Demonstration and Verbal Instructions

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what are the 4 subprocesses that govern observational learning in cognitive mediation theory?

- attention process - retention process (transform what is observed into symbolic codes) - behavior reproduction process (translate memory into physical action) - motivation process (what's incentive/goal?)

Neural basis for observational learning shows activation only when executed movement in what parts of the brain? (2)

- basal ganglia - cerebellum

what 2 models/theory are used to see how observing demonstrations can influence learning?

- cognitive mediation theory - dynamic view of modeling

action effect hypothesis shows what 2 types of attention?

- internal focus of attention (performers own movement) - external focus of attention (intended outcome)

what 2 terms are often used interchangeably with "demonstration"

- modeling - observational learning

Neural basis for observational learning shows similar activation during observation and execution in what parts of brain? (4)

- prefrontal - premotor - primary motor (M1) - parietal

give verbal instruction that influence goal achievement strategies such as what 3 things?

- speed (force) - accuracy (form) -> get this first - speed and accuracy

why can novices benefit from observing other novices? discourages imitation of a skilled model's performance and encourages the observer to engage in more __________

active problem solving

Tennis serve: all-pre practiced: ____ combination: ___ interspersed: ____

all-pre practiced: view all 10 demos before practice combination: watch 5 then practice 15 serves interspersed: watch one then practice 3 serves throughout 30 practice serves

cognitive mediation theory is based on _____ theory of modeling and social learning

banduras

when people watched the demo vs not watching the demo, what did it show?

better coordination for watching the demo

influence of demonstration on skill acquisition depends on _____ of the skill being learned

characteristics

what is this called? observed movements are translated into a symbolic memory code that forms the basis that issued to guide performance and as as standard for error detection and correction (memory representation)

cognitive mediation theory

what Is this called? Gibsons's view of visual perception where no encoding and translating is required (unlike cognitive mediation theory)

dynamic view of modeling

demonstrating movement effects might be as effective in inducing coordination changes as providing ________information in a demonstration

end-point

coordination changes have been documented when learners view ______ video demonstrations

full body

potential downsides to demonstration: - unlikely that there's an _____ movement form that is appropriate for all learners

ideal

why should the demonstrator perform the skill correctly ?

if the observer perceives and uses information related to invariant movement patterns, it is logical to expect the quality of performance resulting from observing a demonstration to be related to quality of the demonstration (the learner can copy successful strategies)

several studies show activation in ______ during observation

inferior frontal gyrus (IFG)

the observer perceives __________ relations / _________ time relationship of coordinated movement

invariant (looking at does not equal perceive)

when giving verbal instructions, its important to be careful of _____ effects as there is an unintentional tendency to perform actions you are intentionally trying to avoid

ironing ex) "Don't miss" can make learner more likely to miss

verbal cues should: prompt _______ components of skills (ex: bend ur knee)

key movement

In the experiment by Wulf and Weigelt, ________ ______ instructions lead to poorer performance

movement attention-directing

important factors to consider while developing effective verbal instruction: - focusing on _______ rather than movements required by the skill/ What is an example of this in terms of hypothesis

movement outcomes - action effect hypothesis

the most important characteristic that determines whether a demonstration will be beneficial is whether the skill being learned requires the acquisition of a ________ of coordination rather than new parameters characteristics.

new pattern

is cognitive mediation theory or dynamic view of modeling correct?

no conclusive evidence that one is more valid than other

other studies have documented activity in the __________ during observation

parietal and lateral temporal cortex

the question that important to answer to determine when to use demonstration is "what does the observer _______ from a demonstration?"

perceive

it is important to consider potential differences in how movement is _____ (recognized) vs _______ during the early stage of skill learning, when determine the most appropriate information to provide learners in a demonstration

perceived vs how it its controlled

what should the demonstrator do when people are observing ?

perform the skill "correctly"

a study in gymnasts show that "observation only" activated ______ when the participants were asked to judge the movements' accuracy and consistency

pre-SMA

gentiles view on learning has implication for demonstrating a skill. It was shown that demonstration should ______ practice and that instructor should continue to demonstrate during practice as frequently as necessary.

precede

potential downsides to demonstration: providing learners with other peoples solutions for solving movement problems via demonstrations can subvert the __________

problem solving

important factors to consider while developing effective verbal instruction: - _________ of instructions and memory & attention limits

quantity

important factors to consider while developing effective verbal instruction: - focusing attention on invariant environmental context ______ conditions

regulatory (goal of initial learning stage proposed by gentile is to learn the regulatory conditions that direct the movements required for achieving the action goal)

verbal cues should: - direct performers attention to ______ in the environmental context ( ex: look at ball)

relgulatory

auditory modeling is particularly effective when the goal is to m over within a certain movement time or in a certain ________

rhythm

in dynamic view of modeling, the visual system 'picks up' the model _____ information that effectively constrains the body and limbs to act in specific ways.

salient (most important)

a study in gymnasts show that observation PLUS visualization (imagine themselves imitating the movement) generated activity in the ______ of the cortex

supplementary motor area (SMA)

what information should be conveyed by a demonstration ? The answer is likely specific to ____ and ____ characteristics

task learner

true or false? verbal cues have been proved to be effective as verbal instructions to facilitate learning new skill as well as performing well-learned skills.

true

important factors to consider while developing effective verbal instruction: - using ______ where possible as they may encourage implicit learning

verbal analogies

_______ should be short, concise phrases

verbal cues

________ rank with demonstration as a commonly used means of communicating to people how to perform motor skills

verbal instructions

when learning a new dance move, learning it requires _______, but when increasing the speed of the movements, it requires ________

visual demonstration auditory demonstration (visual is NOT helpful)

demonstrating how to do a skill typically involves _________ on the part of the learner

visual observation

two types of research support this perceived view: - investigation of the _________ of motion - investigation of the influence of demonstration on learning a complex skill

visual perception

why can watching a video of demonstration by professionals over and over be dangerous?

watching skilled performers can foster a potentially dangerous illusion of skill acquisition that does not coincide with the observer's capability (could lead to injury)

can novices benefit from observing other novices?

yes - research shows that beginners can benefit from observing other beginners practice a skill


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