the other states in the US?
Heat and Humidity
Dairy Breed: - Produces the most amount of milk - Breed has gone down in numbers, but this can be explained because her efficiency has gone up
Holstein
Holstein vs. Jersey: - Loops - Neck Rail - Stalls - Lying Space
Holstein vs. Jersey *Loops* - H: 8 - 12" off bedding - J: 8 - 12" off bedding *Neck Rail* - H: 44 - 50" off bedding - J: 40 - 44" off bedding *Stalls* - H: 48-52" wide 7-7.5' long (open-ended) 8-8.5' long (close-ended) - J: 42" wide 6.5' long (open-ended) 7' long (close-ended) *Lying Space* - H: ~ 5.7 - 6' (need ~20" of lunge space with another 18-10" of head space) - J: ~ 5'
Why alternate between vacuum and atmospheric pressure?
If constant vacuum were left onto the teat end for an extended period, blood and lymph would accumulate in the end of the teat, causing trauma to the teat.
The length of an infection due to an environmental pathogens can be different depending on what?
If they are caused by Coliform or Streptococci
What is the risk in a 6-row barn?
If you fill a 6-row barn you cant get enough feed to cows, which leads to a decline in milk production
The majority of growth is the fetus occurs when? Why?
In the last trimester (190-283 days) Because: - Fetus increases in size from ~4kg to ~45kg during this phase - Dependent on dietary intake
IOFC
Income Over Feed Cost
How does mastitis affect milk quality and composition?
Increased Proteolytic (break down of protein) and Lipolytic (breakdown of fat) which = decreased milk components Decreased shelf life
Increasing or Decreasing? - Consumption of low fat/no fat milk
Increasing
What country is the largest consumer of dairy products?
India
Where are the most number of milk cows located?
India
The price seems to not change supply/demand, and the price you pay doesn't shift. This is known as:
Inelastic
What are some causes of abortion?
Insemination of pregnant cattle Rough handling Ingestion of feeds containing toxin, molds, or high levels of estrogen Microbial infections Twins
After expulsion, uterus can begin to shrink back to normal size in a process termed:
Involution
Rejuvenate and replenish or secretory cells within the mammary gland, young no longer requires milk
Involution
Dairy Breed: - Known for high components of fat and protein - Most efficient (produces most milk per pound of body weight)
Jersey
Bovine Taxonomy: - Kingdom - Phylum - Class - Order - Family - Genus - Species
K: Animalia P: Chordata C: Mammalia O: Artiodactyla F: Bovidae G: Bos S: Bos Taurus
How do cows lay down?
Knees go down Rock forward Drop
Milk synthesis and secretion following parturition
Lactogenesis
What is a "Transition Cow"?
Last 3 weeks of gestation through the First 3 weeks of lactation
Ductular System
Lobe Alveoli (inside lobe) Primary Duct Gland Cistern Teat Cistern Sphincter Muscle (surrounds streak canal) Streak Canal
Cows lunge ___________ and stand up on their __________ legs first
Lunge Forward Back legs 1st
_________________ is anything that is NOT breeched.
Malpresented
What are the two types of Abnormal Presentation?
Malpresented Breech
Structural development of the mammary gland, occurs during pregnancy
Mammogenesis
What are the steps of the life cycle of the mammary gland?
Mammogenesis Lactogenesis Involution
If stalls are too short...
Manure will get in stalls
How can an Edema be reduced?
Massaging - increases circulation
What is the most costly "disease/disorder to the dairy industry"?
Mastitis
ME
Mature Equivalent
List the different support systems.
Median Suspensory Ligament Lateral Suspensory Ligament Skin
Inflammation of the uterus
Metritis
No ________ _________ ___________ means the cow is overmilked
Milk Claw Window
What are some Post-Calving Complications
Milk Fever Retained Placenta Metritis Pyometra
What are the two phases of pulsation?
