Development - Quiz 1

The infant is at full rest and shows little or no body activity. The eyelids are closed, no eye movement occur, the face is relaxed, and breathing is slowed and regular. This occurs for 8 to 9 hours a day.

regular, or NREM, sleep

Behaviorism and social learning theory

Continuous Many possible courses Emphasis on nurture

Information processing

Continuous One course Both nature and nurture

what modifies the instructions given by protein-coding genes, greatly complicating their genetic impact?

regulator genes

poverty rates are higher, neighborhood disorganization greater, and community services are scarcer in _________ areas than in ___________ areas

rural urben

newborns will often scan ___________ and track _______ ________

scans environment and tracks moving objects

a theories continued existence depends on what?

scientific verification

3 or below means =

serious danger, requires emergency medical attention

by 7th grade, children of affluent parents showed =

serious problems that worsened in high school (poor grades, alcohol/drug use, delinquent acts, high level of anxiety and depression)

the 23rd pair consist of =

sex chromosomes

what is prime example of incomplete dominance?

sickle cell trait in which two recessive genes are present causing the RBC to become sickled, clog the blood vessels, and block blood flow

the ability of low income families to integrate into ________ _________ in their _________ was a key favorable outcome

social life neighborhood

because of this, the theory is now often referred to as =

social-cognitive

those with turner syndrome have difficulties with =

spatial relationships (e.g. drawing pictures, telling right form left, following travel directions, and noticing changes in facial expressions)

mutations can be either ___________ or caused by ___________ __________ _________

spontaneous or be caused by hazardous environmental agents

in continuation with this debate, many theorists usually will either emphasize ___________ or _____________.

stability or plasticity

theories that accept the discontinuous perspective regard development as taking place in _________

stages

In Vygotsky's theory, children undergo certain _________ changes

stagewise

in stage theories, development is like climbing a _________ meaning =

staircase; meaning each step corresponds to a more mature, reorganized way of functioning

describe the steps/stages that occur during the germinal period =

step 1: the zygote moves down the fallopian tube, it duplicates, at first slowly and then more rapidly step 2: by the 4th day, it forms a hollow, fluid-filled sac called a blastocyst. the inner cells called the embryonic disk, will become the new organism. The out cells, or trophoblast, will provide a protective covering step 3: at the end of the first week, the blastocyst begins to implant in the uterine lining

define chromosomes =

store and transmit genetic information

from warm, responsive care, infants gain a sense of trust, or confidence, that the world is goo. mistrust occurs if infants are neglected or handled harshly

basic trust vs. mistrust; birth to 1 year

why are serious diseases due to dominant alleles rarely present?

because child who inherit the dominant allele always develop the disorder, seldom living long enough to reproduce and carry it on throughout the family

why does huntington's disease still persist?

because it usually does not appear until after age 35 or later, after the person has most likely reproduced and passed the dominant allele to their children

explain the second Mid-Twentieth-Century Theory: behaviorism

behaviorism is directly observable events (stimuli and responses)

If experimental treatments believed to be beneficial are under investigation, participants in control groups have the right to alternate beneficial treatments (if available) or to the same treatment (if found to be effect) once the research is complete.

beneficial treatments

Bronfenbrenner stresses that all relationships are ________ meaning =

bidirectional meaning adults affect children's behaviors and a child's behavior affects the adult's behavior

Bronfenbrenner categorized his perspective as a ________ model

bioecological model

similarity, epigenetics is the =

field of research that seeks to clarify the precise mechanics through which environment can alter gene expression without changing the DNA sequences

if there are abnormalities of the sex chromosomes it will usually be due to =

the presence of an extra X or Y chromosome or the absence of one X in females

systematic observation provides invaluable information on how children and adults actually behave, but it tells us little about =

the reasoning behind their responses

what emerges next?

the yolk sac

INDIRECT the impact of family relationships on development becomes even more complicated when we consider that interaction between any two members is affected by others present int the setting. What is this called?

third parties

there is great diversity and interests among those who study developmental, however, there is one shared single goal which is =

to identify those factors that influence consistencies and transformations in people from conception to death

What is Freud's theory?

to seek a cure for emotionally troubled adults by having them talk freely about painful events of their childhood.

the harm done by a teratogen is not always straightforward and depends on what factors?

-Dose -Heredity -Presence of other negative factors -Age and prenatal sensitive periods

Family Influences on Development possess two different types of influences on the child, what are they?

1) direct 2) indirect

what are those 3 layers?

1) ectoderm 2) mesoderm 3) endoderm

what does each layer do?

1) ectoderm: will become the nervous system and skin 2) mesoderm: develop the muscles, skeleton, circulatory system and internal organs 3) endoderm: digestive system, lungs, uniary tract, and gland

theories are vital tools for what two reasons?

1) helps us guide and give meaning to what we see 2) theories verified by research provide a sound basis for practical action

a preterm baby is cared for in a special Plexiglas-enclosed bed called a =

isolette

a growing number of researchers take issue with the supremacy of heredity, arguing that =

it does not dictate children's experiences or development in a rigid way.

There are some exceptions to genetics. One is called genetic imprinting. Explain =

it is when a chemical marker activates one allele in a pair and turns off another allele in the pair

what does it mean when it says development is multidimensional?

it means that the person's development is affected by an intricate blend of biological, psychological, and social forces

If pregnancy does not occur, what happens to the corpus luteum?

it shrinks, and the lining of the uterus is discarded two weeks later with menstruation

heritability estimates are obtained from =

kinship studies

Participants have the right to be informed of the results of research in language that is appropriate to their level of understanding.

knowledge of results

sexual instincts die down, the superego strengthens as children acquire new social values form adults and same-sex peers

latency (6 to 11)

define public polices =

laws and government programs designed to improve current conditions (e.g. poverty increases and families become homeless, a country might decide to build more low-cost housing, raise the minimum wage, and increase welfare benefits)

adopted children and adolescents, tend to have more ___________ and ____________ __________ than other children

learning and emotional difficulties

throughout the first year, heroin and methadone exposed infants are less =

less attentive to the environment than non-exposed babies and their motor development is slow

take note, however, that behavioral genetics is limited to =

limited to investigating impact of heredity on complex characteristics indirectly

an infant's dual attraction to the orders of their mother and of breast milk help them =

locate odors and identify mother by smell

newborn's are unable to see =

long distances or focus clearly

evidence on cocaine suggests that some prenatally exposed babies develop =

long lasting difficulties

what is the best-known effect of smoking during the prenatal period?

low birth weight

what represents the male chromosomes and what represents the female chromosomes?

male: XY female: XX

what drug is linked to attention, memory, and academic achievement difficulties, impulsivity and overactivity, and depression as well as anger and aggression in childhood and adolescence

marijuana

homeless is mostly due to what two factors?

1) insufficient availability of low-cost housing 2) the release of people with mental illness from institutions without necessary supports for adjusting to ordinary life

if the pregnancy persists, what are the periods of prenatal development?

- Germinal:(2 weeks) - Embryonic: (6 weeks) - Fetal: (30 weeks)

how has the theory been expanded upon?

- children gradually become more selective in what they imitate - children develop personal standards for behavior - children develop a sense of self-efficacy which guides their responses in particular situations

define exosystem =

- consists of social settings that do not contain the developing person but nevertheless affect experiences in immediate settings - these can be formal organizations (e.g. management in the workplace), religious institution, or community health and welfare services, extended family, and friends and neighbors

what are the key characteristics that occur during stage 1: dilation and effacement of the cervix

- contractions of the uterus cause dilation and effacement of the cervix - transition: transition is reached when the frequency and strength of the contractions are at their peak and the cervix opens completely - this stage lasts about 12 to 14 hours

what does it mean when it says development is multi-directional? (hint: 2 ways)

- development is not limited to improved performance, rather at every period, it is a joint expression of growth and decline (e.g. when Sofie directed her energy toward mastering different languages, she gave us refining other skills to their full potential) - change is multi-directional within each domain of development (e.g. although Sofie's cognitive functioning like memory may decline in her mature years, her knowledge of both English and French undoubtedly grew throughout her life)

some example of history-graded influences include =

- epidemics - wars - economic prosperity or depression

the in the second month (still in the embryoic period), what forms?

- eyes - ears - nose - jaw - neck - heart develops separate chambers - yolk is no longer needed - specifically during the 5th week neurons develop

what does an isolette do?

- helps control the babies temperature (as they cannot regulate their own body temp yet) - protect the baby from infection

Explain the Microsystem =

- innermost level - consists of activities and interaction patterns in the person's immediate surroundings - e.g. immediate family, child-care center or school, neighborhood play area

well-educated adults tend to have larger social networks and therefore access to more social support. Education also enhances =

- knowledge - decision making - reduced likelihood of smoking - reduced likelihood of drinking - reduced likelihood of unsafe driving - reduced likelihood of obesity and overweight

what are some major concerns about using donor insemination or in vitro fertilization?

