Demonstration and Verbal Instructions
what are the 4 subprocesses that govern observational learning in cognitive mediation theory?
- attention process - retention process (transform what is observed into symbolic codes) - behavior reproduction process (translate memory into physical action) - motivation process (what's incentive/goal?)
Neural basis for observational learning shows activation only when executed movement in what parts of the brain? (2)
- basal ganglia - cerebellum
what 2 models/theory are used to see how observing demonstrations can influence learning?
- cognitive mediation theory - dynamic view of modeling
action effect hypothesis shows what 2 types of attention?
- internal focus of attention (performers own movement) - external focus of attention (intended outcome)
what 2 terms are often used interchangeably with "demonstration"
- modeling - observational learning
Neural basis for observational learning shows similar activation during observation and execution in what parts of brain? (4)
- prefrontal - premotor - primary motor (M1) - parietal
give verbal instruction that influence goal achievement strategies such as what 3 things?
- speed (force) - accuracy (form) -> get this first - speed and accuracy
why can novices benefit from observing other novices? discourages imitation of a skilled model's performance and encourages the observer to engage in more __________
active problem solving
Tennis serve: all-pre practiced: ____ combination: ___ interspersed: ____
all-pre practiced: view all 10 demos before practice combination: watch 5 then practice 15 serves interspersed: watch one then practice 3 serves throughout 30 practice serves
cognitive mediation theory is based on _____ theory of modeling and social learning
banduras
when people watched the demo vs not watching the demo, what did it show?
better coordination for watching the demo
influence of demonstration on skill acquisition depends on _____ of the skill being learned
characteristics
what is this called? observed movements are translated into a symbolic memory code that forms the basis that issued to guide performance and as as standard for error detection and correction (memory representation)
cognitive mediation theory
what Is this called? Gibsons's view of visual perception where no encoding and translating is required (unlike cognitive mediation theory)
dynamic view of modeling
demonstrating movement effects might be as effective in inducing coordination changes as providing ________information in a demonstration
end-point
coordination changes have been documented when learners view ______ video demonstrations
full body
potential downsides to demonstration: - unlikely that there's an _____ movement form that is appropriate for all learners
ideal
why should the demonstrator perform the skill correctly ?
if the observer perceives and uses information related to invariant movement patterns, it is logical to expect the quality of performance resulting from observing a demonstration to be related to quality of the demonstration (the learner can copy successful strategies)
several studies show activation in ______ during observation
inferior frontal gyrus (IFG)
the observer perceives __________ relations / _________ time relationship of coordinated movement
invariant (looking at does not equal perceive)
when giving verbal instructions, its important to be careful of _____ effects as there is an unintentional tendency to perform actions you are intentionally trying to avoid
ironing ex) "Don't miss" can make learner more likely to miss
verbal cues should: prompt _______ components of skills (ex: bend ur knee)
key movement
In the experiment by Wulf and Weigelt, ________ ______ instructions lead to poorer performance
movement attention-directing
important factors to consider while developing effective verbal instruction: - focusing on _______ rather than movements required by the skill/ What is an example of this in terms of hypothesis
movement outcomes - action effect hypothesis
the most important characteristic that determines whether a demonstration will be beneficial is whether the skill being learned requires the acquisition of a ________ of coordination rather than new parameters characteristics.
new pattern
is cognitive mediation theory or dynamic view of modeling correct?
no conclusive evidence that one is more valid than other
other studies have documented activity in the __________ during observation
parietal and lateral temporal cortex
the question that important to answer to determine when to use demonstration is "what does the observer _______ from a demonstration?"
perceive
it is important to consider potential differences in how movement is _____ (recognized) vs _______ during the early stage of skill learning, when determine the most appropriate information to provide learners in a demonstration
perceived vs how it its controlled
what should the demonstrator do when people are observing ?
perform the skill "correctly"
a study in gymnasts show that "observation only" activated ______ when the participants were asked to judge the movements' accuracy and consistency
pre-SMA
gentiles view on learning has implication for demonstrating a skill. It was shown that demonstration should ______ practice and that instructor should continue to demonstrate during practice as frequently as necessary.
precede
potential downsides to demonstration: providing learners with other peoples solutions for solving movement problems via demonstrations can subvert the __________
problem solving
important factors to consider while developing effective verbal instruction: - _________ of instructions and memory & attention limits
quantity
important factors to consider while developing effective verbal instruction: - focusing attention on invariant environmental context ______ conditions
regulatory (goal of initial learning stage proposed by gentile is to learn the regulatory conditions that direct the movements required for achieving the action goal)
verbal cues should: - direct performers attention to ______ in the environmental context ( ex: look at ball)
relgulatory
auditory modeling is particularly effective when the goal is to m over within a certain movement time or in a certain ________
rhythm
in dynamic view of modeling, the visual system 'picks up' the model _____ information that effectively constrains the body and limbs to act in specific ways.
salient (most important)
a study in gymnasts show that observation PLUS visualization (imagine themselves imitating the movement) generated activity in the ______ of the cortex
supplementary motor area (SMA)
what information should be conveyed by a demonstration ? The answer is likely specific to ____ and ____ characteristics
task learner
true or false? verbal cues have been proved to be effective as verbal instructions to facilitate learning new skill as well as performing well-learned skills.
true
important factors to consider while developing effective verbal instruction: - using ______ where possible as they may encourage implicit learning
verbal analogies
_______ should be short, concise phrases
verbal cues
________ rank with demonstration as a commonly used means of communicating to people how to perform motor skills
verbal instructions
when learning a new dance move, learning it requires _______, but when increasing the speed of the movements, it requires ________
visual demonstration auditory demonstration (visual is NOT helpful)
demonstrating how to do a skill typically involves _________ on the part of the learner
visual observation
two types of research support this perceived view: - investigation of the _________ of motion - investigation of the influence of demonstration on learning a complex skill
visual perception
why can watching a video of demonstration by professionals over and over be dangerous?
watching skilled performers can foster a potentially dangerous illusion of skill acquisition that does not coincide with the observer's capability (could lead to injury)
can novices benefit from observing other novices?
yes - research shows that beginners can benefit from observing other beginners practice a skill