Milk Phase Rest Phase
Dairy Breed: - Dual purpose breed
Milking Shorthorn
Amniotic Sac: - Milky White = - Mustard/brown = - Red Fluid = - Fetid fluid =
Milky White = normal Mustard/brown = stress Red Fluid = hemorrhage/late fetal death Fetid fluid = early death
In the US, what state has the highest milk production/head?
New Mexico
Tie-Stalls started where?
North East
If stalls are too wide...
Not economically efficient
Perching and Idle Standing are clues that stalls are not comfortable. Perching is usually doe to what specifically?
Not enough lunge space
Factors that influence the occurrence of calving include:
Nutrition Health Genetics
What is the #1 change during the Close Up phase during the dry period?
Nutritional Change
Mastitis is almost always caused by bacteria that generally enter through the teat canal. Other ways for cow to get mastitis are from:
Other cows Environment Us Milking Machine
Leaving the machine on after milk flow stops is known as:
Overmilking
Does Under or Over-Milking do more damage to the cow?
Overmilking does more damage to teat condition and udder health (deterioration of teat end)
Treatment to minimize infection and stimulate uterine contractions for a retained placenta:
Oxytocin Prostaglandin Antibiotics
What happens during stimulation?
Oxytocin is released
PMO
Pasteurized Milk Ordinance
What can affect the total milk produced?
Peak Persistency Length Genetics
There are 3 primary numbers that dictate how much milk a cow will produce:
Peak Milk Production Persistency Lactation Length (look at graph)
Peak, Persistency, Length, and Genetics can affect the total milk produces. What can affect each of these?
Peak: • Diet Persistency: • Diet • Metabolic disorders • Mastitis Length: • Bred back • Mastitis • Reproductive parameters
What are some clues that the stalls are NOT comfortable?
Perching (sleep standing) Idle Standing (standing in free-stalls or alley way; not laying down)
Death that is before, during, or within 48 hours of calving (at least 260 days in gestation) is considered:
Perinatal Mortality most occurs within 48 hours of calving
DO NOT manually remove the retained placenta because you could cause:
Permanent sterility
PI
Preliminary Incubation
Testing of raw milk samples to evaluate bacterial quality has been a commonly recommended practice is known as:
Preliminary Incubation (PI)
Name the following Stage of Parturition: - Signs of the onset of calf delivery become evident - Fetus rotates itself from the normal position held during gestation to position for deliver
Preparatory - Complete dilation of cervix
What are the 3 Stages of Parturition?
Preparatory Expulsion Cleaning
The Internal Process: Placenta
Prepares for rapid expulsion Increase in Estrogen Decrease in Progesterone
Closed infection of the uterus
Pyometra
What is the most efficient milking parlor?
Rapid Exit or Rotary
Rear quarters produce ____% milk and the Fore quarters produce ____%
Rear 60% Fore 40%
The ____________ quarters are larger than the ____________ quarters
Rear > Fore
What does rBST stand for?
Recombinant Bovine Somatotropin
Determining if the calf is alive, dead, strong, or weak: - Used when calf is presented backwards instead of the suckle reflex
Rectal Reflex
What is the number one source of lost due to Mastitis?
Reduced production followed by replacement cost, then discarded milk
The Internal Process: Mammary Gland
Regenerate alveoli Colostrogenesis initiated
The alveoli is lined with epithelial cells. What some of the functions of these epithelial cells?
Remove nutrients from blood and convert them to milk.
Milk that can't be removed with additional stripping is known as:
Residual Milk
What is the major loss of money due to Periparturient Disorders?
Retained Placenta
Retention of fetal membranes and/or fluid
Retained placenta
If you have to lay a cow down to pull her calf out, always lay her down on her ___________ side. Why?
Right side Because the rumen is on the left
Why is the East-West barn orientation preferred?
Rising and setting on ends of barns instead of the entire length of the barn
Which bedding do cows prefer?