- may countries, including the US., doctors are not required to keep records of donor characteristics, though information bout the child's genetic background might be critical int the case of serious disease - in vitro "sex sorter" method enables parental sex selection, thereby eroding the moral value that boys and girls are equally precious -Selection of desired characteristics; "designer babies" - about 26% of in vitro procedures result in multiple births (most are twins) - Postmenopausal childbearing

what is an example of an age graded influence?

- most individual's after their 1st birthday will begin walking - acquire their native language during preschool years - girls will reach puberty around age 12 or 14 - women experience menopause in their late 40's or early 50's

what factors stimulated the field of developmental science?

- public education and demand for knowledge about what and how to teach children of different ages - interest of the medical profession in improving people's health - social service profession's desire to treat emotional problems and help people adjust to major life events (e.g. divorce, job loss, war etc) - parents seeking expert advice about child-rearing practices

what are the key characteristics that occur during stage 2: delivery of the baby

- pushing: with each contraction, the mother pushes forcing the baby down the birth canal and the head appears - birth: near the end of stage 2, the shoulders emerge, followed by a quick rest of the baby's body - this lasts about 20 to 50 min

define the mesoystem =

- second level of the model - encompasses connections between microsystems

what are some major concerns of surrogate motherhood?

- that surrogacy usually involves the wealthy as contractors for infants and the less economically advantaged as surrogates, promoting exploitation of financially needy women - many surrogates already have children of their own, and and knowledge that their mother would give away a baby many cause these children to worry about the security of their own family circumstances

define the macrosystem =

- the outermost level of the model - consist of cultural values, laws, customs, and resources

why do some zygotes not survive?

- the sperm and ovum did not join properly - implantation was not successful

when would in vitro fertilization typically be used?

- to treat women whose Fallopian tubes are permanently damaged - male fertility problems

what are the key characteristics that occur during stage 3: delivery of the placenta

- with a few pushes the placenta is delivered - this takes about 5 to 10 min

explain what happens in the 2nd trimester =

-Active fetus; mother can feel movement -Neurons rapidly form synapses -Sensitivity to sound and light emerges

explain what happens in the 3rd trimester =

-Age of viability: 22-26 weeks -Extensive body growth -Rapid gains in neural connectivity and organization -Beginnings of personality -Greater responsiveness to external stimulation

what are the two types of labor and delivery medication?

-Analgesics -Anesthetics

what over the counter drugs may have abnormalities but there are variables results?

-Aspirin -Caffeine

what are the characteristics for small-for-date infants?

-Below expected weight considering length of pregnancy -May be full-term or preterm -Inadequate nutrition before birth -Usually more serious problems, especially if also preterm

describe more in detail what Non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) sleep is =

-Body is almost motionless -Heart rate, breathing, and brain-wave activity slow and even

what are the characteristics for preterm infants?

-Born weeks before their due date -Smaller weight may be appropriate for length of pregnancy -1 to 2 more weeks in womb greatly reduces rates of illness

Tutsi mothers pregnant during genocide and their children tested 18 years later displayed =

-Both had significantly lower stress-hormone levels -Long-lasting effects evident in serious psychological disorders

describe more in detail what Rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep is =

-Brain-wave activity similar to waking state -Newborns spend more time in REM sleep than ever again -Believed to support nervous system development

Individuals likely to seek genetic counseling include =

-Couple has had difficulties bearing children -Known genetic problems exist -Woman is over 35

Prenatal malnutrition can:

-Damage organs and central nervous system - increase chances of later illness and disease

define Neonatal mortality =

-Death rate within first month of life -Second highest contributor, low birth weight, is largely preventable

there two commonly compared culture values, what are they?

1) collectivism 2) individualism

children will FASD are given one of three diagnoses which vary in severity, what are they?

-Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) -Partial fetal alcohol syndrome (p-FAS) -Alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND)

what are the 3 medical interventions discused in the book?

-Fetal monitoring -Labor and delivery medication -Cesarean delivery

other studies indicate that mothers who are supported during labor and delivery, either by a lay birth attendant or by a relative or friend with doula training results in =

-Fewer instrument-assisted or cesarean deliveries -Less need for pain medication -Higher Apgar scores

what are the benefits specifically to the mothers who participate in the program?

-Fewer subsequent births -More contact with child's father, more stable relationships -Less welfare dependence

why do you think that is?

-Genetic predispositions -Stress of biological mother -History of conflict-ridden family relationships -Adoptive parents and children are less alike

in proper doses, certain kinds of stimulation can help preterm infants develop. what are the 3 best special infant simulations to perform?

-Gentle rocking -Auditory stimulation -Touch, kangaroo care

what things are assessed? (hint 5 things)

-Heart rate -Respiratory effort -Reflex irritability -Muscle tone -Color

Infant cortisol and other stress hormones released actually help to =

-Help baby withstand oxygen deprivation -Prepare baby to breathe -Arouse infant into alertness

what are the benefits specifically to the child who participate in the program?

-Higher language and intelligence scores -Fewer behavior problems, and less teenage substance abuse

what are the U.S. Public Policy Shortcomings identified in the book specific to children and youth?

-Lack of affordable health insurance and quality child care -Weak enforcement of child support payments -High school dropout rates

what are the risks of poverty?

-Lifelong poor physical health -Poor cognitive development and academic achievement -Mental illness -Impulsivity, aggression, and antisocial behavior -Hostile family interactions

what are the U.S. Public Policy Shortcomings identified in the book specific to older adults?

-Limited funding for social services -Social Security minimum is below poverty line

What is the Human Genome Project?

-Mapped sequence of all human DNA base pairs -Working on identifying all genes and their functions -Exploring new treatments, such as gene therapy and proteomics

Hormonal Changes Prepare expectant parents. What hormonal changes occur in the mother and what changes occur in the father?

-Mother: more oxytocin (contractions, milk production, and caregiving) -Father: rise in prolactin and estrogens, drop in androgens (positive emotional reactions and sensitivity to infant)

what are the 4 main Challenges of early weeks with their newborn identified by the book?

-New roles -Changed schedule -Sleep deprivation -Stress

define Infant mortality =

-Number of deaths in the first year of life per 1,000 live births -Assesses health of a nation's children; U.S. ranks 39th

explain what happens in the 1st trimester =

-Organs, muscles, and nervous system organize -Lungs begin to expand and contract -Sex of fetus visible

how can a parent reduce the incidence?

-Quit smoking and drug use -Place infants to sleep on their backs -Use pacifier -Provide firm sleep surface, eliminate soft bedding

what the two possibilities that describe the differences in capacities among infants, children, adolescents, and adults?

1) continuous 2) discontinuous

there are two main types of designs used in research on human behavior, what are they?

1) correlational 2) experimental

what are the overarching major consequences of to the fetus when a mother drinks during the prenatal period?

-Slow physical growth -Facial abnormalities -Mental impairment

why are reflexes helpful?

-Survival -Evoking interaction from caregivers -Motor development

what are common Common soothing techniques identified in the book?

-Talking softly or rhythmic sounds -Offering pacifier -Massaging or swaddling -Holding on shoulder and rocking or walking -Riding in carriage, car, or swing

when multiple genes are affected (polygeneic) the affects/resulting characteristics that vary among people, such as:

-height -weight -intelligence -personality

intense anxiety, especially during the first two trimester, is associated with =

-higher rates of miscarriage -low birth weight -infant respiratory and digestion illness -colic -irritability during the child's first three years

what are infants Highly sensitive to?

-pain -anesthetics -sugar solution -breast milk -touch to ease pain

researchers use a complex statistical procedure to compare these correlations, arriving at a heritability estimate ranging from =

0 to 1.00

how long does the ovum survive for?

1 day

the rating scale is on scale of =

1 to 10

the fetal period is broken up into what 3 groups?

1) 1st trimester 2) 2nd trimester 3) 3rd trimester

there are two ways to engage in self-reported techniques which are =

1) Clinical interview 2) Structured interview

Developmental neuroscience can be broken down into what to categories?

1) Developmental cognitive neuroscience 2) Developmental social neuroscience

what are the early scientific theories?

1) Evolutionary theory 2) Normative approach 2) Mental testing movement

we have what are called modified experiments. There are two types, what are they?

1) Field experiment 2) Natural, or quasi-, experiment

there are two types of mutations, what are they?

1) Germline 2) Somatic

there are two types of alleles, what are they?

1) Homozygous 2) Heterozygous

what are the 3 parts to Freud's theory of personality?

1) ID 2) EGO 3) SUPEREGO

what are the theories that fall under Recent Theoretical Perspectives?

1) Information Processing 2) Developmental Neuroscience 3) Ethology/ Evolutionary Developmental Psychology 4) Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory 5) Ecological Systems Theory

when scientists are interested in human development and require information about the way a participant or participants changes over time, they may engage what types of methods? (hint there are 3)

1) Longitudinal 2) Cross-sectional 3) Sequential

what makes up the Mid-Twentieth-Century Theories?

