dddd
Acidophils:
...
Basophils:
...
Fibers cross the midline as internal arcuate fibres, then they ascend forming the medial lemniscus. The medial lemniscus is located medially in the medulla, moves laterally and reaches the ventral posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus.
...
Gracile and cuneate nuclei in the medulla oblongata.
...
Medialy: caudate nucleus, thalamus,
...
Nervous System, Endocrine Organs and Sensory organs
...
lateral lemniscus.
...
laterally: lentiform nucleus, (putamen and globus pallidus)
...
optic tract.
...
target: peripheral autonomic ganglia
...
•Autonomic preganglionic motoneurons:
...
•Somatic motoneurons:
...
mec AT epithelium of the surface of the tympanic membrane
1st: middle ear cavity, auditory tube, and epithelium of the inner surface of the tympanic membrane.
•
2nd: palatine tonsil
inf parathyroid gland+thymus
3rd: inferior parathyroid gland, thymus
•
4th: superior parathyroid gland
•
5th: ultimobranchial body.
corticotrope cells
: adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH);
gonadotrope cells
: follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH).
mammotrope cells
: prolactin (PR);
somatotrope cells
: somatotropin (growth hormone,GH);
thyreotrope cells
: thyrotropin (TSH);
•
A ramus is a branch of the spinal nerve. It is composed of both sensory and motor fibres.
•
A root contains exclusively either sensory, or motor fibres.
c)
A special form of phagocytosis. The melanosomes are transferred to the keratinocytes by phagocytosis of the tips of the melanocyte processes by the keratinocytes.
•
A specialised form of endocrine activity. A hormone-like substance is released into the extracellular space and it acts on cells in the immediate neighbourhood.
c)
Abducens nerve - superior orbita fissure.
•
Abducens nerve,
•
Abducens nerve: above the pyramid, at the border between the pons and the medulla oblongata.
•
Abducens nucleus: dorsomedially in the lower pons. Innervation: lat. rectus m.
•
Accessory nerve - jugular foramen
•
Accessory nerve,
•
Acetylcholine, GABA, noradrenalin, glycin, glutamate.
•
Adenohypophysis: pars distalis, pars infundibularis, pars intermedia.
•
Afferent: corticorubral tract, dentatorubral tract
•
Afferents: corticostriatal projection, thalamostriatal projection, nigrostriatal projection, afferents from the raphe nuclei.
•
Amacrin cells : layer 6,
•
Amin and Precursor Uptake and Decarboxylation.
•
Amygdaloid nucleus.
•
An effective barrier between the blood and brain for a wide range of substances. The endothelial cells of the capillaries in the brain are interconnected by tight junctions.
•
Ansa lenticularis and lenticular fasciculus to the thalamus, pallidosubthalamic fibers.
5.
Anterior (direct) corticospinal tract
6.
Anterior chamber (Aqueous humor),
•
Anterior commissure,
iv)
Anterior cutaneous femoral nerves,
•
Anterior lobe, pars tuberalis, pars intermedia: from the Rathke's pouch (hypophyseal placod).
12.
Anterior median fissure,
•
Anterior nuclei of the thalamus,
6.
Anterior spinocerebellar tract
a)
Anterior, posterior, and lateral semicircular canals, vestibule, cochlea.
5.
Arachnoid
•
Arterious circle of Willis.
(1)
Ascending part: towards the oculomotor centers.
•
Ascending pharyngeal artery.
•
At the medial surface: foot, toes, genitals.
•
Axon
1.
Axon terminal or presynaptic element
•
Basket cell- inhibitory - molecular layer.
•
Between the anterior perforated space ventrally and the lentiform nucleus and the temporal limb of the anterior commissure dorsally. It interdigitates with the central nucleus of the amygdaloid body laterally and borders on the lateral hypothalamus medially. Its nucleus = basal nucleus of Meynert.
•
Bipolar neurons : layer 6, inner nuclear layer.
•
Borders:
•
Bowman's membrane.
c)
Brain stem:
ii)
Branch of the obturator nerve
i)
Branches of medial plantar nerve,
•
Branches: Pudendal nerve, sciatic nerve, muscular branches, superior and inferior gluteal nerves, posterior femoral cutaneous nerve.
•
Branches: inf. rectal n., perineal n., dors. n. of the penis (of clitoris). The perineal nerve divides into a deep branch to perineal muscles and a superficial branch to the scrotum (labium majus).
ii)
Brodmann 3,1,2.
ii)
Brodmann 4
132.
By which way do the hypothalamic hormones reach the adenohypophysis?
•
C 1-4
•
C5-C8, Th-1.
•
CNS: Single oligodendrocyte forms several myelin sheaths around different axons.
•
CNS: astrocytes (fibrous and protoplasmic), oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependyma.
(1)
CRF( coticotropin-releasing factor)
•
Caroticotympanic nerves,
•
Caudate nucleus, putamen.
•
Cell body of primary afferent: mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal nerve. The peripheral process comes from the muscle spindle, the central process terminates on the trigeminal motoneurons.
10.
Central canal
•
Cerebellomedullary cistern
•
Cerebellorubral fibers. Origin: cerebellar nuclei. Termination: red nucleus
•
Cerebellothalamic fibers. Origin: cerebellar nuclei. Termination: VA, VL nuclei of the thalamus
•
Cerebellovestibular fibers. Origin: cerebellar cortex (Purkinje cells), cerebellar nuclei. Termination: lat. vestibular nucleus.
•
Cerebellum
•
Cerebral cortex, striatum, pallidum, subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra, red nucleus, thalamus VL and VA, inferior olive, cerebellum, vestibular nuclei, reticular formation.
•
Chiasmatic cistern
•
Chief cells or principal cells producing PTH.
10.
Choroid,
•
Chromophils:
•
Chromophobes.
8.
Ciliary body,
•
Ciliary ganglion. Sphincter pupillae, ciliary muscle.
•
Ciliary ganglion: Pre.: oculomotor nerve, post.: short ciliary nerve.
•
Ciliary muscle of the ciliary body.
•
Cingulate gyrus.
a)
Circum-oronasal:
•
Cistern of the corpus callosum.
•
Cistern of the greater cerebral vein
•
Cistern of the lateral fossa
•
Cisterna ambiens
37.
Classify synapses according to their a) ultrastructural feature, b) function and c) pre-and postsynaptic elements!
51.
Classify the receptors on the basis of the a) morphology, b) location and c) adequate stimulus!
•
Climbing fibers: olivocerebellar fibers.
3.
Comma tract (of Schultze)
•
Connecting stalk: a cilium extending from the basal body.
1.
Connective tissue papilla
2.
Cornea,
•
Cornea, aquosus humor, lens, vitreous body.
cornea outer epitheal layer dirive from the surface ectoderm
Cornea: outer epithelial layer is derived from the surface ectoderm,
•
Corneal endothelium
•
Corneal epithelium - stratified squamous nonkeratinizing.
•
Corpus callosum,
•
Corse and termination:
4.
Cortex of the hair shaft
•
Cortex: celomic epithelial cells, located between the root of mesentery and the developing gonad, begin to proliferate, and penetrate the underlying mesenchyme giving rise to the primitive cortex.
•
Cortical taste area in the opercular part of the inferior frontal gyrus on the ipsilateral side.
