Developmental Psy CH 6

What makes fantasy play unique?

"pretending" take a stance away from reality and make up something practice adult roles sense of control

What does Harter believe that children do during concrete operations?

self-awareness (reflect on how they are as people) - When reach concrete operational stage, children realisitcally evaluate their abilites and decide whether they like or dislike the person they see

What developmental need did Sullivan believe a best friend fulfilled?

self-validation and intimacy

How does popularity change from elementary to middle school?

shift from being typically liked by everyone to rebellious being "in thing" and highly aggressive children become populat

What are the core qualities of friendship?

similarity, trust and emotional support

What is emotional regulation and why is it important?

skills involved with managing our feelings so that they don't get in the way of a productive life

What is learned helplessness?

state that develops when a person feels incapable of affecting teh outcome of events, and so gives up without trying

How does play further a child's understanding of social norms?

teaches children how to act and how not to behave. (uneasy when partner suggestes gory themes, death ect)

What is a hostile attributional bias?

tendency of highly aggresive children to see motives and actjions as threatening when they are actually benign

How is sympathy related to altruism?

to act altruistcally, a child needs to mute their empathic feelings into sympathetic ones using emotion-regulation

Why is it important to encourage accurate perceptions?

chldren have fragile acadmeic self-worth and crucial to procide accurate feedback

When does self-esteem first become a major issue?

during elementary school

What is gender schema theory?

explanation for gender stereotyped behavior that emphasizes the role of cognitions; specifically the idea that once children know their own gender label, selectively watch and model their own sex

Who helps scaffold emerging fantasy play, as shown by research?

realize that a symbol can stand for something else

What qualities make children popular?

(elementary school) friendly, outgoing, prosocial and kind subset: prosocial + highly instrumental aggressive

What are the qualities of children who are regularly bullied?

1. bully victims: kids who are highly aggressive and bully, get harrassed and then bully back 2. classic victim: internalizing issues, anxious, shy, low on social hierarchy and unlikely to fight back

What benefits do childhood friends provide?

1. protect adn enhacve self development 2. teach us to manage our emotions and handle conflicts

What are Harter's five basic competence areas?

1. scholastic competence 2. behavioral conduct 3. athletic skills 4. peer likeability 5. physical appearance

At what age can children really play together?

4-6

As they get older children's self-esteem doesn't just hinge on one ______.

quality

Define altruism and give an example.

Altruism: prosocial behaviors carried out for selfless, non-egocentric reasons ex: injured playmate,

Contrast boy versus girl play.

Boy: excitedly run around; compete in groups; more exclusionary in their own gender world cannot play with girly toys while girls can use both girls: calm talking; one-on-one play; ability to play with barbies and trucks!

T or F: Any amount of instrumental or reactive aggression is a problem.

False

T or F: Concrete reinforcements are effective at fostering prosocial behavior.

False

T or F: Traits that get children ranked low-status during childhood almost always translate into an unhappy adult life.

False: sometimes

T or F: Children's play does not have boundaries and rules.

False: there are boundaries and rules

T or F: When they play in mixed-gender groups, children act in more stereotypically masculine or feminine ways.

False; boys will tone down when girls arrive or girls will be more loud and outspoken when playing with boys

______ prosocial behaviors involve altruism.

Genuinely

Contrast the effects of shame versus guilt.

Shame: primitive feeling we have when we feel personally humiliated Guilt: more sophisticated emotion; when violated anothers personal moral or hurt another human being

Describe the two-step pathway to being labeled a highly aggressive or antisocial child.

Step 1: exuberant toddler/difficult temeprament results in harsh discipline - care givers react with power-assertion disciplne ; physical punishment or shaming Step 2: child rejected by teacher & peers - 'antisocial'; socailly excluded; trouble inhibiting behavior

Collaborative pretend play shows preschoolers have a ______ of ______.

Theory of Mind

Why is giving a child "good boy" stars just to boost his esteem likely to backfire?

Thinki "i'm the greatest" no matter the behavior

T or F: Boys and girls live in separate play worlds.

True

T or F: Popular children tend to closely fit the gender stereotypes.

True

T or F: Popular middle school children may be personally disliked by much of the class.

True

T or F: The amount of spontaneous sharing at ages 3 or 4 is positively correlated with prosocial behavior in young adulthood.

True

What are the purposes of pretend play? What did Vygotsky believe?

Vygotsky believed children entered an 'illusionary role' where their desires are realized

How does culture affect prosocial behavior?

affect if broadcasting prosocial acts ever really qualify as being prosocial

What causes gender-stereotyped play?

bio, socialization, cognition

What happens around the world to children's self-esteem during elementary school?

decline

What is prosocial behavior?

describes acts of self-sacrifice and the minor acts of caring that people perform during daily life.

Who is especially vulnerable to bullying?

different, weak, socially awkward or too good

At what age does gender-segregated play develop? Why?

elementary school; biology, socialization, and cognitions -biology: segregated play biologically built in - socialization: different toys depending on gender - cognition: reinforces external messages according to gender schema

Induction works because it stimulates ______.

emotion called guilt

Contrast empathy and sympathy.

empathy: feeling anothers emotion sympathy: muted feeling we experience for another human being

How much should adults intervene in children's play?

enough to regulate to gain insight into what a child thinks; do NOT micromanage

When do children develop the concept of loyalty?

enter concrete operational stage

What are the consequences of externalizing and internalizing problems?

external: ignore real problem and have unrealistically high self esteem internal: read failure into everything and really low self esteem

Young children describe their friendships in terms of ______ qualities versus older children who shift to talking about ______ qualities.

external; internal "we go down the slide together" vs "friend is funny & great guy"

Contrast externalizing tendencies and internalizing tendencies.

externalizing: acting on immediate impulses and behaving disruptively and aggressively internalizing: intense fear, social inhibition and depression

Serious externalizing and internalizing tendencies ______ present problems during childhood and throughout life.

extremes

How does popularity differ from friendship?

friendship: one on one popularity: group concern

Aggression refers to any act designed to cause ______.

harm

Having the sense of inferiority is ______.

having the painful sense that we don't measure up

What should parents do to help shy children?

help child find a playmate who could become a close friend around the age of kindergarten/1st grade PREFERABBLY in preschool

What traits make children disliked by their peers?

highly aggressive or very shy - externalized/internalizing problems - don't fit in with dominant group

What is induction? How does it relate to prosocial behavior?

induction: ideal discipline style for socializing prosocial behavior, involving getting a child who has behaved hurtfully to empathize with the pain he has caused the other person relate:

Contrast instrumental aggression and reactive aggression.

instrumental: hurtful behavior that is initiated to achieve a goal reactive: response to being hurt, threatened or deprived

What does Erikson mean by industry versus inferiority?

manage emotions and work towards what want to achieve

Interventions to stop bullying are best targeted at the ______ ______.

peer-group norms

How can you foster self-efficacy in a child?

praise children for effort

At what age does prosocial behavior develop?

preschool; more frequent by elementary

When do parents need to take steps to prevent the pathway to social rejection?

provide person-fit environment

Girls engage in ______ aggression more than boys.

relational

What type of play seems biologically built into being male?

rough and tumble play (excited shoving and wrestling play)

How is bullying defined?

where one or more children harass a target specific child for systematic abuse (teasing, verbally/physical abuse)