1) Psychoanalytic Perspective 2) Behaviorism and Social Learning Theory 3) Piaget's Cognitive Developmental Theory

who were the 2 most influential people who contributed to the psychoanalytic perspective?

1) Sigmund Freud (founder) 2) Erik Erikson

what is are the major limitations to clinical interviews?

1) accuracy with which people report their thoughts, feelings, and experiences: Some participants may wish to please the interviewer and may make up answers that do not represent their actual thinking. In addition, when asked about past events, some may have trouble recalling exactly what happened 2) flexibility: when questions are phrased differently for each participant, responses may reflect the manner of interviewing rather than real differences in the way people think

what are the four forces development is influenced by and therefore making it highly diverse?

1) biological 2) historical 3) social 4) cultural

children who are chronically exposed to angry, unresolved parental conflict have serious behavior problems including:

1) internalizing difficulties: feeling anxious and fearful and trying to repair their parent's relationship 2) externalizing difficulties: including anger and aggression

what are the different layers of the environment proposed by Bronfenbrenner

1) microsystem 2) mesosystem 3) exosystem 4) macrosystem

what are the two approaches to child birth discussed in the book?

1) natural or prepared childbirth 2) home delivery

there are two ways to engage in systematic observation, what are they?

1) naturalistic observation 2) structured observation

what are the 3 main criticisms of Freud's theory?

1) overemphasized the influence of sexual feelings in development 2) based on the problems of sexually repressed, well-to-do adults in the 19th century 3) did not study children directly

what factors did Bandura find that affect children's motivation to imitate?

1) own history of reinforcement or punishment for the behavior 2) the promise of future reinforcement or punishment 3) observations of the model being reinforced or punished

what are the two major strengths to a clinical interview?

1) permits people to display their thoughts in terms that are close as possible to the way they think in everyday life 2) provide a large amount of information in a fairly brief period

to better understand why some babies do better than others, researchers divide them into two groups. what are they?

1) preterm infants 2) small-for-date infants

Gene-Environment Interaction highlights two important points, what are they?

1) shows that because each of us has a unique genetic makeup, we respond differently to the same environment 2) sometimes different gene-environment combinations can make two people look the same (e.g. children with different environmental enrichment produce same intelligence test scores)

what is included in a natural childbirth program for expectant mothers and their companion?

1. classes 2. relaxation and breathing techniques 3. labor coach

________ percent of U.S. women smoke while pregnant

11%

the germinal period lasts about =

2 weeks

________ percent of U.S. children live in poverty

21%

a gamete contains ________ chromosomes

23

how many chromosomes do we have?

23 matching pairs (46 in total)

Rates are higher for children of parents under age ________, ethnic minorities, and _________ ________

25 single mothers

in a healthy pregnancy, how much should a mother gain?

25- to 30-pound weight gain

about once every __________ days in the middle of a women's menstrual cycle, the ovum bursts from one of her ovaries and travels into one of two fallopian tubes

28

as many as _______ percent of zygotes do not survive the germinal period

30%

Cesarean deliveries, once rare, now _________ percent of U.S. deliveries

33 %

how long can sperm live for?

6 days

what is the average life expectancy today?

78.8 years old

What is X-linked inheritance?

A harmful allele is carried on the X chromosome

give a specific example of an exosystem and its affects =

A mother have sick leave for parents whose children are ill will indirectly enhance the development of both the adult and child

severe stress during the prenatal period is associated with what in childhood/youth years?

Associated with negative behavioral outcomes in children and youth and risk of later-life diseases

Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory

Discontinuous One course Both nature and nurture

define research methods

Activities of participants (e.g. taking tests, answering questionnaires, responding to interviews, being observed)

11‒18 years

Adolescence

In which at least three areas of mental functioning are impaired, despite typical physical growth and absence of facial abnormalities. Again, prenatal alcohol exposure, though confirmed, is less pervasive than an FAS

Alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND)

what other risks are associated with smoking during the prenatal period?

Also increases risk of miscarriage, premature birth, abnormalities, disease, and long-term attention, learning, and behavior problems

Psychoanalytic perspective

Discontinuous One course Both nature and nurture

what influences a newborn's preferences?

Amniotic fluid from mother's diet

what teratogen when taken is associated with elevated incidence of premature delivery, low birth weight, respiratory distress at birth, and delayed motor development

Antidepressants

what the maturational process?

a genetically determined series of events that unfold automatically, much like a flower

Who coined operant conditioning?

B. F. Skinner

Toes fan out and curl as foot twists in when sole of foot is stroked; function unknown

Babinski

a field devoted to uncovering the contributions of nature and nurture to this diversity in human traits and stabilizes can be best defined as =

Behavioral Genetics

_________ ___________ is best predictor of infant survival and healthy development

Birth weight

Lifespan perspective

Both continuous and discontinuous Many possible courses Both nature and nurture

Vygotsky's sociocultural theory

Both continuous and discontinuous Many possible courses Both nature and nurture

Ethology and evolutionary developmental psychology

Both continuous and discontinuous One course Both nature and nurture

Children's reasoning becomes logical and better organized. Thinking is not yet abstract.

Concrete operational; 7-11 years

when does color vision become adult like?

Color vision becomes adult like after 4 months

what are chromosomes made up of?

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

the roots of ethology are traced back to the work of =

Darwin

18‒40 years

Early adulthood

2‒6 years

Early childhood

what are the strengths to a longitudinal study?

Permits study of common patterns and individual differences, and relationships between early and later events and behaviors

explain the psychosocial theory =

Erikson emphasized that in addition to mediating between id impulses and superego demands, the ego makes a positive contribution to development acquiring attitudes and skills that make the individual an active, contributing member of society

what does the NBAS evaluate?

Evaluates newborn's reflexes, muscle tone, state changes, responsiveness to physical and social stimuli

what are some examples of environmental pollution and what can do they do to a fetus?

Examples: mercury, PCBs, dioxins, lead, traffic-related fumes Can cause variety of physical defects and cognitive impairments, and increase chances of later illnesses

Protects infant from strong stimulation

Eye blink

Distinguished by (a) slow physical growth, (b) a pattern of three facial abnormalities: short eyelid openings, a thin upper lip, a smooth or flat and philtrum, or indentation running from the bottom of the nose to the center of the upper lip, (c) Brain injury evident in a small head an impairment in at least three areas of functioning for example: memory, language and communication, attention span an activity level such as overactivity, planning and reasoning, motor coordination, or social skills. This is typical for mothers who drank heavily throughout pregnancy

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

Abstract thinking enables adolescents to use hypotheses and deduction. Adolescents can also evaluate the logic of verbal statements.

Formal operational; 11 years on

what study supports this?

In a large Finnish adoption study children with a genetic tendency for mental illness but who were being reared by healthy adoptive parents showed little evidence of mental disturbances - no more than a control group with healthy biological and adoptive parents

Individuals respond differently to same environment because of genetic makeup can be best defined as =

Gene-Environment Interaction

Proposed by Urie Bronfenbrenner is the ecological system theory which can be defined as =

Person develops within complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of surrounding environment

Watson wanted to know if classical conditioning could be applied to children. How did he test this?

He tested baby Albert (11 month old) by showing him a white rat (which the child immediately reached out and eagerly touched) paired with a loud sharp sound that scared the baby. Little Albert then began to cry and retreat fro the sight of the rat

Is it safe to give birth at home as it is in a hosptial?

Healthy women without pregnancy complications who are assisted by well-trained attendants is necessary in order to recognize and handle emergencies. If at risk for complication, should deliver in hospital

define genetic counseling =

Helps couples assess risk of hereditary disorders and choose best course of action

Measure extent to which individual differences in complex traits are due to heredity can be best defined as =

Heritability Estimates

what is the The Nurse-Family Partnership?

Home visiting program for low-income, first-time pregnant women, through child's age 2

what is one dominant disorder that commonly persists?

Huntington's disease

in some heterozygous circumstances, the dominant-recessive relationship does not hold up completely and instead see =

Incomplete Dominance

researchers assess a family's standing on a continuum through an index called socioeconomic status (SES). Define SES =

Index that combines three related variables: •Years of education •Prestige of one's job and skill it requires •Income *First two measure social status; the last measures economic status

Birth‒2 years

Infancy and toddlerhood

a Newborn Sense of Hearing can hear wide variety of sound patterns and can distinguish sound patterns at only =

few days old

the scores are used to recommend appropriate =

Interventions to enhance parent‒child interaction

Gentle limb movements, occasional stirring, and facial grimacing occur. Although the eyelids are closed, occasional rapid eye movements can be seen beneath them. Breathing is irregular. This occurs 8 to 9 hours a day.

Irregular, or REM, sleep

what teratogen currently used vitamin A derivative prescribed to treat severe acne and causes abnorabilites fo the eye, ear, skull, brain, heart, and immune system?