•
Course: traverses the greater sciatic foramen below the piriformis muscle, turnes around the ischial spine and enters the perineum through the lesser sciatic foramen. Then enters the pudendal canal in the lateral wall of the ischiorectal fossa.
•
Cristae ampullares.
•
Cupula.
iv)
Cutaneous branches of the superficial and deep peroneal nerves.
5.
Cuticle of the hair shaft
•
Damaged and degenerated axons can regenerate in the PNS, while axonal regeneration is very poor in the CNS.
•
Decrease in amount of connective and adipose tissues
50.
Define the Rexed laminae of the spinal gray matter in which a) C and Aδ primary afferents and b) Aα and Aβ skin afferents primarily terminate!
119.
Define the location of motoneurons that form the somatomotor nucleus of the accessory nerve!
101.
Define the location of the brainstem nuclei of the oculomotor nerve.
100.
Define the location of the motor nuclei of cranial nerve that innervate external ocular muscles! Name also the mascles that they innervate!
192.
Define the location of the perikarya of axons comprising the optic nerve!
123.
Define the origin of the optic fibers that comprise the optic nerve and optic tract!
201.
Define the primary function of a) melanocytes, b) Langerhans cells c) Merkel cells in the epidermis of the skin!
154.
Define the structural unit of the thyroid gland and describe its microscopic structure!
20.
Define the term "cauda equina"! How is it formed?
159.
Define the term "paraneurons" and their principal biological functions!
24.
Define the term "subarachnoidal cistern". Give at least 3 examples!
160.
Define the term APUD! Characterize the most importent biological features of the cells belonging to this system!
117.
Define the term and anatomical substrate of the vestibulo-ocular reflex!
5.
Define the term and position of the "otic placode" and list its derivatives!
43.
Define the term dermatome!
70.
Define the term motor unit!
161.
Define the term paracrinia?
200.
Define the terms: a) premelanosomes b) melanosomes c) cytocrin secretion!
193.
Define the terms: a) the optic disc, b) macula lutea and c) the fovea centralis in the retina!
125.
Define the type and location of the neurons, the axons of which comprise the olfactory nerve and olfactory tract!
142.
Define the way how the cords of the brachial plexus are formed from the trunks!
•
Dendrites,
3.
Denticulate ligament
•
Derivatives: Membranous labyrinth:
•
Descemet's membrane.
(2)
Descending part: towards the spinal cord.
106.
Describe the a) circum-oronasal and b) dorsoventral distribution patterns of primary afferents in the spinal sensory nucleus of the trigeminal nerve!
177.
Describe the area of innervation of the ophthalmic nerve!
204.
Describe the capillary network of the skin!
194.
Describe the components of the pathway through which neural impulses evoked by light stimuli are propagated from the retina to the cortex!
169.
Describe the major parts of the a) osseous and b) membranous labyrinth!
63.
Describe the origin, the course and the termination of the medial lemniscus pathway!
134.
Describe the possible courses of the preganglionic sympathetic fibers having reached the sympathetic trunk!
4.
Describe the process that lead to the formation of the thyroid gland!
8.
Describe the process that leads to the formation of the choroid fissure of the eye! What is the role of the choroid fissure during the development?
124.
Describe the retinotopic organization of the primary visual cortex!
67.
Describe the somatotopic organization of the primary somatosensory cortex!
31.
Describe the ultrastructural composition of Nissl granules in the cytoplasm of perikarya of neurons!
•
Diencephalon : 3rd ventricle,
•
Diffuse terminations: raphecerebellar fibers, coerulocerebellar fibers.
•
Direction of the predominant fibers in the dermis. Surgical incisions made parallel with the lines gape less and heal with less scar tissue than do incisions made across the lines.
1.
Dorsal funiculus
3.
Dorsal horn
13.
Dorsal ramus,
6.
Dorsal root
a)
Dorsal root ganglia
9.
Dorsal root ganglion
•
Dorsal scapular nerve, long thoracic nerve, nerve to subclavius, suprascapular nerve.
1.
Dorsolateral fasciculus (of Lissauer)
b)
Dorsoventral:
•
During the formation of the optic-cap the invagination of the optic vesicle continues to the inferior surface and forms the choroid fissure.
•
Each trunk divides into anterior and posterior divisions.
•
Ectodermal lining: from the epithelial lining of the floor of the external auditory meatus, which develops from the 1st pharyngeal cleft.
•
Effector: neuromuscular junctions (end plates) of the masticatory muscles
•
Efferent axons: motoneuron axons of the trigeminal nerve
b)
Efferent connections:
•
Efferent: rubrospinal tract
•
Efferents: descending pathway to the spinal cord, cerebellar pathway, ascending pathway to the cerebral cortex, limbic system and diencephalon.
•
Efferents: projections to globus pallidus, substantia nigra.
1st pouch endodermal lining
Endodermal lining: from the 1st pharyngeal pouch.
•
Endoneurium, perineurium, epineurium.
•
Epidural bleeding (Epidural hemorrhage)
•
Establish synaptic contact with postganglionic neurons in the paravertebral ganglia at the level of entrance.
7.
External root sheath.
•
Eye, conjunctiva, lacrimal gland et sac, nasal mucosa, frontal sinus, external nose, upper eyelid, forehead, scalp till the vertex at the top of head.
(3)
FRH(follicle-stimulating hormon releasing hormon)
•
Facial motor nucleus, superior salivatory nucleus, spinal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve, nucleus of the solitary tract.
•
Facial nerve - internal acustic meatus, facial canal, stylomastoid foramen.
•
Facial nerve : at the border between the pons and the middle cerebellar peduncle, posteriorly.
•
Facial nerve, and its branches entering the tympanic cavity:
•
Facial, glossopharyngeal and vagal nerves.
•
Falx cerebri, tentorium cerebelli, falx cerebelli, diaphragma sellae.
2.
Fasciculus cuneatus
1.
Fasciculus gracilis
2.
Fasciculus proprius
4.
Fasciculus proprius
v)
Femoral branch of the genitofemoral nerve
ii)
Fibers from the forehead, auricle, chin and neighbouring areas terminate in the caudal portion of the nucleus.
•
Follicular or chief or principal cells producing trijodthyronin and thyroxin.
c)
Foot:
a)
Formation: ciliary process.
•
Fornix,
•
From the arteries in the subcutaneous tissue, branches penetrate the reticular layer of the dermis, where they anastomose to form the so-called cutaneous network.
•
From the cervical plexus, mainly from C4 spinal segment, but it also receives fibres from C3 and C5.
•
From the lateral fissure to the top of brain: the intraabdominal organs, pharynx, tongue, face, upper limb, head, neck, trunk, hip, thigh, leg.
a)
From the lateral horn of the spinal gray matter at the level of Th3-5 segments
b)
From the medulla oblongata, dorsolaterally to the nucleus ambiguus.
14.
From which components does the suprarenal gland develop and where is its primordium located?
thympanic membrane
From which embryonic structures do the eardrum develop?
9.
From which embryonic structures do the lens and cornea develop?
15.
From which regions of the central nervous system do the preganglionic a) sympathetic and b) parasympathetic fibres of the heart arise from?
139.
From which segments of the spinal cord does the cervical plexus arise? List the sensory and motor branches of the cervical plexus!
13.
From which structures does the hypophysis develop?
(5)
GRH (growth hormon releasing hormon)
•
Glossopharyngeal nerve - jugular foramen
•
Glossopharyngeal nerve,
•
Glycoprotein hormons: LH, FSH, TSH.