Sand
Types of Bedding Material:
Sawdust Sand Straw Paper Mattresses Waterbeds
The rear quarters contain more:
Secretory Tissue
What are some examples of stimulation for milk letdown
Sight of calf Striping the teat Removing dirt Sounds of milking machines
Why are there higher rates of mastitis in older cows?
Sphincter muscle is loosened
What season are we have the greatest amount of supply?
Spring
If a liner slips off the udder during milking and creates suction of the outside air it is called:
Squawking
SPC
Standard Plate Count
Heifers are most affected by which bacteria?
Staphylococcus Chromogenes
Milk is considered a "____________ ____________ ___________" because it is necessary to provide to people, and it must remain affordable
Staple Food Item
If a calf is born dead or dies within 48 hours, this is called:
Stillborn
Milk letdown occurs only after
Stimulation
Which Environmental Pathogen? ~60% last less than 30 days ~18% become chronic and persist >100 days
Streptococci
Does treatment help the following major contagious pathogens? -Streptococcus agalactia - Streptococcus aureus - Mycoplasma
Streptococcus agalactia - Can be treated Streptococcus aureus - Treatment very ineffective Mycoplasma - No treatment
What are the major contagious pathogens?
Streptococcus agalactia Streptococcus aureus Mycoplasma
Do more animals suffer from clinical or subclinical cases?
Subclinical
No visual signs of illness are considered
Subclinical
Is clinical or subclinical mastitis more expensive? Why?
Subclinical Mastitis is the most costly form because it goes the longest undetected
Determining if the calf is alive, dead, strong, or weak: - When fingers are placed in the calf's mouth, it responds with suckling or movement
Suckle Reflex
What do the Epithelial Cells secrete into the lumen?
Sugars Proteins Lipids Vitamins Minerals Water
The udder is a complex organ that is composed of a series of systems including:
Supportive System Secretory System Duct System Blood, lymph, & Nerve System
Mammary glands are modified ____________ glands
Sweat
Mycoplasma infections could be _______________. They may start at other body sites and spread.
Systemic
If there is not enough lunge space, cows will try to stand up with front legs first. Why is this bad?
Teat damage (stepping on teats)
Milk secreting structure includes:
Teats Duct System Lobules
When is the cheese demand the highest?
Thanksgiving through Super Bowl
~50% of the calf losses from birth to weaning occur when?
The 1st day of life
Occurence of Mastitis is higher during _______________ than lactation
The Dry Period
The amount of volatility that happens in the market is called:
The Swing
What does the IOFC (Income Over Feed Cost) tell us?
The amount of margin between milk price and feed price
Summit Milk is calculated by
The average of the 2 highest numbers
Metritis is most often due to:
The incasion of the microorganisms
In Loose Housing (or Loafing)...
There is free access to a covered space and they can lay wherever they please
What are the functions of the Streak Canal?
To keep milk in and bacteria out
Why do we want to milk older cows last?
To lower the chance of spreading bacteria since there are higher rates of mastitis is older cows since the sphincter muscle is loosened
Why were Tie-Stalls invented?
To protect animals from extreme cold
Why does the lactation curve happen?
To wean the young
What are the risks of undermilking?
Too much milk left in the udder begins to dry the cow off
Jerseys: - Loops
Top should be 8-12" off the bedding
What can greatly increase the rates of dystocia?
Twins
What country has the highest average milk production per cow?
US
Hormones regulate
Udder Development Milk Synthesis Regeneration
What is our current method of pasteurization?
Ultra High Temperature
Incomplete removal of available milk is known as:
Undermilking
When the uterus is not contracting, this is called:
Uterine Inertia
When the uterus is twisted, this is called:
Uterine Torsion
The degree of variation of a trading price series over time is known as:
Volatility
Signs the Calf is in Distress:
Water sac has been visible >2 hours with no sign of progress Color and Reflex of Tongue o Pink between contractions o Dark red/purple during contractions Dam Relaxes (breaks should not exceed ~15 minutes) o Calf death o Dam partial paralysis
Anything that disrupts production changes the prices too. Such as:
Weather Exports
What does the FMMO (Federal Milk Marketing Orders) tell us?