Isotretinoin (acne treatment)

who was the found of behaviorism?

John Watson

the developmental system perspective is essentially the =

LIFESPAN PERSPECTIVE

65 years‒death

Late adulthood

who is more likely to be affects: males or females? Why?

Males more likely to be affected Shorter Y chromosome lacks corresponding genes to override those on the X. In females, the recessive allele on one X has a good chance of being suppressed by a dominant allele of the other X.

40‒65 years

Middle adulthood

6-11 years

Middle childhood

what are the strengths to a cross-sectional study?

More efficient than longitudinal design, and not plagued by problems such as participant dropout and practice effects

An "embracing" motion; in evolutionary past, may have helped infant cling to mother

Moro

START OF CHAPTER 2 CARDS

N/A

do cohort effects only happen to entire generation?

NO! They can happen to some groups of individuals who experience something but others in that same generation didn't experience. (e.g. 9-11-2001) (p. 36 in textbook for full example)

A variety of instruments permit doctors, nurses, and researchers to assess the behavior of newborn babies. The most widely use is the =

Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS)

what is a similar instrument designed for at-risk newborns?

Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Network Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS)

Characterized by two of the three facial abnormalities just mentioned and brain injury, again evident at least three areas of impaired functioning. Mothers of children with this generally drink alcohol in smaller quantities, and children's defects vary with the timing and length of alcohol exposure.

Partial fetal alcohol syndrome (p-FAS)

What sense is least developed at birth?

Newborn Sense of Vision

Ecological systems theory

Not specified Many possible courses Both nature and nurture

genetic imprinting is often ____________ and therefore =

Often temporary; may not pass to next generation

what are the stages of the psychosexual theory?

Oral stage: birth to 1 year Anal stage: 1 year to 3 years of age Phallic stage: 3 year to 6 years of age latency stage: 6 year to 11 years of age Genital stage: adolescence

Define research design =

Overall plans for research studies

Infant grasps finger; prepares infant for voluntary grasping

Palmar grasp

These are example of what? toxoplasmosis, malaria

Parasitic disease

explain cross-sectional

Participants of differing ages studied at the same point in time

define hypothesis =

Prediction drawn from a theory

why is Senses of Taste and Smell important for infants?

Preferences present at birth are key for survival

newborns prefer what colors?

Prefers bright over gray, but does not discriminate colors

Conception to birth

Prenatal

Preschool children use symbols, and develop language and make-believe play. Thinking still lacks logic.

Preoperational; 2-7 years

Explain the Mental testing movement =

Proposed by Binet and Simon. They developed teh first intelligence test and sparked interest in individual differences in development

Explain the Normative approach =

Proposed by Hall and Gesell, they regard development as a maturational process and founded the normative approach which can be defined as age-related averages from large studies of children represent typical development

explain the last (3rd) Mid-Twentieth-Century Theory: Piaget's Cognitive Development

Proposed by Jean Piaget, he constructed the cognitive-developmental theory in which children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world

what the purpose of Genetic Engineering?

Purpose is to correct hereditary defects

what is the The Apgar Scale?

Quick assessment of the newborn's physical condition

__________ allele can be passed to children

Recessive

the program has shown to reduce =

Reduces pregnancy complications and preterm births

down syndrome results from =

Results when 21st chromosome pair fails to separate during meiosis

Today, which theory is most accepted?

Today, most theorists believe that both continuous and discontinuous changes occur: balanced point of view

Infant's head turns toward source of stimulation; helps infant find the nipple

Rooting

Explain longitudinal =

Same participants studied repeatedly at different ages

what sense is well-developed at birth that helps an infant investigate their world?

Sense of Touch

Infants use the senses and movement to explore the world, and invent ways of solving sensorimotor problems.

Sensorimotor; Birth-2 years

describe sequential =

Several similar cross-sectional or longitudinal studies are conducted at varying times

what greatly reduces risk of complications due to stress?

Social support

give an example of continuous development =

Sofie (in the beginning of the chapter) perceived the piano melody, memory for past events, and ability to categorize objects just like adults, her only limitation was that she could not perform these skills with as much information and precision as an adult can

give an example of discontinuous development

Sofie could not yet perceive, remember, and categorize experiences as a mature person can. Rather, she moved through a series of developmental steps, each with unique features, until she reached the highest level of functioning.

give some examples of non-normative influences =

Sofie's life included piano lessons in childhood with an inspiring teacher, delayed marriage, delayed parenthood, battle with cancer

describe what occurs during conception =

Sperm and ovum unite

who is considered the founder of the child study movement?

Stanley Hall

Prepares infant for voluntary walking

Stepping

why is sense of touch important for infants?

Stimulates early physical growth and is vital for emotional development

Permits feeding

Sucking

what is the leading cause of infant mortality in industrialized nations that is defined as an unexpected death, usually during the night, of an infant younger than 1 year of age that remains unexplained after thorough investigation?

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

define mutation

Sudden, permanent change in a DNA segment

why do we test an infants reflexes?

Tested to reveal health of baby's nervous system

what is the definition of a natural or pared childbirth?

a group of techniques aimed at reducing pain and medical intervention and making childbirth a rewarding experience

Infant lies in a "fencing position"; may prepare infant for voluntary reaching

Tonic neck

These are examples of what? Rubella, chickenpox, mumps, HIV/AIDS, herpes simplex 2

Viruses

the embryonic period occurs during what weeks?

Weeks 3 (implantation) to week 8

what are the strengths of a sequential study?

With longitudinal sequences, permits longitudinal and cross-sectional comparisons. Also reveals cohort effects and tracks age-related changes efficiently

does passive expose also increase these risks?

YES

can training parents in infant caregiving skills help? Why or why not?

YES. Some may just require or desire a few session of coaching to enhance parent-infant interaction while others such as stressed, economically disadvantaged households may require long-term intensive intervention. Either way, more than four times as many intervention children as to no-intervention controls were within normal range at age 3 in intelligence, psychologically adjustment and physical growth. In addition, mothers in the intervention group were more affectionate and more often encouraged played and cognitive mastery in their children

define methylation =

a biochemical process triggered by certain experiences in which a set of chemical compounds (called a methyl group) lands on top of a gene and changes its impact, reducing or silencing its expression

what is an example of a mesoystem?

a child's academic progress depends not just on the activities that take place in classroom but also on parent involvement in school life and on the extend to which academic learning is carried over to the home

define developmental science

a field of study devoted to understanding constancy and change throughout the lifespan

observations of imprinting led to a major concept in human development known as the critical period. what is the critical period?

a limited time span during which the individual is biological prepare to acquire certain adaptive behaviors but needs the support of an appropriately stimulating environment

what is an example of a third party?

a mother and son are interacting and the father joins in. If the marital relationship is warm and considerate, mothers and the fosters are more likely to engage in effective co-parenting with fosters a positive relationship a grandparent may promote children development indirectly by providing parents with child-rearing advice, models of child-rearing skills, and even financial assistance

Define correlation coefficient =

a number that describes how two measures, or variables, are associated with each other. This ranges from +1.00 to -1.00. A zero correlation indicates no relationship. The closer to 1 (positive or negative) the stronger the relationship

what is the developmental systems perspective?

a perpetually ongoing process, extending from conception to death, that is molded by a complex network of biological, psychological, and social influences

what is discontinuous development?

a process in which new ways of understanding and responding to the world emerge at specific times

what does continuous development mean?

a process of gradually augmenting the same types of skills that were there to begin with

define a gene =

a segment of DNA located along the chromosomes

DNA looks like a twisted ladder, and each rung of the ladder consists of =

a specific pair of chemical substances called bases

what is the most consistent asset of resilient children?

a strong bond with a competent, caring adult.

define anesthetic and give an example =

a stronger type of painkiller that blocks sensation (e.g. epidural analgesia)

define a cesarean delivery =

a surgical birth; the doctor makes an incision in the mother's abdomen and lifts the baby out of the uterus

what is ethology?

a theory concerned with the adaptive, or survival, value of behavior and its evolutionary history

define the psychosexual theory

a theory that emphasizes how parents manage their child's sexual and aggressive drives in the first few years is crucial for healthy personality development

we see that in humans, the term sensitive period is more appropriate. what is a sensitive period?

a time that is biologically optimal for certain capacities to emerge because the individual is especially responsive to environmental influences. However, if the boundaries are less well-defined than those of a critical period. Development can occur later, but it is harder to induce.

What is operant conditioning?