•
Golgi cell - inhibitory - granular layer.
•
Gracile and cuneate funiculi (central ascending collaterals of Aα and Aβ primary afferents)
•
Gracile and cuneate nuclei
•
Gracile fascicle,
•
Granular cells - excitatory - granular layer.
6)
Gray communicating ramus.
e)
Greater petrosal nerve - foramea lacerum.
•
Grey and white communicating rami.
•
Hair follicle.
•
Hippocampal commissure (or commissura fornicis, or lira of David)
•
Hippocampus,
•
Horizontal cells : layer 6,
16.
How do the preganglionic sympathetic fibers reach the cervical ganglia?
175.
How do the semicircular ducts open into the utricle?
12.
How does the cauda equina develop?
185.
How is the lens suspended in the eyeball?
•
Hypoglossal nerve - hypoglossal canal.
•
Hypothalamus.
•
In one end, all of them open through a membranous ampulla. At the other end, the anterior and posterior semicircular ducts open through the common membranous crus, meanwhile the lateral semicircular duct opens with its own membranous crus.
•
In spinal ganglia and sensory nuclei of the cranial nerves.
•
In the caudal continuation of the nucleus ambiguus. Ventral horn of C1-C5 segments of spinal cord.
b)
In the internal acoustic meatus: ganglion of vestibular nerve.
a)
In the spiral canal of the modiolus: spiral ganglion.
•
In the third month, the spinal cord extends through the entire length of the vertebral canal. With increasing age the vertebral column and dura mater lengthen more rapidly than the neural tube and the caudal end of spinal cord shifts to a higher level of the vertebral canal. As a result of this differential growth, the dorsal and ventral rami of the spinal nerves run obliquely from their segment of origin to the corresponding level of the vertebral column.
•
Incus: body, short and long crura.
45.
Indicate the Rexed's laminae in the drawing of the cross-section of the spinal cord! (see above!)
171.
Indicate the location of the a) auditory receptors, and b) vestibular receptors in the membranous labyrinth!
76.
Indicate the location of the pyramidal tract at the following levels: a) internal capsule, b) midbrain, c) pons, d) medulla oblongata !
ii)
Inferior oblique muscle - oculomotor nerve,
3.
Inferior oblique,
6.
Inferior rectus.
a)
Infundibular (arcuate) nucleus, ventromedial nucleus, dorsomed. nucleus.
ii)
Inhibiting factors.
•
Initially it appears as an epithelial proliferation in the floor of the pharynx between the tuberculum impar and the copula. Subsequently the thyroid descends in front of the pharyngeal gut.
•
Inner and outer hair cells, inner and outer phalangeal cells, inner and outer pillar cells, other supporting cells.
2.
Inner layer of dura mater
•
Inner segment: Golgi apparatus, RER, and mitochondria.
inner most
Innermost layer of the eyeball (retina, tunica nervosa.)
11.
Intermediate gray matter
•
Internal carotid artery
•
Internal jugular vein,
6.
Internal root sheath
4.
Internal vertebral venous plexus
•
Interpeduncular cistern
•
Intralaminar thalamic nuclei
4.
Iris,
•
It allows the hyaloid artery to reach the central portion of the cap. Later the lips of choroid fissure fuse.
•
It arises from the lateral geniculate body.
•
It is in front of the root of the lung.
•
It is suspended between the edges of the ciliary body by the ciliary zonules or suspensory ligament.
•
It terminates within the cortex of the occipital lobe at the two lips of the calcarine fissure.
•
Joints: incudomallear and incudostapedial.
•
Keratinocytes, Langerhans cells, melanocytes, Merkel cells.
•
L4-5, S1-4.
•
LGN,
(4)
LHRH( luteinizing hormon releasing hormon)
a)
Lamina I-II (and IV-V)
b)
Lamina III-IV
3.
Lateral (crossed) corticosapinal tract
ii)
Lateral and medial sural cutaneous nerve which unite as sural nerve
•
Lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve, medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve, medial brachial cutaneous nerve, cutaneous branches ofmedian, ulnar, radial and axillary nerves.
•
Lateral cord: lat. pectoral nerve, musculocutaneous nerve, lat. head of the median nerve.
i)
Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve,
5.
Lateral funiculus
•
Lateral horn of the thoracic spinal cord at the level of:
1)
Lateral horn,
4.
Lateral rectus,
•
Lateral ventricles, interventricular foramen, 3rd ventricle, cerebral aqueduct, 4th ventricle, median aperture + lateral apertures of the 4th ventricle, cerebellomedullary cistern, subarachnoideal space around the spinal cord, pontine cistern, basal and lateral surface of brain, arachnoid granulations, superior sagittal sinus.
d)
Layer V of the premotor, primary motor and primary sensory areas of the cerebral cortex.
b)
Leg:
3.
Lens,
•
Lens: lens placode.
f)
Lesser petrosal nerve - foramen lacerum.
•
Limen insulae.
72.
List at least five descending pathways that are involved in the control of spinal motor functions.
22.
List at least five sinuses of dura mater!
85.
List five major cell types of the cerebellar cortex, indicate their excitatory or inhibitory character and their locations in the cortical layers!
1.
List parts of a neuron!
59.
List the a) general sensory, b) specific sensory, c) motor, d) secretomotor nerves of the tongue!
178.
List the a.) external and b.) internal eye muscles and their innervation.
87.
List the afferent cerebellar pathways! How do they terminate in the cerebellar cortex?
197.
List the arteries and veins that participate in the blood supply of the eyeball!
62.
List the ascending pathways of the spinal cord!
118.
List the brainstem nuclei of the a) glossopharyngeal and b) vagus nerves!
112.
List the brainstem nuclei of the facial nerve!
105.
List the brainstem nuclei of the trigeminal nerve.
102.
List the brainstem structures that are involved in the coordination of eye movements?
149.
List the branches of the a) ophthalmic, b) maxillary and c) mandibular nerves that innervate the skin of the face with sensory fibers!
144.
List the branches of the cords of the brachial plexus!
172.
List the cell types that comprise the organ of Corti.
152.
List the characteristic cell types of the pars distalis of the pituitary gland! Name also the hormones that they produce!
165.
List the connections of the tympanic cavity! Where do they lead to?
107.
List the constituents of the reflex arch of the jaw (masseter) reflex!
126.
List the cortical projection areas of the olfactory tract!
120.
List the cranial nerves that arise from the brain stem at the a) medial and b) lateral sides of the olive!
97.
List the cranial nerves that contain sensory fibres!
110.
List the cranial nerves that possess nuclei within a.) the dorsomedial, b.) the ventrolateral somatomotor cell columns of the brainstem!
113.
List the cranial nerves that transmit nerve impulses generated by the taste buds!
109.
List the cranial nerves the sensory fibres of which terminate in the nucleus of the solitary tract!
108.
List the cranial nerves the sensory fibres of which terminate in the spinal trigeminal nucleus!
98.
List the cranial nerves which leave the cranial cavity at the posterior cranial fossa! Name also the opening of the skull which they pass through!
148.
List the cutaneous nerves of the a) thigh, b) leg and c) foot!
147.
List the cutaneous nerves of the upper limb!
3.
List the derivatives of the pharyngeal pouches!
68.
List the descending pathways that are involved in the control of spinal sensory information processing!
34.
List the distinctive connective tissue components of the peripheral nerves!
88.
