Developmental & Genetic

An infant who weighs 7 lbs at birth would be expected to weigh how many pounds at age 1?

21 In general birth, weight triples by the end of the first year of life.

By what age does birth length double?

4 years

Lymphoid tissues in children such as lymph nodes are:

Lymph nodes increase rapidly and reach adult size at approximately age 6 years. They continue growing until they reach maximal development at age 10 to 12 years, which is twice their adult size. A rapid decline in size occurs until they reach adult size by the end of adolescence.

What is probably the single most important influence on growth at all stages of development?

Nutrition Dietary factors regulate growth at all stages of development, and their effects are exerted in numerous and complex ways.

Which term refers to those times in an individual's life when he or she is more susceptible to positive or negative influences?

Sensitive periods

Which function of play is a major component of play at all ages?

Sensorimotor activity. Active play is essential for muscle development & allows the release of surplus energy. Through sensorimotor play, children explore their physical world by using tactile, auditory, visual, and kinesthetic stimulation. Creativity, socialization, and intellectual development are each functions of play that are major components at different ages.

The nurse is observing parents playing with their 10-month-old daughter. What should the nurse recognize as evidence that the child is developing object permanence?

She looks for the toy the parents hide under the blanket. When the infant searches for the toy under the blanket, it is an indication that object permanence has developed.

Which "expected outcome" would be developmentally appropriate for a hospitalized 4-year-old child?

The child will independently ask for play materials or other personal needs.

What is the characteristic of the pre-operational stage of cognitive development?

Thinking is concrete (7-11) Children in this age-group cannot reason beyond the observable, and they lack the ability to make deductions or generalizations.

At what age do children tend to imitate the religious gestures & behaviors of others without understanding their significance?

Toddlerhood is a time of imitative behavior. During the school-age period most children develop a strong interest in religion.

A 13-year-old girl asks the nurse how much taller she will become. She has been growing about 2 inches per year but grew 4 inches this past year. Menarche recently occurred.

at the time of the beginning of menstruation or the skeletal age of 13 years, most girls have grown to about 95% of their adult height. Young women usually will grow approximately 5% more after the onset of menstruation.

How does the onset of the pubertal growth spurt compare in girls and boys?

begins earlier in girls. 10 - 14 years for girls & 11 - 16 years for boys.

The predominant characteristic of the intellectual development of the child ages 2 to 7 years is egocentricity. What best describes this concept?

inability to put self in another's place. this age child is in the pre-operational stage of development.

Play serves many purposes. In teaching parents about appropriate activities, the nurse should inform them that play serves the following function:

intellectual development. self-awareness. creativity. Intellectual development is enhanced through the manipulation and exploration of objects. Self-awareness is the process of developing a self-identity. Creativity is developed through the experimentation characteristic of imaginative play.

The karyotype of a person is 47, XY, +21. This person is a:

male with Down syndrome. This person is male because his sex chromosomes are XY. He has one extra copy of chromosome 21 (for a total of 47 instead of 46), resulting in Down syndrome. A normal male would have 46 chromosomes. A normal female would have 46 chromosomes and XX for the sex chromosomes. A female with Turner syndrome would have 45 chromosomes; the sex chromosomes would have just one X.

A child's skeletal age is best determined by:

radiologic examination of the growth plates (hands & wrists)

A toddler playing with sand & water would be participating in _____ play.

sense-pleasure play. This is characterized by nonsocial situations in which the child is stimulated by objects in the environment. Infants engage in skill play when they persistently demonstrate & exercise newly acquired abilities. Preschoolers engage in Dramatic play when they pretend and fantasize. Infants engage in Social-affective play - first types of play in which infants engage. The infant responds to interactions with people.

Which statement is true about the basal metabolic rate (BMR) in children?

slightly higher in boys than in girls at all ages.

In what type of play are children engaged in similar or identical activity without organization, division of labor, or mutual goal?

In associative play no group goal is present. Each child acts according to his or her own wishes. Solitary play describes children playing alone with toys different from those used by other children in the same area. Parallel play describes children playing independently but being among other children. Cooperative play is organized. Children play in a group with other children who play activities for a common goal.

According to Kohlberg, children develop moral reasoning as they mature. What is the most characteristic of a preschooler's stage of moral development?

Actions are determined as good or bad in terms of their consequences. Preschoolers - pre-conventional level of moral development.

The intrauterine environment can have a profound and permanent effect on the developing fetus with or without chromosome or gene abnormalities. Most adverse intrauterine effects are the result of teratogens. The nurse is cognizant that this group of agents does not include:

Amniotic bands

Which behavior is most characteristic of the concrete operations stage of cognitive development?

Increasingly logical & coherent thought processes. This is characterized by the child's ability to classify, sort, order, and organize facts to use in problem solving.

Which play situation exhibits the characteristics of parallel play?

Brian playing with his truck next to Kristina playing with her truck. Both children are engaged in similar activities in proximity to each other; however, they are each engaged in their own play, Sharing play is characteristic of associative play. Cooperative play - a group of children playing a board game. Solitary play - playing alone on the mother's lap

Three children playing a board game would be an example of:

Cooperative play. The children must be able to play in a group & carry out the formal game. In solitary, parallel, and associative play, children do not play in a group with a common goal.

Frequent developmental assessments are important for which reason?

Critical periods of development occur during childhood.

A mother reports that her 6-year-old child is: highly active, irritable, irregular habits, & adapts slowly to new routines, people, or situations. According to Chess & Thomas, which category of temperament best describes this child?

Difficult Child

Trauma to which site can result in a growth problem for children's long bones?

Epiphyseal cartilage plate is the area of active growth.

The theorist who viewed developmental progression as a lifelong series of conflicts that need resolution is:

Erik Erikson viewed development as a series of conflicts affected by social and cultural factors. Sigmund Freud -- proposed a psychosexual theory of development. Lawrence Kohlberg --described moral development as having three levels (pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional). Jean Piaget's cognitive theory interprets how children learn and think and how this thinking progresses and differs from adult thinking. (sensorimotor, pre-operations, concrete operations, and formal operations.)

Which strategy would be the least appropriate for a child to use to cope?

Having parents solve problems Children respond to everyday stress by trying to change the circumstances or adjust to the circumstances the way they are. Strategies that provide relaxation and other stress-reduction techniques should be used. Learning problem solving, listening to music, and using relaxation techniques are positive approaches for coping in children.

By the time children reach their 12 birthday, they should have learned to trust others & should have developed a sense of:

Industry They learn to compete & cooperate with others, and they learn rules.

The head-to-tail direction of growth is referred to as:

cephalocaudal.