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

What is in vitro fertilization?

a woman is given hormones that stimulate the ripening of several ova. These are removed surgically and placed in a dish of nutrients, to which sperm are added. Once an ovum is fertilized and duplicates into several cells, it is injected into the mother's uterus

what things helps foster resilience? (hint: 4 things)

a) personal characteristics: temperament b) warm parental relationships c) social support outside of immediate family d) community resources and opportunities

within each period, change occurs in three broad domains. what are they?

a) physical b) cognitive c) emotional/social

what is Active correlation?

as children extend their experiences beyond the immediate family and are given the freedom to make more choices, they actively seek environments that fit with their genetic tendencies.

at what age is development considered plastic?

at all ages

when does environmental modification of gene expression occur?

at any age, even prenatally

using new mental and motor skills, children want to decide for themselves. Parents can foster autonomy by permitting reasonable free choice and not forcing or shaming the child

autonomy vs. shame and doubt; 1 to 3 years of age

22 of the 23 pairs of chromosomes are matching pairs called =

autosomes (meaning not sex chromosomes)

4‒6 means =

baby needs assistance

These are examples of what? chlamydia, syphilis, tuberculosis

bacterial disease

while crying can be a communication tool to signals a variety of distresses, it is usually an indication of =

physical needs with hunger being the most common cause

students who parents are involved in school activities and attend parent-teacher conferences show better =

academic achievement

Piaget believed that development was great influenced by ________

adaptation

achieving well in elementary school and secondary school is crucial for =

admission to and success in college

Sex chromosome abnormalities are often not recognized until =

adolescence

in the first half of the 20th century, it was widely assumed that development stopped at _________-

adolescence

what is none of the reproductive technologies work for a family; what is another option that could do?

adoption

note that heritability increases with =

age

somatic mutation increases with =

age

events that are strongly related to age and therefore fairly predictable in when they occur and how long they last are called =

age graded influences

recall that except for the XY pair in males, all chromosomes come in matching pairs. Two forms of each gene occur at the same place on the chromosome, one inherited form the mother and one inherited from the father. Each form a gene called =

allele

define Heterozygous =

alleles differ (e.g. Bb)

Most widely used technique. A hollow needle is inserted through the abdominal wall to obtain a sample of fluid in the uterus. Cells are examined for genetic defects. Can be performed by the 14th week of conception; one to two more weeks are required for test results. Small risk of miscarriage.

amniocentesis

At first, the trophoblast (protective outer layer multiplies fastest and forms a membrane called the =

amnion

the amnion encloses the developing organisms in =

amniotic fluid

define theory =

an orderly, integrated set of statements that describes, explains, and predicts behavior

toddlers and preschoolers enjoy holding and releasing urine and feces. if parents toilet train before children are ready or make too few demands, conflicts about anal control may appear in the form of extreme orderliness or disorder

anal stage (1 to 3)

what a teratogen?

any environmental agent that causes damage during the prenatal period

what is ABA?

applied behavior analysis which consists of careful observations of individual behavior and related environmental events, followed by systematic changes in those events based on procedures of conditioning and modeling. the goal is to eliminate undesirable behaviors and increase desirable responses

other family influence includes adapting to changes. Given an example =

arrival of a new baby. This can create challenges that modify existing relationships. The way such events affect family interaction depends on the support of other family members

age-graded influences are especially prevalent in childhood and adolescence because =

biological changes are rapid and cultures impose many age-related experiences to ensure that young people acquire the skills they need to participate in their society

extended family households are a vital feature of ________ family life

black

what is one solution?

both affluent and low SES youth, a simple routine eating dinner with parents is associated with a reduction in adjustment difficulties, even after many other aspect of parenting are controlled

define homozygous =

both alleles are alike (e.g. bb or BB)

Furthermore, research has shown that parents and other caring adults can "uncouple" unfavorable gene-environment correlations. How can they do that?

by providing children with positive experiences that modify the expression f heredity, yielding favorable outcomes

what is an example of somatic mutation?

cancer

assessing an infants sleep (both NREM and REM) help identify what?

central nervous system abnormalities

home births are often handled by =

certified nurse-midwives

what provides the best estimate of the baby's ability to recover from the stress of birth?

changes in scores over the first week or two of life (rather than a single score)

what is a pedigree?

chart that shows relationships within a family and infers the genotypes of family members. It is used to estimate the likelihood that parents will have an affected child.

give an example of how context can result in different paths of change =

children and adults living in a western village vs. a western city will face different circumstances that foster different intellectual capacities, social skills and feelings about the self

what does Vygotsky mean when we states cognitive development is a socially mediated process?

children depend on assistance from adults and more expert peers as they tackle new challenges

what is evocative correlation?

children evoke responses that are influenced by the child's heredity, and these responses strengthen the child's original style (e.g. a cooperative, attentive child probability receives more patient and sensitive interactions from parents than an inattentive, distracted child. In support of this idea, the more genetically alike siblings are, the more their parents treat them alike, in both warmth and negativity. Parent's treatment of identical twins is highly similar, whereas their treatment of fraternal twins and non-twin biological siblings is only moderately so).

according to Vygotsky, social interaction, in particular, cooperative dialogues with the more knowledgable members of society, is necessary for =

children to acquire the ways of thinking and behaving that make up a community's culture

by the end of the second week, cells of the trophoblast form another protective membrane called the =

chorion

A procedure that can be used if results are desired or needed very early in pregnancy. A thin tube is inserted into the uterus through the vagina, or a hollow needle is inserted through the abdominal wall. A small plug of tissue is removed from the end of one or more chronic villi, the hair like projections on the membrane surrounding the developing Organism. Cells are examined for genetic defects. Can be performed at nine weeks after conception; Results are available within 24 hours. And heals a slightly greater risk of miscarriage than amniocentesis. Also associated with small risk of limb deformations, which increases the earlier the procedure is performed.

chorionic villus sampling

what does the nucleus contain?

chromosomes

Bronfenbrenner also labled the temporal dimension of his model the ________

chronosystem

Watson was inspired by Ivan Pavlov's studies of animal learning which Pavlov termed =

classical conditioning

today, Bandura's theory has been expanded upon (1992, 2001) to stress the importance of =

cognition

changes in intellectual abilities, including attention, memory, academic everyday knowledge, problem solving, imagination, creativity, and language

cognitive development

despite these risks, most adopted children fare well and those with preexisting problems who experience sensitive parenting usually make rapid progress both _________ and __________

cognitively and socially

what is the most widely discussed threat to the accuracy of longitudinal findings?

cohort effects

why are so many affluent youths troubled?

compared to their better-adjusted counterparts, poor adjusted affluent young people report less emotional closeness, less perversion, and fewer serious consequences for misbehavior from their parents, who lead professionally and socially demanding lives

what is a kinship study? Give an example =

compares the characteristics of family members example: compares identical twins who share all their genes with fraternal twins who on average share only half. If people who are genetically more alike are also more similar in intelligence and personalty then the researcher assumes that heredity plays an important role

what are the associated risks of fetal medicine?

complications, most commonly premature labor or miscarriage

DIRECT studies on families of diverse ethnicity show that when parents are firm but warm, children tend to =

comply with their requests (and this lead their parents to be likely to be warm and gentle in the future)

stage theorists assume that people everywhere follow the same sequence of development. However, the field of human development is becoming increasingly aware that children and adults live in distinct ________

contexts

what is the first way that babies communicate and is considered a unique vocal "signature"?

crying

Vygotsky believed that adults and more expert peers help children master =

culturally meaningful activities in which the communication between them becomes apart of the child's thinking

Vygotsky's Sociocultural theory focuses on how =

culture is transmitted to the next generation

according to the lifespan perspective, pathways of change are highly diverse because =

development is influenced by multiple forces

what are the 4 assumptions of the lifespan perspective?

development is... 1) lifelong 2) multidimensional and multi-directional 3) highly plastic 4) affected by multiple interacting forces

now that theorists are challenging the earlier stereotype of the withering person, theorists now envision it from a _________ ___________ ___________

developmental systems perspective

what synthetic hormone widely prescribed between 1945 and 1970 used to prevent miscarriages caused daughters of these mothers in young adulthood to have high rates of cancer of the vagina, malformations fo the uterus, and infertility?

diethylstilbestrol (DES)

Only the _________ allele affects child's characteristics

dominant

what is the term for a trained lay attendant who stays with the birthing mother throughout labor and delivery, talking to them, holding their hands, and rubbing their backs to promote relaxation?

doula

what is the most common chromosomal disorder occurring in 1 out of every 700 live births?

down syndrome

The infant is either falling asleep or waking up. Body is less active than an irregular sleep but more active than in regular sleep period the eyes open and close; When open, they have a glazed look. Breathing is even but somewhat faster than in regular sleep. This varies throughout the day.

drowsiness

define analgesic =

drugs used to relieve pain, may be given in mild doses during labor to help a mother relax

Children in low-SES neighborhoods likely to experience poorer quality education, therefore, intervention to upgrade best begin ___________

early

the infants that are victims of SIDS often show =

early problems, irregularities, impairments, and/or infections

according to Bronfenbreener, the environment is not a static force, rather is ever-changing (e.g. individuals add or let go of roles in settings in their lives). These shifts in context are called =

ecological transitions

what folds over to form the neural tube (primitive spinal cord)?