List the efferent cerebellar pathways with their origin and site of termination!
91.
List the efferent pathways of the dopaminergic cell groups!
86.
List the elements of the pathway that transmits nerve impulses from mossy fibers to Purkinje cells in the cerebellar cortex!
21.
List the folds of dura mater!
205.
List the histological changes in the mammary gland that occur during pregnancy.
182.
List the histological layers of the cornea!
157.
List the histological layers of the cortex of the suprarenal gland! Name also the hormons that are produced by cells located in the distinct layers!
199.
List the histological layers of the epidermis!
190.
List the histological layers of the optic part of the retina!
153.
List the hormones secreted by the adenohypophysis! Classify them according to their chemical nature!
129.
List the magnocellular neurosecretory nuclei of the hypothalamus! Name also the hormons that they produce!
82.
List the major afferent and efferent connections of the neostriatum.
77.
List the major afferent and efferent connections of the red nucleus!
180.
List the major anatomical constituents of the eyelid!
198.
List the major cell types of the epidermis of the skin!
83.
List the major efferent connections of the globus pallidus.
162.
List the nerves of the medulla oblongata! Name also the site where they arise from the brainstem!
92.
List the nerves of the midbrain! Name also the site where they leave the brainstem!
103.
List the nerves of the pons! Name also the site where they leave the brainstem!
99.
List the nerves which leave the cranial cavity at the middle cranial fossa! Name also the openings which they pass through!
65.
List the nuclei / areas and fiber tracts that comprise the spinocervicothalamic pathway in the direction of impulse propagation!
61.
List the nuclei and the fibre tracts of the pathway that carry information from the face similar to that carried by the dorsal horn-medial lemniscus system from other region of the human body!
60.
List the nuclei and the fibre tracts of the pathways that carry information from the face similar to that carried by the dorsal horn-medial lemniscus system from other regions of the human body!
121.
List the nuclei that are related to the central auditory pathway!
53.
List the nuclei/areas and fiber tracts of the spinothalamic pathway in the direction of impulse propagation! Name also the sensations that the nervous system can generate from the impulses carried by this pathway!
136.
List the parasympathetic ganglia on the head! Name the nerves that carry preganglionic fibers to and postganglionic fibers from them!
130.
List the parvocellular neurosecretory nuclei of the hypothalamus! Name also the hormons that they produce!
137.
List the peripheral parasympathetic ganglia on the head, and the organs that are innervated by postganglionic fibers arising from these ganglia!
18.
List the primary and secondary brain vesicles!
183.
List the principal histological layers of the iris!
188.
List the refracting media of the eye in the antero-posterior direction!
122.
List the relay nuclei and ganglia of the a) visual pathway and b) pupillary light reflex arc!
10.
List the secondary embryonic brain vesicles and their cavities!
114.
List the structures of the CNS that participate in the processing of nerve impulses generated by the taste buds.
96.
List the structures passing through the foramen magnum!
94.
List the structures passing through the jugular foramen!
93.
List the structures passing through the superior orbital fissure!
164.
List the structures that are located on the medial wall of the tympanic cavity!
163.
List the structures that can be seen on the eardrum with the aid of the speculum!
23.
List the structures traversing the cavernous sinus!
38.
List the types of glial cells in the peripheral and central nervous system!
116.
List the vestibular nuclei in the brainstem! Name also their major efferent pathways!
111.
List the visceromotor (parasympathetic) nuclei of the cranial nerves!
135.
List those areas of the central nervous system where the sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic neurons are located!
29.
List those intra- and extracerebral structures through which the cerebrospinal fluid flows from the place of its production to the site of its resorption (in consecutive order)!
54.
List those nuclei/areas and fiber tracts that comprise the dorsal column-medial lemniscus ascending system in the direction of impulse propagation! Name also the sensations that the nervous system can generate from the impulses carried by this pathway!
•
Lost of the bilateral temporal visual fields.
•
Lower or tympanic wall: basilar membrane.
(6)
MSH-RH (melanocyte-stimulating hormon releasing hormon)
•
Macula projects to the post. part of the calcarine cortex, whereas the peripheral parts of the retina project to its ant. part. The upper part of the visual field is represented below the calcarine fissure and the lower part above the fissure.
•
Macula utriculi and sacculi.
47.
Make a drawing and label the tracts (pathways) of the anterior and posterior funiculi of the spinal cord!
46.
Make a drawing and label the tracts (pathways) of the lateral funiculus of the spinal cord!
32.
Make a drawing illustrating the cross section of a myelinated axon! Label relevant structures!
39.
Make a drawing of a cross-section of the spinal cord with the formation of the spinal nerve. Label relevant structures.
35.
Make a drawing of synapse and label relevant structures!
48.
Make a drawing of the cross section of spinal cord with the neural constituents of a monosynaptic reflex arch! Label the elements of the reflex arch!
•
Malleus: head, neck, handle, lateral process, anterior process.
•
Mamillary body,
•
Mamillothalamic tract,
•
Mandibular nerve - through the foramen ovale.
2.
Matrix
•
Maxillary nerve - through the foramen rotundum.
•
Medial cord: med. pectoral nerve, medial brachial cutaneous nerve, medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve, ulnar nerve, medial head of median nerve.
•
Medial forebrain bundle,
•
Medial lemniscus
iii)
Medial longitudinal fascicle from the medial vestibular nucleus:
•
Medial longitudinal fascicle,
7.
Medial longitudinal fasciculus
•
Medial parolivar groove: hypoglossal nerve,
1.
Medial rectus,
•
Medulla oblongata
•
Medulla oblongata,
3.
Medulla of the hair shaft
•
Medulla: parallel to the development of the cortex, cells originating from the neural crest invade the medial part of cortex giving rise to the medulla.
•
Mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal nerve: it is located in the mesencephalon, at the lateral part of the central gray matter.
•
Mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus. Spinal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve. Main sensory nucleus. Motor trigeminal nucleus
•
Mesencephalon : cerebral aqueduct
•
Mesodermal part: from the surrounding mesenchyme.
•
Mesolimbic dopaminergic system.
•
Metencephalon 4th ventricle
•
Middle meningeal artery.
a)
Morphology:
•
Mossy fiber terminals in the cerebellar glomerulus, granular cells, parallel fibers, Purkinje cells.
•
Mossy fibers: ventral, dorsal and rostral spinocerebellar tracts, cuneocerebellar tract; trigeminocerebellar tract, vestibulo-cerebellar tract, reticulocerebellar tract, pontocerebellar tract, aminergic fibers (cerulocerebellar and raphecerebellar tracts).
•
Motoneurons innervating distal limb muscles are located laterally, while those innervating proximal limb muscles are located medially in the lateral column. Motoneurons innervating flexor muscles are located dorsally, while those innervating extensor muscles are located ventrally in the lateral motor column.
•
Motor branches: phrenic nerve, superior and inferior root of the ansa cervicalis, branches to the sternocleidomastoid, trapezius, levator scapulae, scalenus, prevertebral muscles.
•
Mucous membrane: palpebral conjunctiva.
•
Muscular plate (orbicularis oculi muscle)
•
Myelencephalon: 4th ventricle
36.
Name at least five neurotransmitter substances! Describe the main steps of the mechanism how they are released from the presynaptic profile!
84.
Name at least seven supraspinal centers of the motor system!
150.
Name the anatomically and histologically distinct parts of the pituitary gland!
167.