What milk prices will be for the month
Determining if the calf is alive, dead, strong, or weak: - Pinching between the digits of the hoof and calf withdraws its limb
Withdrawal Reflex
What are four ways to determine if the calf is alive, dead, strong, or weak?
Withdrawal Reflex Suckle Reflex Check for Heartbeat Rectal Reflex
The only way to initiate lactation and to maintain it for the lifecycle of the dairy cow is for that animal to:
calf
cfu/ml
colony-forming unit per ml
Increasing/Decreasing? The number of dairy farms is _______________, while average size is ________________.
decreasing; increasing
What are some of the functions of the lymph system within the udder?
o Fighting infection o Maintaining fluid balance within the udder o Lymph nodes form lymphocytes that are involved in immunity o Regulates fluid balance within udder and combats infections o Mastitis-infection of the udder o Lymph fluid normally drains and is discharged in blood stream - hindered in pre-partum animal, hence udder edema
Sire Calving Ease is the:
percent of his children that had difficulty
Oxytocin stored in the __________________________, stimulation of this released oxytocin in the _______________.
stored in Nerve Terminal released in capillary
1-2 openings is called a _______________. Anything else is called a _______________.
teat nipple
Oxytocin is released during stimulation. Oxytocin stimulates:
the contraction of myoepithelial cells for milk letdown
Epithelial cells secrete into the interior of the alveolus called:
the lumen
Somatic Cells are composed primarily of:
white blood cells
The Georgia dairy industry has ~_______ head of cattle per operation.
~ 300 head of cattle/operation (GA)
Jerseys: - Lying Space
~ 5'
Holstein: - Lying Space:
~ 5.7 - 6' (need ~20" of lunge space with another 18-10" of head space)
Holstein: - Curb:
~ 8 inches
The average American consumed ~____ cups of dairy per day
~1.9 cups per day
Holstein: - Bedding:
~12 inches from surface to bottom of lower divider
What percent of farms are Cooperate Farms? What percent of farms are Family Farms?
~3% Cooperate ~97% Family Owned
How does an Edema occur in the Lymphatic System?
• Excess accumulation of fluids in tissue spaces • Increased blood flow to udder for lactation and increased removal of blood proteins for immunoglobulins • Excess fluid pools • Strains in support system and increased mastitis
Georgia's Top 10 Farm Commodities (2011)
#1 Broilers - $4.6 B #2 Cotton - $1.5 B #3 Peanuts - $586.4 M #4 Eggs - $567.9 M #5 Timber - $470.2 M #6 Beef - $409.6 M #7 Dairy - $332.7 M #8 Horses - $322.4 M #9 Pecans - 311.6 M #10 Corn - $311.6 M
Losses from Mastitis ($______/cow)
$200/cow
How does CWT (Cooperatives Working Together) help to preserve dairy family farmer businesses?
*10 cents/CWT* - Take out a part of your pay check every month to enhance demand *Control supply* - Heard buy out by CWT - They pay you a decent price, and all your cows get culled. - Become beef - Wiping herd from supply market *Enhance Demand* (export)
Why do some producers choose to stay East?
- Access to large markets along eastern seaboard - Cheaper land prices in rural areas
To Optimize Cow Performance:
- Adequate ventilation - Accessibility of water and feed - Lighting - Cow comfort (stall configuration)
Ventilation in barns are important for:
- Air flow (exchange with fresh air) - Remove noxious odors/pathogens - Decrease overall stress - Increased cooling capacity
Why did bulk tanks begin to replace milk cans in 1938?