ectoderm

threat from a infectious disease is greatest during what prenatal period?

embryonic period

what period is a teraogenic damage most serious?

embryonic period because the foundations for all body parts are being laid down

changes in emotional communication, self-understanding, knowledge about other people, interpersonal skills, friendships, intimate relationships, and moral reasoning and behavior

emotional and social development

despite their advanced education and great material wealth, affluent parents (those in prestigious and high-paying occupations) too often fail to =

engage in family interaction and parenting that promotes favorable development

development resulting from ongoing, bidirectional exchanges between heredity and all levels of the environment can be best defined as =

epigenesis

Prenatal exposure to severe maternal stress can induce =

epigenetic changes through methylation

according to Piaget, children eventually revise incorrect ideas in their on going efforts to achieve _____________ which is =

equilibrium; balance between internal structures and information they encounter in their every day world

parent and child live with one or more adult relatives is best defined as =

extended family household

the psychoanalytic perspective has been criticized for =

failing to consider other methods and being too vague that it cannot be empirically tested

give an example of a germline mutation =

father who are exposed to radiation in their occupation, mate, produce an offspring that has genetic abnormalities like physical malformation or childhood cancer

An extra X chromosome in females is called: An extra X chromosome in males is called:

females: triple X syndrome males: Klinefleter syndrome

what term encompasses a range of physical, mental, and behavioral outcomes caused by prenatal alcohol exposure

fetal alcohol spectrum disorder

besides avoiding teratogens, expectant parents can support prenatal development in other ways; one way being physical exercise. physically fit women who walk, swim, bike, or engage on aerobic workout is related to improved =

fetal cardiovascular functioning, higher birth weight, and a reduction in risk of certain complications like maternal diabetes and premature birth

Week 9 to the end of pregnancy is considered the =

fetal period

A small tube with a light source at one end is inserted into the uterus to inspect the fetus for defects of the limbs an face. Also allows a sample of fetal blood to be obtained, permitting diagnosis of such disorders as hemophilia and sickle cell anemia, as well as neural defects. Usually performed between 15 and 18 weeks after conception but can be done as early as five weeks period until some risk of miscarriage.

fetoscopy

Vitamin‒mineral enrichment is crucial. What specific supplement is extremely important?

folic acid supplement (about 0.4 milligrams of folic acid per day)

when parent of adopted children are warm, open, and supportive in their communication about adoption, their children typically =

forge a positive sense of self

genetic imprinting on the sex chromosome results in =

fragile X syndrome (the most common inherited cause of intellectual disability)

what is the most common type of multiple offspring, resulting from the release and fertilization of two ova?

fraternal or dizygotic twins

when does most conception occur?

from intercourse on day of ovulation or during two days preceding it

new individuals are created when what two cells combine?

gametes/sex cells (male: sperm; female: ovum)

generality means giving to the next generation through child rearing, caring for others, or productive work. the person who fails in these ways feels an absence of meaningful accomplishment

generality vs. stagnation ; middle adulthood

overall, the topic should be viewed as bidirectional, meaning =

genes affect people behavior and experiences, but their experiences and behavior also affect gene expression

with puberty, sexual impulses reaper. successful developmental during earlier stages leads to marriage, mature sexuality, and child rearing

genital stage (adolescence)

Prevention efforts include =

good nutrition, high-quality medical care, social and economic supports, and paid,job-protected employment leave

7 or above means =

good physical condition

Lack of early care linked to =

greater likelihood for low birth weight and fetal death

0.5 suggests heredity explains =

half the trait's variation

children who are easygoing, sociable, and who can readily inhibit negative emotions and impulses tend to =

have an optimistic outlook on life and a special capacity to adapt to change

what does amniotic fluid do?

helps keep the temperature of the prenatal world constant and provides a cushion against any jolts caused by the women's movement

what is a good example of a X-linked pattern that the book gave?

hemophilia; a disorder in which the blood fails to clot

development affected by forces unique to particular historical era is called =

history-graded influences

what about foster and adoptive mothers?

holding and interacting with infant releases oxytocin

what is it called when a zygote started to duplicate and separates into two clusters of cells and develops into two individuals?

identical or monozygotic twins

as long as parents took steps to help their children learn about their heritage in childhood, young people adopted into a different ethnic group or cultural generally develop =

identities that are healthy blends of their birth and rearing backgrounds

by exploring values and vocational goals, young people form a personal identity. the negative outcome is confusion about future adult roles

identity vs. role confusion; adolescence

if your patient came to you and said: "I am in my 3rd trimester, so I don't thing there is any point in stopping" what would you say back?

if a pregnant women stops smoking at anytime, even during the 3rd trimester, she reduces the likelihood that her infant will be born underweight and suffer from future problems

between the 7th and 9th days of the germinal period, what occurs?

implantation

in low-income neighborhoods, in school and after school programs that substitute for lack of other resources by providing art, music, sports, and other enrichment activities are associated with =

improved academic performance and reduction in emotional and behavioral programs in elementary and middle school

what does Anoxia mean?

inadequate oxygen supply

radiation, even low level exposure can result in =

increased risk of childhood cancer

neighborhood organizations like religious youth groups and special interests clubs contribute to favorable development in adolescence including =

increased self-confidence, school achievement, and education aspirations

Exposure to extreme adversity ___________ methylation of a gene integral to stress-hormone regulation

increases

Piaget emphasized children's ________ __________ to make sense of their world where Vygotsky viewed cognitive development as a _____ _____ _______

independent efforts socially mediated process

what are cohort effects?

individuals born in the same time period are influenced by a particular set of historical and cultural conditions. Results based on one cohort may not apply to people developing at other times.

what are some examples of radiation?

industrial leakage, medical X-rays

at school, children learn to work and cooperate with others. inferiority develops when negative experiences at home, at school, or with peers lead to feelings of incompetence

industry vs. inferiority; 6 to 11 years of age

All participants, including children in older adults, have the right to have explain to them, in language appropriate to their level of understanding, all aspects of the research that may affect their willingness to participate. When children are participants, informed consent of parents as well as others who act on the child's behalf (such as school officials) should be obtained , preferably in writing, along with the child's written or verbal consent (agreement) for participation. Older adults who are cognitively impaired should be asked to appoint a surrogate decision maker. If they cannot do so, then someone should be named by an Institutional Review Board after careful consultation with relatives and professionals who know the person well. All participants have the right to discontinue participation in the research at anytime.

informed consent

through make-believe play, children gain insight into the person they can become. Initiative - sense of ambition and responsibility develops when parents support their children's sense of purpose. If parent demand too much self-control, children experience excessive guilt

initiative vs. guilt; 3 to 6 years of age

what is donor insemination?

injection of sperm from an anonymous man into a women

integrity results from feeling that life was worth living as it happened. older people who are dissatisfied with their lives fear death.

integrity vs. despair ; old age

developmental science is takes an _____________ approach meaning =

interdisciplinary approach; meaning the growth of the field is from the combined efforts of people in many fields (e.g. psychology, sociology, anthropology, biology, and neuroscience)

young adults establish intimate relationships. because of earlier disappointments, some individuals cannot form close bonds and remain isolated.

intimacy vs. isolation; early adulthood

what is surrogate motherhood?

intro fertilization may be used to impregnate a women (surrogate) with a couple's fertilized ovum.

what is the corpus luteum?

mass of cells that forms in an ovary that secretes hormones that prepare the lining of the uterus to receive a fertilized ovum

By the 2nd month of pregnancy, some of the developing Organism cells enter the maternal blood stream. An elevated level of Alpha fetoprotein may indicate kidney disease, and normal closure of the esophagus, or neural tube defects, such as an anencephaly (absence of most of the brain), spina bifida (bulging of the spinal cord of the spinal column). Isolated cells can be examined for genetic defects.

maternal blood analysis

what does Breech position mean?

may compress umbilical cord

what are the limitations to kinship studies?

may not represent the population; can be misapplied; limited usefulness (e.g. SES may play a large role)

what is a prenatal diagnostic method?

medical procedures that permit detection of developmental problems before birth

gametes are formed through a cell division process called =

meiosis

what is one way a in which the environment can alter gene expression without changing the DNA sequence?

methylation

besides harmful recessive alleles, abnormalities of the chromosomes are a major cause of serious developmental problems. Most chromosomal defects result from =

mistakes during meiosis when the ovum and sperm are formed

history-graded influences explain why people born around the same time tend to be =

more alike in ways that set them apart from other people born at different times

newborn's are sensitive to what? Why is helpful?

mother's voice and human speech biologically prepared to learn language

why do some people "bounce back" from adversity and others do not?

much research is pointing toward resilience

how are harmful genes created in the first place?