Name the auditory ossicles and define their major parts!
143.
Name the branches of the trunks of the brachial plexus!
25.
Name the cells, which are in contact with the cerebrospinal fluid in the a) subarachnoidal space and b) ventricles of the brain!
184.
Name the functionally distinct subdivisions of the ciliary muscle! Define also the orientation of the smooth muscle cells in each subdivision!
168.
Name the joints and the muscles of the auditory ossicles!
128.
Name the main afferent pathways of the limbic system!
170.
Name the membranes that constitute the walls of the cochlear duct?
11.
Name the parts developing from rhombencephalon !
19.
Name the parts of the brain developing from the rombhencephalon!
176.
Name the receptor organs which detect angular acceleration. List also the cell types and other structure that comprise these organs.
174.
Name the receptor organs which detect linear acceleration and gravity in the inner ear! List also the cell types and other structure that comprise these organs!
196.
Name the site of origin and termination of the optic radiation!
127.
Name the structures and the tracts of the brain which form the "ring of Papez"!
187.
Name the structures that are indicated by arrows on the drawing!
203.
Name the structures that are indicated by arrows on this drawing!
133.
Name the structures that are labelled by arrows on the drawing!
79.
Name the structures that are referred to as a) neostriatum b) paleostriatum c) archistriatum!
78.
Name the structures that border the internal capsule! What is the locaton of the pyramidal tract in the internal capsule?
186.
Name the structures that drain the aqueous humour from their site of production to the venous system!
30.
Name the structures which are indicated by arrows on this drawing!
40.
Name the structures which connects the paravertebral sympathetic ganglia with the spinal nerves!
95.
Name the three main divisions of the trigeminal nerve! Where do they emerge from the skull?
•
Nerve of the tensor tympani muscle.
•
Neurohypophysis: from the diencephalon.
•
Neurohypophysis: infundibular stem, pars nervosa.
i)
Neurotransmitter is stored in synaptic vesicles.
•
Nigrostriatal dopaminergic system.
•
Nuclear: paralyses all muscles of facial expression are paralysed ipsilaterally to the side of lesion.
a)
Nuclei:
a)
Nucleus ambiguus, inf. salivatory nucl., spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve, nucleus of the solitary tract.
•
Nucleus of solitary tract (VIIth, IXth, Xth).
a)
Oculomotor nerve - superior orbital fissure.
•
Oculomotor nerve,
•
Oculomotor nerve: at the mesencephalic oculomotor sulci, located in the interpeduncular fossa.
•
Oculomotor nucleus: in the central gray matter of the mesencephalon, at the level of sup. colliculus. Innervation: levator palpebrae sup. m., med. rectus m., sup. et inf. rectus m., inf. oblique m.
a)
Oculomotor, trochlear, abducens, and hypoglossal nerves.
•
Olfactory nerve: the receptor cells that are located in the olfactory mucosa of the nasal cavity.
•
Olfactory tract: mitral cells located in the olfactory bulb.
•
Olfactory, optic, and vestibulocochlear nerves.
10.
Olivospinal tract
•
Ophthalmic nerve - through superior orbital fissure.
•
Ophthalmic nerve,
•
Optic nerve: nasal and temporal parts of the ipsilateral retina.
•
Optic tract: nasal part of the contralateral retina and temporal part of the ipsilateral retina.
13.
Optical nerve.
•
Origin:
•
Origin: S2-4.
•
Otic ganglion: Prae.: lesser petrosal nerve. Post.: auriculotemporal nerve.
•
Otic ganglion: parotid gland.
•
Otolite membrane.
1.
Outer layer of dura mater (Endorachis)
•
Outer segment: horizontal discs of cytoplasmic membrane.
•
Outer wall: stria vascularis.
•
Oxyphil cells, function is not known.
•
PNS: Each Schwann cell forms a single myelin segment around only one axon.
•
PNS: Schwann cells, satellite cells.
(7)
PRH (prolactin releasing hormon)
•
Parafollicular or C cells producing thyrocalcitonin.
•
Paraneurons are the cells which generally and traditionally have not been regarded as neurons but should be regarded as the relatives of neurons on the basis of their structure, function, metabolism and origin.
•
Parasympathetic or visceromotor nucleus: Edinger - Westphal nucleus, dorsally to the somatomotor nucleus.
b)
Parasympathetic:
•
Paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei. ADH or vasopressin, oxytocin.
3)
Paravertebral ganglion,
•
Pass up and down in the sympathetic trunk before establishing contacts with postganglionic neurons at cervical, thoracic and lumbar levels of the ganglia of the sympathetic trunk,
b)
Pathway:
•
Peptide hormons: ACTH, MSH, LPH.
•
Perikaryon (neurocyte)
10.
Pia mater
1.
Pigment epithelium,
•
Pons
•
Pons, cerebellum, medulla oblongata, IVth ventricle.
•
Postcentral gyrus of the cerebral cortex.
b)
Postcentral gyrus:
7.
Posterior chamber,
•
Posterior cord: subscapular nerve, thoracodorsal n., axillary n., radial n.
iii)
Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve
5.
Posterior spinocerebellar tract
2.
Postsynaptic element
6.
Postsynaptic membrane specialisation
a)
Precentral gyrus:
5.
Presynaptic membrane specialisation
4)
Prevertebral ganglion,
•
Primary and the secondary somatosensory cortical areas.
•
Primary ending of group I afferent. Secondary ending of group II afferent.
•
Primary olfactory cortex in the temporal and frontal lobes.
•
Primary: prosencephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencephalon.
c)
Principal sensory and descending spinal nuclei of the trigeminal nerve
b)
Products:
•
Projecting neurons in the laminae I, IV-V of the spinal gray matter
•
Prominence of the lateral semicircular canal, prominence of the facial canal, fenestra vestibuli (oval window) closed by the base of the stapes, processus cochleariformis, promontory, fenestra cochleae (round window), tympanic plexus.
•
Protein hormones: somatotropin, prolactin.
5.
Pupil,
•
Purkinje cell - inhibitory- Purkinje cell layer.
•
Receptor: muscle spindle of masticatory muscles.
•
Release mechanism:
i)
Releasing factors:
8.
Reticulospinal tract
11.
Retina,
•
Retinal ganglion cells : layer 8, ganglion cell layer.
b)
Rexed's laminae I, IV-V of the spinal gray matter
•
Rexed's laminae III-V of the spinal gray matter
•
Rods and cones : layer 4, outer nuclear layer.
•
Rough surface endoplasmic reticulum in granular arrangement. This consists of endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, m-RNA.
4.
Rubrospinal tract
•
Run through the paravertebral ganglia (splanchnic nerves) and synapse in one of the prevertebral ganglia (celiac, superior and inferior mesenteric ggl.),
i)
Saphenous nerve,
4.
Schwann cell and its nucleus.
1.
Sclera,
•
Secondary: telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, myelencephalon.
b)
Semicircular ducts: (anterior, posterior, lateral), utricle, saccule, cochlear duct, utriculosaccular duct, ductus reuniens, endolymphatic duct.
•
Sensations: pain, temperature.
•
Sensations: touch, pressure, vibration, position sense, kinaesthesia.
•
Sensory branches: lesser occipital, great auricular, transverse cervical, supraclavicular,
•
Skin and subcutaneous tissue,
•
Somatomotor nucleus: in the central gray matter of the mesencephalon, at the level of the sup. colliculus.