- Allowed to store large volumes of milk on farm - Allowed to manage more cows/milk more cows - Hold milk for longer
What are some issues facing todays industry?
- Animal Rights/Welfare - Image of "factory farming" - Dietary concerns with animal products (saturated fats) - Biotechnology (GMOs) - Consumer concerns with hormones/antibiotics
Why are producers moving west?
- Availability of land mass (main reason) - Climate - Quality/Availability of Feedstuffs - Population shifts because of transportation (farmers pay for transportation) - Lower water table (reduces pollution of freshwater sources) - Closer to feedstuffs - Jobs
Free-Stall:
- Called "Free-Stall" because cows can freely leave for feed and water - Cow move freely between bedding areas and feed bunks - Several different bedding materials - "Stalls" designed to fit animal and animals movements - Maximize cleanliness
Primary environmental pathogens include two types of bacteria:
- Coliform bacteria - Species of streptococci other than Strep. Agalactiae
Why do we see another spike of Mastitis cases around calving?
- Colostrogenesis - Weight put on the udder - Hormones make the cow secrete milk prematurely; milk coming out = bacteria going in
What is the purpose of Somatic Cells?
- Combat infecting microorganisms through phagocytosis (engulf/destroy) - Assit in reparing damaged tissue
In Tie-Stalls...
- Cows are tied, food and water are available in their specific area - Alley for waste/manure
What are the issues with the current industry and Tie-Stalls?
- Danger of cold (frostbite of mammary system) - Cost (cant expand your numbers of cows - Size of cow has increased, so the lengths of stalls are at bare minimum (Tie-Stalls were smaller because cows were smaller) - Ventilation is bad because they are enclosed
To Minimize Labor:
- Designed to enhance cow movement - Minimize time required to feed, bed, milk - How easy the task is to do is correlated with how likely it will get done?
What are some causes of Retained Placenta?
- Difficult or premature calving - Nutritional deficiencies (Vitamin E & Selenium) - High milk producers - Twins Improper vaccination (IBR, BVD) - Fat cow
Benefits of the Robotic Milker
- Electronic ID records (visitation, milk amt, weight, mastitis/antibiotics) - Cows visit more (food) - Check data system to see cows not visiting (ill) - Frequency of visitation (the more she milks, the more she produces) - Increase production - Cutting costs - Back flushing (clean) - SCC decrease
What were the outcomes of Pasteur's pasteurization experiments?
- Got rid of bacteria - Helped decrease Diphtheria and Typhoid Fever - Cleaned milk for human consumption
What are some trends in the US dairy industry that we are seeing today?
- Higher milk production/cow - Larger farms - Fewer dairy farms - Movement West
Goals of the Facilities:
- Labor efficient - Ease of animal movement - Maximize cow comfort - Address environmental concerns - Cost effective for producer
Post-Parturition Exam of the Dam:
- Monitor for retained fetal membranes - Watch for uterine prolapse - Monitor for trauma and infection of the reproductive tract - Metabolic disorders (milk fever, displaced abomasum) - Nerve damage (may take a couple days to)
Treatment of Metritis:
- Often clears up in a few weeks without treatment - Veterinarian may be called to flush with antibiotics - Induce Heat (PGF2α) - Uterine Evacuation (Oxytocin)
Facilities should...
- Promote the comfort & health of dairy cattle for optimum productivity - Give animals the opportunity to express or perform to their full genetic capabilities
What are some ways to prevent mastitis?
- Proper milking hygiene - Proper milking vacuum - Pulsation ratio - Dipping teats - Treatment at drying off - Cull chronic cows - Milk infected cow last
Why does mastitis affect they way milk tastes? - Rancid - Bitter - Salt
- Rancid: Lypolytic - Bitter: Proteolytic - Salty: Mineral Balance
The reality of milk... - Negatives/Positives
- Relatively Bulky - Perishable - Low profit margin for producers + Multiple Uses + Easily sampled/tested
What are some factors that influence SCC?