mutation

START OF CHAPTER 3

n/a

the follow cards will describe of the FASD categories. State which one it is describing

n/a

the following cards describe common research methods

n/a

the following cards will list a description of a prenatal diagnostic method. Name which method is it describing

n/a

the following cards will list a description, stage which psychosocial stage it is along with the approximate age

n/a

the following cards will list a description; state which period of development it is

n/a

the following cards will list a theory, please state whether it is: a) Continuous or Discontinuous? b) One Course of Development or Many? c) Influence of Nature and Nurture?

n/a

the following cards will provide a describe of one of the states of arousal (there are 5) of an newborn infant. Recall which state of arousal is it describing =

n/a

the following cards will provide a description from one of Piaget's stages of cognitive development. Please state with stage it is and the period of development

n/a

the following cards will provide a description, list which psychosexual stage best fits the description

n/a

the following cards will provide a description, please state which "rights of research participants" it is explaining

n/a

the following cards will provide a description, recall which reflex it is describing =

n/a

when said the "nature-nurture controversy", what is meant by nature, and what is meant by nurture?

nature: hereditary information we receive from our parents at the moment of conception nurture: complex forces of the physical and social world that influence our biological makeup and psychological experiences before and after birth

the tendency to actively choose environments that complement our heredity is called =

niche-picking

Stress hormones can also cross the __________ causing a dramatic rise in fetal stress hormones

placenta

what is is called when you have multiple genes affected?

polygenic

exactly how does smoking harm the fetus?

nicotine: addictive substance in tobacco constricts blood vessels, lessens blood flow to the uterus, causes the placenta to grow abnormally, and raises the concentration of carbon monoxide in the bloodstreams of both the mother and fetus

according to the lifespan perspective, what age is supreme in its impact on the life course?

no age is supreme in its impact on the life course

how much alcohol is safe during pregnancy?

no amount of alcohol is safe. Even mild drinking, less than one drink a day, is associated with reduced head size, slow body growth, and behavioral problems.

events that are irregular and happen to just one person or a few people and do not follow a predictable timetable is called =

non-normative influences

what is somatic mutation?

normal body cells mutate, an event that can occur at any time of life

age-graded and history-graded influences are considered __________ influences because =

normative; because they affect large numbers of people in a similar way

within each of the trillions of cells (except RBC) is a control center called the =

nucleus

describe a systematic observation =

observations of the behavior of children and adults

what is the major criticism of the social learning theory?

offer too narrow of a view of important environmental influences which extend beyond immediate reinforcement, punishment, and modeled behaviors to people's rich physical and social worlds.

plasticity means =

open to change in response to influential experiences

if oral needs are not met through sucking from a breast or bottle, the individual may develop such habits as thumb sucking, fingernail biting, overeating, or smoking

oral stage (birth to 1) term-91

What are "third-parties"?

other individuals in the microsystem that also affect the quality of any two-person relationship

a major problem in trying to separate heredity and environment is that they are often correlated. For that reason, the gene-environment correlation was introduced which can be defined as =

our genes influence the environments to which we are exposed to

Strong contractions reduce baby's _________ supply

oxygen

therefore, researchers must turn to self-reported techniques. Explain =

participants provide information on their perceptions, thoughts, abilities, feelings, attitudes, beliefs, and past experiences

if a family history of intellectual disability, psychological disorders, physical defects, or inherited disease exists, the genetic counselor will interview the couple and prepare a =

pedigree

define cohort =

people born around the same time

Explain the Psychoanalytic Perspective =

people move through a series of stages in which they confront conflicts between biological drives and social expectations. How these conflicts are resolved determins the person's ability to learn, to get along with others, and to cope with anxiety

new evidence is increasingly emphasizing "mutually influential relations" between means =

people not only are affected, but they also contribute to the context in which they develop

what does the placenta do?

permits food and oxygen to reach the developing organism and waste products to the carried away

as preschoolers take pleasure in genital stimulation, Freud's Oedipus conflict for boys and Electra conflict for girls arise: children feel a sexual desire for the other sex parent. to avoid punishment, they give up this desire and adopt the same sex parent's characters and values. As a result, the superego is formed, and children feel guilty when they violate its standards

phallic stage (3 to 6)

what is one well-known recessive disorder that the book talks about?

phenylketonuria (PKU) which affects the way the body breaks down proteins contained in many foods. Can lead to a quick build up of toxic levels that damage the central nervous system resulting in permanent intellectual disability by age 1.

changes in body size, proportions, appearance, functioning of body systems, perceptual and motor capacities and physical health

physical

what is the age of viability?

the point at which the baby can first survive; occurs sometime between 22 and 26 weeks

what sounds do infant prefer?

prefers complex sounds to pure tones

After in vitro fertilization and duplication of the zygote into a cluster of about 8 to 10 cells, one to two cells are removed and examined for hereditary defects. Only if that sample is free of detectable genetic disorders is the fertilized Ovum implanted in the woman's uterus.

preimplantation genetic diagnosis

babies born 3 weeks or more before the end of a full 38-week pregnancy or who weigh less than 5 1/2 pounds have for many years been referred to as =

premature

by preventing implantation in these causes, nature eliminates most =

prenatal abnormalities

if couples at risk for bearing a child with abnormalities decide to conceive, several _____________ ______________ ____________ may be used

prenatal diagnostic methods

Participants have the right to concealment of their identity on all information collected in the course of research period they also have this right with respect to written reports and any informational discussions about the research.

privacy

what does the yolk sac do?

produces blood cells until the developing liver, spleen, and bone marrow are mature enough to take over this function

explain the second Mid-Twentieth-Century Theory: social learning

proposed by Albert Bandura, emphasizes modeling, also known as imitation or observational learning, a a powerful source of development

Explain the evolutionary theory =

proposed by Charles Darwin, the evolutionary theory emphasized two main principles: (a) natural selection (b) survival of the fittest which explained that certain species survive in particular environments because they have characteristics that fit with, or are adapted to, their surroundings. Other species die off because they are less well-suited to their environment. Individual's within a species who best meet the environments survival requirements live long enough to reproduce and pass their more beneficial characteristics to future generations

Participants have the right to be protected from physical or psychological harm and research. If in doubt about the harmful effects of research investigators should seek the opinion of others. When harm seems possible investigators should find other means for obtaining the desire information or abandoned the research.

protection from harm

what lies along the human chromosomes and sends instructions for making a rich assortment of proteins to the cytoplasm?

protein-coding genes

by working with these recollections, Freud examined his patient's unconscious motivations and constructed what theory?

psychosexual theory

Erikson's theory expanded on Freuds' and created what specific theory?

psychosocial theory

define stages =

qualitative changes in thinking, feelings, and behaving that categorize specific periods of development

The infant's body is relatively inactive, with eyes open and attentive. Breathing is even. This occurs two to three hours a day.

quiet alertness

DIRECT in contrast, children whose parents discipline harshly and impatiently are like to =

rebel and refuse (and this leads to parents to increase their use of punishment)

Many serious disabilities and diseases result from __________ alleles

recessive

Neighborhoods and Schools: strong family ties to the surrounding social context as indicated by frequent contact with relatives and friends and regular church attendance will =

reduce stress and enhance adjustment

an automatic response to a particular form of stimulation is called a =

reflex

define chronosystem =

the prefix "chrono" means time. It is the dynamic, ever-changing nature of person's environment

groups of people with beliefs and customs that different from those of the larger culture is defined as =

subculture

therefore, extend family households seen in black families are an example of a =

subculture

define DNA =

substance of which genes and chromosomes are made

what does the chorion do?

surrounds the amnion and possesses tiny finger-like villi that will burrow into the uterine wall

infant prefer ________ tastes and _________ __________ over formula

sweet tastes and breast milk over formula

what drug when taken by mothers 4 to 6 weeks after conception caused gross deformities of the embryo's developing arms, legs, ears, heart, kidneys, and genitals?

thalidomide

stability means =

that individuals who are high or low in a characteristic (like verbal ability, anxiety, or sociability) will remain so at later ages; stressing the importance of heredity. Same with environment, that early experiences establish a lifelong pattern of behavior and that later more positive ones cannot fully overcome the early negative experiences.

define resilience =

the ability to adapt effectively in the face of threats to development

Define self-efficacy

the belief that their own abilities and characteristics will help them succeed

define implantation =

the blastocyst burrows deep into the uterine lining

what is passive correlations?

the child has no control over it (e.g. parents provide environments influences by their own heredity: parents who are good athletes emphasize outdoor activities and enroll their children in swimming and gymnastics. Besides being exposed to an "athletic environment" the children may have inherited their parent's athletic ability. As a result, they are likely to become good athletes for both genetic and environmental reasons)

define genotype

the complex blend of information that determines our species and influences all our unique characteristics

what is the likely reason for such benefits?

the cultural idea of familism which places an especially high priority on close, harmonious family bonds and meeting family needs

define phenotype

the directly observable characteristics

what is imprinting?

the early following behavior of certain baby birds, such as geese, that ensure that the young will stay close to the mother and be fed and protected from danger

during the last half of the fist month, what happens?