•
Sphenopalatine ganglion: Prae.: greater petrosal nerve. Post.: from zygomatic nerve to lacrimal nerve, posterior nasal nerves, greater and lesser palatine nerves.
•
Sphenopalatine ganglion: lacrimal gland, salivary glands in the nasal and oral cavities.
9.
Spinal cord
8.
Spinal ganglion
8.
Spinal nerve
2)
Spinal nerve,
7.
Spinothalamic tract
9.
Spinothalamic tract
•
Spinothalamic tract
•
Stapes: head, ant. and post. crura, base of footplate.
•
Stellate cell - inhibitory - molecular layer.
•
Str. basale, str. spinosum, str. granulosum, str. lucidum (exclusively in the thick skin), str. corneum.
•
Submandibular ganglion: Prae.: chorda tympani. Post.: lingual nerve.
•
Submandibular ganglion: Submandibular and sublingual glands.
•
Substantia propria: stroma of cornea.
ii)
Superficial branch of lateral plantar nerve
•
Superior collicle,
i)
Superior oblique muscle - trochlear nerve.
5.
Superior oblique,
•
Superior ophthalmic vein
2.
Superior rectus,
•
Superior sagittal sinus
•
Supporting cells and hair cells.
•
Supranuclear: the voluntary eye closing and wrinkling of the forehead is unaffected at both sides. The other muscles of facial expression are paralysed contralaterally to the side of the lesion.
iii)
Sural nerve
•
Sustentacular and hair cells.
a)
Sympathetic:
3.
Synaptic cleft
4.
Synaptic vesicles
(2)
TRH (thyrotropin-releasing hormon)
6.
Tectospinal tract
•
Telencephalon: lateral ventricle.
terminal part of axon
Telodendrion
•
Tense part, flaccid part., ant. and post. mallear folds, umbo, handle and lat. process of malleus.
•
Tensor tympani, stapedius muscle.
c)
Th 1-Th5
a)
Th1-Th5
b)
Th6-Th11
•
Thalamocortical fiber tract
•
The anatomical substrate for the vestibuloocular reflex: Medial longitudinal fascicle (MLF) that is a longitudinal fibre bundle arising from the vestibular nuclear complex and terminating in motor nuclei of eye moving cranial nerves, interstitial nucleus of Cajal, spinal cord and Darkschewitsch nulcleus.
•
The anterior division of lower trunk forms the medial cord.
•
The anterior division of the upper and middle trunks unite to form the lateral cord.
•
The area of the skin that is supplied by sensory fibers of an individual spinal nerve.
•
The cells belonging to the APUD system produce biologically active amins and peptides, and store them in cytoplasmic granules. Upon adequate signals these granules are emptied into the intercellular space and/or to the blood stream.
c)
The central depressed part of the macula. It is the area of the most acute vision.
•
The cervicothoracic ganglion. The fusion of the 1st thoracic and inferior cervical paravertebral sympathetic ganglia.
•
The descending dorsal and ventral rootlets that surround the filum terminale are collectively known as the cauda equina. Since the conus medullaris is located at the level of L1-L2 vertebrae, lumbar and sacral ventral and dorsal roots have to descend from their sites of origin to the intervertebral foramina where they leave the vertebral canal.
179.
The drawing indicates the main actions of the external eye muscles. Identify the vectors with the aid of the corresponding muscles!
•
The hypothalamic hormones are produced by the neurosecretory cells of the arcuate, ventromedial and dorsomedial nuclei. The hormones are carried by axonal transport through the axons of the tuberoinfundibular tract and discharged into the capillary loops in the median eminence. The hormones are then transported through the hypophyseal portal veins to a second capillary net in the anterior lobe, where they influence the secretion of the various adenohypophyseal hormons.
•
The later gives off branches that pass to the papillary layer of the dermis and here form a second so-called subpupillary network.
b)
The macula or yellow spot: a yellowish area of the retina where the bipolar and ganglion cells are oriented in an oblique fashion. The yellow colour is due to the presence of a yellow pigment (xantophyll).
iii)
The neurotransmitter is released from the vesicle via a process of exocytosis.
•
The posterior divisions of the three trunks unite to form the posterior cord.
•
The preganglionic sympathetic motoneurons are located in the lateral horn of the spinal cord at the level of the thoracic segments 1-5. The axons of the neurons leave the spinal cord through the ventral root and passes through the white communicating rami to the thoracic part of the sympathetic trunk. Then they ascend in the trunk and reach the cervical ganglia.
•
The pyramidal tract is located at the knee of the internal capsule.
•
The structural unit of the thyroid gland is the follicle. The follicle is roughly spheroidal cyst-like compartment with a wall formed by a simple cuboidal epithelium. The lumen of the follicle is filled with a gel-like mass called colloid.
•
The subarachnoidal cicterns are expansions of the subarachnoidal space.
ii)
The synaptic vesicles fuse with the presynaptic membrane
•
The thicker the fibre, the faster the impulse propagation.
•
The α motor neuron with muscle fibers that it supplies.
•
They are located in the ganglion cell layer of the retina.
•
They are located within the lateral zone of the reticular formation at the level of the medulla oblongata and the pons.
•
They are located within the median and paramedian zone of the reticular formation of the medulla oblongata, pons and mesencephalon. Efferent: descending pathway to the spinal cord, cerebellar pathway, ascending pathway to the cerebral cortex, limbic system, neostriatum and diencephalon.
otic palcode
Thickening of the surface ectoderm on each side of the rhombencephalon.
a)
Thigh:
•
Trigeminal lemniscus, ventral posteromedial and intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus.
•
Trigeminal lemniscus, ventral posteromedial nucleus of the thalamus.
•
Trigeminal nerve, principal sensory nucleus of the trigeminal nerve.
•
Trigeminal nerve, spinal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve (receives fibers also from the VIIth, IXth and Xth cranial nerves).
d)
Trigeminal nerve:
•
Trigeminal nerve: at the border between the pons and the medial cerebellar peduncle, anteriorly.
•
Trigeminal, facial, glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves.
b)
Trochlear nerve - superior orbital fissure.
•
Trochlear nerve,
•
Trochlear nerve: either side of the frenulum veli, below the inferior colliculi.
•
Trochlear nucleus: in the central gray matter of mesencephalon at the level of inf. colliculus. Innervation: contralateral sup. oblique muscle.
•
Tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic system.
•
Tympanic nerve,
•
Upper or vestibular wall: vestibular membrane.
•
Vagus nerve - jugular foramen.
•
Vagus nerve,
•
Ventral cochlear nucleus, dorsal cochlear nucleus, superior olive, trapezoid body, nucleus of the lateral lemniscus, inf. colliculus, medial geniculate body.
2.
Ventral funiculus
4.
Ventral horn
•
Ventral posterolateral nucleus (VPL) and
•
Ventral posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus
14.
Ventral ramus.
7.
Ventral root
•
Vestibulo-ocular reflex: conjugate eye movement in response to vestibular stimulus.
ii)
Vestibulocerebellar tract from the Deiters nucleus.
•
Vestibulocochlear nerve: at the border between the pons and the middle cerebellar peduucle, lateral to the facial nerve.
11.
Vestibulospinal tract
i)
Vestibulospinal tract from the Deiters' nucleus.
12.
Vitreous body,
202.
What are the "lines of skin tension" and what is their surgical significance?
158.