- Stage of Lactation - Cow Age - Season of the year - Herd Size - Geographic Location - Level of Milk Production - Presence of other Diseases
Why is the Mammary Gland loosely considered part of the Reproductive System?
- They work off the same endocrine system - Milk is for the baby - what is the purpose to reproduce if you cant maintain the mammalian species - Reproductive function: nourishment of neonate = survival of species - Relies on the same endocrine (hormonal) support for development/function
Alveoli is ______ mm thick when filled
0.2 mm thick
The positive pressure inside the udder is _____PSI (pounds per square inch) before stimulation and _____ after.
0.4 PSI before stimulation 0.8 PSI after
Undermilking is incomplete removal of more than ____ cup of milk.
1
Calving Facilities are classed by the numbers 1-5. What do these numbers stand for?
1 - individual calving pens, good sanitation 2 - covered pens, poor sanitation (highest mortality rates) 3 - pastures, good sanitation 4 - corrals with shelter, good sanitation 5 - corrals with no shelter, muddy
You should feed cows after milking to keep them standing for at least how long? Why?
1 hour Can get infections if they lay down, so you want them to stay standing
Robotic Milker: ____milker(s)/____cows
1 milker/60 cows
Each cubic inch of udder tissue contains how many alveoli?
1 million
TOP 3 reasons associated with Dystocia in heifers:
1. Birth Canal (fetal oversized) 2. Faulty Disposition 3. Repro Tract Issues (cervix fails to dilate)
Holstein: - Watering Trough
1.6 - 2 " /cow
Watering Trough:
1.6 - 2" per cow (2)
Most animal have the capacity to secrete _____ mL of milk per gram of milk secreting tissue
1.7 mL
The support system allows the udder to hold over ________lbs
100 lbs
Pasteurized Milk Ordinance (PMO) regulations do not allow SPC to exceed ____________ cfu/ml
100,000 cfu/ml (cfu: colony-forming unit)
The milking machine applies ______-______ inches Hg (mercury) vacuum to teat end
11 - 12 inches Hg
Stocking Density:
110%
A high vacuum is around _____-_____ and a low vacuum is around ______
14 - 15 for high 13 for low
For every 1 clinical case of mastitis, there will be _____-_____ subclinical cases
15 - 40
When and where did the first cows arrive in the US?
1611 Jamestown
Holstein: - Feed Bunk
18 - 30 " space/cow
Feed Bunk:
18 - 30" space/cow (24)
The greatest increase in udder capacity occurs between the ______ and ______ lactations
1st and 2nd
Milk that can't be removed with additional stripping is known as Residual Milk. Between _____-_____ pounds of residual milk is typical.
2 - 6 pounds of Residual Milk
The average American consumed ~1.9 cups of dairy per day. What are the "MyPlate" recommendations?
2-3 cups
When should the Close Up phase of they dry period occur?
2-3 weeks prior to calving date
~_____-_____% of dairy animals have additional teats
20 - 25%
In the GA, we are producing ~20,790 milk/head, which puts us at the _____ ranking in the US.
21st
The average dairy cow in the US produces how many pounds of milk per year?
22,588 lbs milk/year
How many commercial dairy operations are in GA?
240 - 250
GA is ranked _____ in total pounds of milk.
24th
The Teat Cistern holds ~_____-_____ ml
30 - 40 ml
Sometimes you see SCC given in scores. Anything that scores a _____ and below is good.
4 and below
After you withdrawal treatment for mastitis, how long do you have to wait until you don't have to dump her milk?
4 milkings (2 days) after withdrawal of treatments
Jerseys: - Neck Rail
40 - 44" above bedding 54 - 60" from back of stall (this includes brisket boards)
Stats from the National Mastitis Council: • _____% of all cows in herds WITH mastitis control programs are infected in an average of 2 quarters • Cost approximately $_____/cow/year
40% are infected in an average of 2 quarters Costs ~$200/cow/year
The gland cistern holds ~______ ml
400 ml
Jerseys: - Stalls
42" wide 6.5' long (open-ended) 7' long (close-ended)
Holstein: - Neck Rail should be how high off the bedding?