the embryonic disk forms three layers

what is the first and longest-lasting context for a child's development?

the family

a special strength of the psychoanalytic perspective is its emphasize on =

the individual's unique life history as worthy of study and understanding

when the chorion begins to burrow into the uterine wall, what begins to develop?

the placenta

what does a fetal monitor do?

tracks the baby's heart rate during labor

girls missing an X chromosome is called =

turner syndrome

how many times is the Apgar Scale done?

twice: once at 1 minute after birth and again at 5 minutes after birth

direct influence can be defined as: give some examples =

two-person relationships Examples: parent, sibling, marital spouse

Sometimes used as a supplement to ultrasound, where brain or other abnormalities are detected an MRI can provide greater diagnostic accuracy. Uses a scanner to magnetically record detailed pictures of fetal structures. The ultrafast technique overcomes image blurring due to fetal movements. No evidence of adverse effects.

ultrafast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

High frequency sound waves are beamed at the uterus; Their reflection is transmitted into a picture on a video screen that reveals the size, shape, and placement of the fetus. By itself, permits assessment of fetal age, detection of multiple pregnancies, and identification of gross physical defects. Also used to guide amniocentesis, chorionic villus sampling, and fetoscopy. Sometimes combined with magnetic renaissance imaging to detect physical abnormalities with greater accuracy. When used five or more times, may increase the chances of a low birth weight.

ultrasound

the placenta is connected to the developing organism by the =

umbilical cord

define context =

unique combinations of person and environmental circumstances that can result in different paths of change

define culture =

values, beliefs, customs, and skills of a social group

The infant shows frequent bursts of uncoordinated body activity. Breathing is very irregular. Face may be relaxed or tense and wrinkled. Crying may occur. This occurs one to four hours a day.

waking activity and crying

a close relationship with at least one parent who provides ___________, appropriately high ______________, monitoring of the __________ ___________, and an __________ ____________ ____________ fosters resilience

warmth, appropriately high expectations, monitoring of the child's activities, and an organized home environment

what is an example of a 3rd party?

when a farther encourages a mother in her child-rearing role, it results in effective partenting and leads to a happy child. In constrast, the father starts yelling a the mother and are fighting leading a child to react with fear and anxiety or with anger as well leaving both the mother and the child suffering

what is germline mutation?

when the affected individual mates, the defective DNA is passed on to the next generation. This takes place in cells that give rise to gametes.

how does severer maternal stress affect the developing organism?

when we experience fear and anxiety, stress hormones are released into our blood stream such as epinephrine (adrenaline) and cortisol (fight or flight hormone). Large amounts of blood are sent to the parts of the body involved in the defensive response like the brain, heart, and muscles in the arms, legs, and trunk. Blood flow to other organs including the uterus is reduced. As a result, the fetus is deprived of full supply of O2 and nutrients

what does niche-picking more outwardly support?

why pairs of identical twins reared apart during childhood and later reunited may find, to their surprise, that they have similar hobbies, food preferences, and vocations - a trend that is especially marked when twin's environmental opportunities are similar

most homeless families consist of =

women with children under the age of 5

what is naturalistic observation?

•Behavior recorded in the field or natural environment •Not all individuals have same opportunity to display behavior •Cannot control conditions

What is incomplete dominance?

•Both alleles are expressed in the phenotype •Results in a combined trait, or an intermediate between the two

describe a clinical or case study method =

•Brings together wide range of information, including interviews, observations, test scores •Well-suited to studying individuals who are few in number but vary widely in characteristics (e.g. child prodigies) •May be influenced by researcher biases, and conclusions may not generalize to anyone other than person studied

explain Natural, or quasi-, experiment =

•Compare differences in treatments that already exist •Groups chosen to ensure that their characteristics are as much alike as possible

define individualism =

•Concern with own personal needs •Value independence: personal achievement, exploration, and choice in relationships

explain a field experiment =

•Conducted in natural setting •Participants assigned randomly to treatment conditions **essentially an experimental design just in the real world

Explain the SUPEREGO =

•Conscience, which develops between 3 and 6 years of age from interactions with caregivers

Explain the EGO =

•Conscious, rational part of personality •Emerges in early infancy •Redirects id impulses acceptably

there are 3 stages to childbirth, what are they?

•Dilation and effacement of the cervix •Delivery of the baby •Delivery of the placenta

what are the limitations to a cross-sectional study?

•Does not permit study of individual developmental trends •Cohort effects

what are the types of reproductive technologies listed in the book?

•Donor insemination •In vitro fertilization •Surrogate motherhood

what procedures are done within the scope of "fetal medicine"?

•Drug administration to fetus •Surgery •Blood transfusions •Bone marrow transplants

what are the 5 teratogens discussed in the book?

•Drugs: -Prescription -Nonprescription -Illegal •Tobacco •Alcohol •Radiation and environmental pollution •Infectious diseases

describe Structured interview =

•Each participant is asked same questions in the same way •Permits comparisons of responses and efficient data collection •Not as in-depth as clinical interview

describe clinical interview =

•Flexible conversation to get participants' points of view •Reflects everyday life and provides large amount of information in short amount of time •May not result in accurate reporting of information

what are the four reproductive choices the book identifies?

•Genetic counseling •Reproductive technologies •Prenatal diagnosis and fetal medicine •Adoption

Explain the information processing theory =

•Human mind as a symbol-manipulating system •Researchers often design flowcharts to map problem-solving steps •Development as a continuous process

what are the 3 main important discoveries from ethology?

•Imprinting •Critical period •Sensitive period

what is structured observation?

•Laboratory situation set up to evoke behavior •All participants have equal chance to display behavior •May not be typical of participants' everyday behaviors

Explain the ID =

•Largest portion of the mind •Unconscious, present at birth •Source of biological needs and desires

What is an independent variable?

•Manipulated by investigator •Expected to cause changes in another variable

what did the book say about Cultural Influences Immigrant Youths: Adapting to a New Land

•Many adapt surprisingly well •Less likely to commit delinquent and violent acts, use drugs and alcohol, have early sex, miss school because of illness, or suffer from obesity •Report just as favorable, and at times higher, self-esteem as do young people with native-born parents •Influenced by strong allegiance to family and community •Tensions between family values and new culture

what are the limitations to a sequential study?

•May have same problems as longitudinal and cross-sectional strategies, but design itself helps identify difficulties

What is a dependent variable?

•Measured but not manipulated •Expected to be influenced by the independent variable

what is the importance of prenatal care?

•Monitor general health, and growth of fetus •Treat complications, e.g., diabetes, preeclampsia

what are the limitations to a longitudinal study?

•Participant dropout •Practice effects •Cohort effects

describe Ethnography method =

•Participant observation of a culture or distinct social group •Mix of observations, self-reports, interpretation by investigator •Investigators may observe selectively or misinterpret what they see •Findings cannot be assumed to generalize beyond people and settings of research study •uses descriptive; qualitative technique

describe an experimental design =

•Participants randomly assigned to treatment conditions •Permits inferences about cause and effect •Findings obtained in laboratories may not apply to everyday situations

there are 3 main types of correlations, what are they?

•Passive correlation •Evocative correlation •Active correlation: niche-picking

explain the process of meiosis =

•Process of cell division that creates gametes (sex cells) •Halves the number of cell chromosomes •When sperm and ovum unite, zygote will have 46 chromosomes again •Facilitates genetic variability that is adaptive

what are the Benefits of the African-American extended family?

•Reduces stress of poverty and single parenthood •Family members help with child rearing •Adolescent mothers more likely to complete high school and get a job •Improves children's school performance and social skills •Strengthens family bonds Transmits culture and heritage

what is Developmental cognitive neuroscience?

•Relationship between brain activity and cognitive processing and behavior patterns •Incorporates psychology, biology, neuroscience, medicine

what is Developmental social neuroscience?

•Relationship between brain activity and emotional and social development •Interest in identifying neural systems underlying adolescents' heightened risk-taking behavior

explain correlational =

•Researchers gather information on individuals, without altering experiences •Studies relationships between participants' characteristics and their behavior or development •Cannot infer cause and effect

recently researchers have extended this effort in a new area of research called evolutionary developmental psychology. Explain =

•Seeks to understand adaptive value of species-wide competencies •Studies cognitive, emotional, and social competencies as they change with age •Aims to understand the person-environment system

what other influences that generally make a child's top ten regarding influence to their development?

•Socioeconomic status •Poverty/affluence •Neighborhoods •Schools •Cultural context

what are the strengths and limitations to the information processing theory?

•Strength: Use of rigorous research methods •Limitation: Lacks insight into nonlinear cognition, such as imagination and creativity

define collectivism =

•Stress group goals over individual goals •Value interdependent qualities, e.g., responsibility to others, social harmony, collaborative endeavors

SES is linked to =

•Timing of marriage and parenthood •Family size •Child-rearing values and expectations •Communication and discipline styles •Parents' education and economic security •Children's cognitive and social development