What are the a) origin, b) the name and c) the hormonal products of the cells constituting the suprarenal medulla?
155.
What are the cell types of the thyroid gland? Name also the hormones that they produce!
156.
What are the characteristic cell types of the parathyroid glands? Name also the hormons that they produce!
75.
What are the commissural pathways of the cerebrum?
7.
What are the derivatives of the optic cup?
115.
What are the differences between the nuclear and supranuclear facial paralysis?
26.
What are the main arterial trunks, which supply the brain?
131.
What are the origin and termination of the a) fornix, b) stria terminalis ?
44.
What is meant by somatotopic representation of muscles in the lateral motor column of the spinal cord?
52.
What is meant by the blood-brain barrier? What is its morphological substrate?
151.
What is the connection between the a) hypothalamus and neurohypophysis, b) hypothalamus and adenohypophysis?
33.
What is the difference between myelin sheathes in the peripheral and in the central nervous system? What is the functional significance of this difference?
42.
What is the difference in fiber composition between a root and a ramus of a spinal nerve?
81.
What is the location of the substantia innominata and its nucleus?
55.
What is the location of those cells from which the a) fibres ascending in the gracile and cuneate funiculus, b) spinothalamic tract, c) lemniscus trigeminalis and d) pyramidal tract originate?
28.
What is the main artery of the dura mater? What is the consequence of its injury?
73.
What is the name and function of the gyri bordering the central sulcus? What is their Brodmann's number?
27.
What is the name of the arterial anastomosis system located at the ventral aspect of the brain? What branches originate from it to supply the brain?
145.
What is the origin of the sacral plexus? List its branches supplying the buttock and the lower limb!
146.
What is the origin, course and area of innervation of the pudendal nerve?
2.
What is the relation between the thickness of the nerve fibre and the velocity of its impulse propagation?
17.
What is the stellate ganglion?
195.
What is the symptom of the midsagittal lesion of the optic chiasm?
189.
What structure allows the active accomodation of the eye?
66.
Where are the a) primary somatosensory, b) primary motor c), premotor d), primary visual, e) primary motor speech, f) primary auditory areas located on the cerebral cortex? Give also their Brodman's numbers!
138.
Where are the cells of origin of the preganglionic sympathetic fibers that terminate in the a) superior cervical ganglion b) celiac ganglion c) stellate ganglion?
173.
Where are the neurons that innervate the a) organ of Corti b) crista ampullaris located?
90.
Where are the noradrenergic cell groups located in the brainstem? List also their main efferent pathways!
104.
Where are the perikarya of primary sensory fibres of the trigeminal nerve located?
89.
Where are the serotoninergic nuclei located in the brainstem? List also their main efferent pathways!
41.
Where are the soma of the primary sensory fibres located?
140.
Where does the phrenic nerve originate from? What is its topographical relation with the root of the lung?
56.
Where is the spinothalamic tract located in the a) spinal cord b) medulla oblongata and c) upper brain stem?
74.
Which cortical areas does the pyramidal tract arise from? Define also the Brodmann's number of these regions!
49.
Which is the a) receptor, b) afferent fiber c) center d) efferent fiber e) effector organ of the stretch reflex?
192.
Which main parts do the peripheral process of the rods and cones consist of? List the major ultrastructural features of each part!
58.
Which nerve innervates the a) skin of the face, b) muscles of facial expression, c) muscles of mastication?
166.
Which nerves have a close topographic relation with the tympanic cavity?
57.
Which nuclei receive inputs from the spinothalamic tract?
64.
Which sensory tracts terminate within the specific nuclei of the thalamus? What are these nuclei?
141.
Which spinal segments does the brachial plexus originate from?
80.
Which structures constitute the corpus striatum?
181.
Which type of glands are located in the eyelid?
69.
Which type of motoneurons are located in the spinal cord! Define their target!
191.
Which type of neurons are located in the retina? Define also the layers of the retina where the cell bodies of these neurons are located.
71.
Which type of sensory terminals innervates the muscle spindle?
5)
White communicating ramus,
•
Zona fasciculata: glucocorticoids (cortisol).
•
Zona glomerulosa: mineralocorticoids (aldosteron).
•
Zona reticularis: gonadocorticoids.
9.
Zonule,
•
abducent nerve
•
accumulation of secretory product in the alveoli.
c)
adequate stimulus:
4.
afferent fiber,
b)
amygdaloid body - medial hypothalamus, septum pellucidum.
c)
amygdaloid nuclear complex.
•
anterior and posterior spinal arteries,
iii)
anterior chamber,
iv)
anterior ciliary arteries.
a)
anterolateral white matter
b)
antigen presentation to T lymphocytes
vii)
aqueous veins,
•
arteries:
c)
at the center of the base of the pons, divided into smaller bundles,
a)
at the knee (genu) of the internal capsule,
b)
at the middle third of the cerebral peduncle,
d)
at the pyramid.
•
auditory tube - nasopharynx,
c)
auriculotemporal, buccal and mental nerves.
c)
axodendritic, axoaxonic, axosomatic.
d)
axon of α motoneuron
1.
axon,
c)
branches of the mandibular nerve of the trigeminal nerve.
i)
branches of the ophthalamic artery,
•
canaliculus of the chorda tympani - facial canal,
•
caroticotympanic canaliculi - carotid canal,
a)
caudate nucleus, putamen
•
cavernous sinus
ii)
central artery of the retina,
•
cerulospinal tract
•
cervicothalamic tract
iii)
chemoreceptors
i)
chorda tympani,
b)
chorda tympani, glossopharyngeal nerve,
d)
chorda tympani, glossopharyngeal nerve.
b)
chromaffin cells
i)
ciliary muscle and sphincter pupillae muscle - oculomotor nerve.
•
circular portion: circular orientation.
1.
cochlear duct,
a)
cochlear duct,
•
coerulospinal pathway
•
cuneate fascicle,
ii)
dilator pupillae muscle - sympathetic (postganglionic) nerve originating from the superior cervical ganglion.
•
dilator pupillae,
ii)
dorsal nucleus of vagus
c)
dorsal to the medial lemniscus and it gradually moves laterally.
ii)
dorsal trigeminal lemniscus.
b)
dorsolateral aspect of the inferior olivary nucleus
7.
ductus reuniens.
1.
effector organ,
2.
efferent fiber,
(2)
encapsulated nerve terminals
5.
endolymphatic duct,
•
endothel
c)
epinephrine, norepinephrine
viii)
episcleral veins.
c)
excitatory synaptic contact between the spindle afferent and motor neuron
3.
external limiting membrane,
a)
external:
i)
exteroceptors
b)
facial nerve,
•
facial nerve: superior salivatory nucelus,
•
facial, glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves.
i)
fibres innervating the upper lip and its surrounding zones terminate in the rostral part of the nucleus.
i)
fibres originating from the mandibular nerve terminate in the dorsal, while fibres originating from the ophthalmic nerve terminate in the ventral part of the nucleus.
(1)
free nerve terminals
8.
ganglion cell layer,
•
ganglion cells,
•
gland of Moll (modified sweat gland).
•
gland of Zeiss (sebaceous gland),
b)
globus pallidus
•
glossopharyngeal nerve: inferior salivatory nucleus
b)
glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory nerves.
a)
hippocampus- mamillary body
•
hypertrophy of the secretory cells
a)
hypoglossal nerve
c)
hypoglossal nerve,
b)
hypophysial portal circulation.