44 - 50" above bedding
Pulsation occurs _____-_____ times per minute
45 - 60 times per min
Holstein: - Stalls:
48 - 52" wide 7 - 7.5' long (open-ended) 8 - 8.5' long (close-ended)
India has the most number of milk cows. Where does the US fall?
4th behind EU and Brazil
Abnormal Presentation occurs ____% of the time
5%
For a cow to produce 1 gallon of milk, _______ gallons of blood must circulate though the udder. This blood is going through the milk well which is AKA:
500 gallons of blood Subcutaneous Abdominal Vein
Udder Development - Capacity increases until the animal reaches ___ years old
6 years old (or 3-4 lactations)
Which Free-Stall barn is the most cost effective?
6-row barn
If a quarter is infected at drying off or becomes infected during the dry period, will perform at _____-_____% of its capability
60 - 70%
What is the pulsation ratio?
60 : 40 or 50 : 50 (milk phase : rest phase)
Somatic Cells (or leukocytes) include:
60% Macrophage 35% Lymphocyte 15% Neutrophil
______ lbs of force can fracture bone 2 men = ______-______ lbs of pressure Normal Calving is ______ lbs of pressure
600 lbs 400 - 600 lbs Normal Calving = 150 lbs. of pressure
The udder can weigh anywhere from _____-_____ lbs
7 - 165 lbs
What we would like to see in 1st lactation should be ____-____% of what they will make in 2nd lactation
77 - 78 %
Where does dairy fall in GA's top farm commodities?
7th 332.7 million
Holstein: - Loops should be how high off the bedding?
8 - 12 " above bedding
How many pounds are in a gallon of milk?
8.6 lbs
2nd lactation should be making ____-____% more in 3rd lactation
96 - 97 %
Low results of Preliminary Incubation (PI) are:
< 10,000 cfu/ml (cfu: colony-forming unit)
What amount of the Standard Plate Count (SPC) should be achieved by all farms?
< 10,000 cfu/ml (cfu: colony-forming unit)
What is the SCC general cutoff for people looking to give quality premiums?
< 150,000 SCC
What is the normal SCC?
< 200,000 / ml
Our Georgia Dairy Industry has ~300 head of cattle/operation, where GA has: 158 small family farms 70 large family farms 16 grazers - What is the average number for these farms in the US?
<200 - small family farms 200-1000 - large family farms >1000 - grazers
High results of Preliminary Incubation (PI) are:
> 20,000 cfu/ml (cfu: colony-forming unit)
The Median Suspensory Ligament connects to the
Abdominal Wal
The expulsion of a non-viable fetus before the normal term of pregnancy is known as:
Abortion
In the US, what state has the lowest milk production/head?
Alaska
Site of milk synthesis and secretion occurs in the
Alveoli
The site of milk synthesis
Alveoli
What is Mastitis?
An INFLAMMATION of the milk secreting tissues of the udder
The more we keep udders clean/dry, the lower the chance of mastitis. Generally milk is collected:
Aseptically
Stillbirth are caused from:
Assisting too early (broken ribs, vertebra) Assisting too late (suffocate)
We see more cases of Mastitis at drying off. When do we see another spike?
At calving
Mastitis is almost always caused by what?
Bacteria that enter though the teat canal
What are some signs for us that the calving is approaching?
Behavior - Separates herself - Irritated, kicks at stomach - Restless Physical - Mucus discharge - Frequent urination - Congestion in udder - Loose pelvic ligament (indicated by a raised tailhead) - Swollen vulva (2-6 times normal size)
If the calf being birthed is backwards it is considered
Breech (breech is also malpresented)