•
hypothalamospinal tract
i)
inf. salivatory nucleus
vi)
inferior ophthalmic vein drains into the pterygoid plexus.
v)
inferior rectus muscle - oculomotor nerve.
•
inferior sagittal sinus
iv)
inferior.
•
infiltration of the connective tissue septa by plasma cells, lymphocytes and eosinophils
b)
infraorbital, zygomaticotemporal and zygomaticofacial nerves,
b)
inhibitory, excitatory
6.
inner nuclear layer,
7.
inner plexiform layer,
•
intercavernous sinus
•
internal carotid plexus
10.
internal limiting membrane.
•
internal vertebral venous plexus,
b)
internal:
ii)
interoceptors
•
interstitial nucleus of Cajal,
•
interstitiospinal tract
•
intralaminar thalamic nuclei.
iv)
iridocorneal angle,
i)
lateral (Deiters),
•
lateral cervical nucleus
•
lateral geniculate body (CGL):
a)
lateral geniculate nucleus.
i)
lateral horn of the spinal cord at S2-4 segments.
i)
lateral horn of the spinal cord at T1-L2-3 segments.
•
lateral parolivar groove: accessory, vagal and glossopharyngeal nerves.
vi)
lateral rectus muscle - abducens nerve.
2.
layer of rod and cones,
•
left and right - anterior, middle and posterior cerebral arteries.
•
left and right internal carotid artery,
•
left and right vertebral artery.
a)
lingual nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve,
b)
location:
iii)
mandibular nerve - foramen ovale.
•
mastoid antrum - mastoid air cells,
ii)
maxillary nerve - foramen rotundum.
c)
mechanoreceptor (generation of receptor potential to mechanical stimulation and transmission of this potential to peripheral endings of primary afferents)
i)
mechanoreceptors
•
medial genuculate body (CGM):
ii)
medial lemniscus.
•
medial longitudinal fascicle
iii)
medial rectus muscle - oculomotor nerve,
ii)
medial,
d)
medulla oblongata:
a)
membrane-bounded structures derived from the Golgi-complex. It contains tyrosine, DOPA and melanin.
•
meninges,
•
meridional portion: meridional orientation.
3.
mesaxon,
i)
mesencephalon - Edinger- Westphal nucleus
•
motor cortex (Brodmann's area 4).
a)
muscle spindle
2.
myelin sheath,
e)
myo-neuronal junction (motor end plate).
9.
nerve fiber layer,
ii)
nerve terminals:
a)
neural crest
b)
nucleus ambiguus, dors. motor nucleus of vagus, scattered cells at the dorsolateral aspect of the nucleus ambiguus, nucleus of solitary tract, spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve.
•
occipital sinus
•
oculomotor nerve
•
oculomotor nerve: Edinger-Westphal nucleus,
•
olfactory pathway.
•
opening of the canal of the lesser petrosal nerve - middle cranial fossa,
e)
opercular part of the inferior frontal gyrusof the dominant hemisphere, Br 44 and 45
•
ophthalmic nerve
i)
ophthalmic nerve - superior orbital fissure.
•
optic chiasm,
a)
optic disc or blind spot: is the site where optic fibers leave the retina.
g)
optic nerve - optic canal
•
optic nerve,
•
optic radiation,
•
optic tract,
4.
outer nuclear layer,
5.
outer plexiform layer,
•
paramedian reticular formation,
•
pars iridica retinae: double layer of pigmented epithelium.
•
perihypoglossal nuclei,
b)
peripheral and central processes of dorsal root ganglion cells that innervate the muscle spindle
•
petrotympanic fissure - external cranial base
iv)
photoreceptors
a)
pigment (melanin) production
ii)
pons - sup. salivatory nucleus
•
postcentral gyrus
a)
postcentral gyrus, Br 3,1,2.
i)
posterior chamber,
c)
posterior half of the superior and medial frontal gyri, Br 6, 8
b)
precentral gyrus, Br 4
•
premotor cortex Br 6,8,
b)
pretectal region, Edinger-Westphal nucleus, ciliary ganglion.
i)
primary moror activity,
i)
primary sensory activity,
•
primary somatosensory cortex Br 3, 1, 2.
•
primary visual cortex.
(1)
primary,
•
proliferation of the glandular tissue
iii)
proprioceptors
ii)
pupil,
•
pyramidal tract
•
radial portion: radial orientation.
•
raphespinal pathway
•
raphespinal tract
5.
receptor.
3.
reflex center,
•
reticulospinal pathway
•
reticulospinal tract
•
rubrospinal tract
2.
saccule,
iii)
scattered cells dorsolaterally to the nucleus ambiguus
(2)
secondary
4.
semicircular ducts,
•
semilunar or trigeminal ganglion (of Gasser): it is located in the middle cranial fossa, on the trigeminal impression, at the anterior wall of the petrous part of the temporal bone, sandwitched within dura mater folds.
i)
sensory cells:
iii)
short and long posterior ciliary arteries,
•
sigmoid sinus
vi)
sinus venosus,
•
solitariospinal tract
•
somatomotor nuclei of the III, IV, VI cranial nerves.
•
sphenoparietal sinus
•
spinal roots of the accessory nerve,
•
spinocerebellar pathways: dorsal, ventral, rostral, cuneocerebellar tracts,
•
spinocervical tract
•
spinocervicothalamic tract,
•
spinomesencephalic tract.
•
spinoreticular tract,
i)
spinothalamic tract,
•
spinothalamic tract,
ii)
stapedius nerve,
•
straight sinus
d)
striate cortex, Br 17
•
stroma of iris including the sphincter pupillae muscle,
•
subarachnoidal cavity: meningothel cells,
•
superior and inferior petrosal sinus
v)
superior ophthalmic vein drains into the cavernous sinus,
iv)
superior rectus muscle - oculomotor nerve,
iii)
superior,
a)
supraoptico-hypophyseal tract, paraventriculo-hypophyseal tract.
a)
supratrochlear, supraorbital and infratrochlear nerves, external nasal branch of the anterior ethmoidal nerve
a)
symmetric and asymmetric
a)
target: extrafusal skeletal muscle fibers
b)
target: intrafusal muscle fibers within the muscle spindle
•
tarsal or Meibomian glands (sebaceous gland),
•
tarsal plate.
•
tectospinal tract
•
thalamocortical fibre tract
•
the inner epithelial layer, which borders the anterior chamber, derived also from the mesoderm.
b)
the matured form of premelanosomes containing melanin granules
•
the substantia propria or stroma derives from the surrounding mesenchyme.
ii)
thermoreceptors
v)
trabecular meshwork (spongiosa sclerae),
•
transverse sinus
f)
transverse temporal gyrus Br, 41, 42
i)
trigeminal lemniscus,
a)
trigeminal nerve,
b)
trigeminal, facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus, and accessory nerves.
•
trochlear nerve
•
tympanic canaliculus - fossula petrosa,
3.
utricle,
b)
utricle, saccule, ampullae of the semicircular ducts.
6.
utriculosaccular duct,
•
vagus nerve: dorsal motor nucleus of vagus, scattered neurons in the dorsolateral aspect of the ambiguus nucleus
•
veins:
•
ventral posterolateral nucleus (VPL):
•
ventral posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus
•
ventral posteromedial nucleus (VPM):
•
ventricles of the brain: ependymal cells
•
vertebral arteries,
•
vestibulospinal tract
