Developmental Psych Test 3

A question that a typical 5-year-old cannot correctly answer is

"Are there more dogs or more animals in the picture?"

In which of the following questions is the teacher exercising control talk?

"How can you relate that to what we were talking about?"

Ten-year-old Maxine refuses to go to school because she forgot to do her math homework. Which of the following possible responses by her mother would reflect a short-term, child centered goal?

"If you make a mistake, it's better to face up to the consequences and correct the mistake."

Which of the following would be an example of a simple reminder to a child?

"If you want to have a sleep-over on your birthday, you should invite your friends soon."

When three-year-old Jana's grandmother tells her, "You are my sunshine," Jana probably interprets that to mean

"You're, warm, and bright like sunshine."

The two predominant views of adolescence can be stated as

"storm and stress" and "smooth sailing."

When Kanawha was a little boy, he felt tired early in the evening and went to bed by 8PM. Now that he has hit puberty, he doesn't feel tired until after midnight. What is the best explanation for this?

*Kanawha's body is producing melatonin later than it did when he was a child.

George and Leann are teenagers. George is likely to start dating at about age_______, while Leann begins dating at ______.

13; 12

When high school students were surveyed concerning their first sexual experience, the median age for girls was reported as _________ years old, and the median age for boys was _______ years old.

15 1/2; 14 3/4

About what percentage of school-age children are considered obese?

18 percent

In North America as of 2012, the percentage of families who fit the stereotypical family, where the father works and the mother stays home and takes care of the children, is

20 percent.

What percent of first marriages in the United States end in divorce within 10 years?

30 percent

About what percentage of school-age children are considered overweight?

33 percent

What percentage of girls will become pregnant before the age of 20 in the United States?

40 percent

About what percentage of school-age children develop chronic illnesses?

5 to 10 percent

In a large scale study of adolescents in grades seven through twelve, what percentage of teens identified as being exclusively heterosexual?

68 percent

What percent of all high school students currently drop out before graduation?

7 percent

______ percent of middle and high school students have been harassed due to their sexual orientation, and _____ percent of gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender students do not feel safe at school.

80; 60

Current estimates indicate that in the United States what percentage of all mothers with children younger than eighteen work?

80?91 percent

Who is most likely to become accepting and/or attached to a stepfather?

A preschooler, regardless of sex

Of the following causes of death, which occurs least frequently during adolescence?

AIDS

What is the probability that someone will contract a sexually transmitted disease before graduating high school?

About 25 percent

Which of the following is an accurate statement about dropouts?

About one-third of high school dropouts return to school within one year.

Which of the following groups has the highest rates of gonorrhea, cytomegalovirus, chlamydia, and pelvic inflammatory disease?

Adolescent females

Which of the following is an accurate statement about drug use?

Adolescent use of alcohol and tobacco is influenced by family members' use of these drugs

One reason why household work raises the feelings of competence for African American and Hispanic boys but lowers those same feelings in White boys is that

African American and Hispanic boys tend to view chores as a way of helping their family, while white boys view chores as a burden.

n a study of parental disciplinary styles among various ethnic groups, the lowest percent of authoritative parenting occurred with which group of parents?

Asian American

Which of the following is considered a chronic illness in childhood?

Asthma

Adolescent self-reliance and self-control are most often associated with which parenting style?

Authoritative

Effective teacher-student relationships tend to resemble which kind of parent-child relationship?

Authoritative

Why do high-income parents report that they keep their children at home for shorter periods of time when they get sick than do low-income parents?

Because low-income parents are less likely to allow the child to stay home when an illness is minor.

Which kind of medicine is often used as part of the therapeutic package for an anorexic teenager?

Cognitive behavioral therapy

Which of the following statements about weight changes in adolescents is accurate?

Both males and females gain around thirty-eight to forty-two pounds but have different distribution patterns.

Given a choice between playing with someone of the same gender or someone with the same style of play, most six- to eight-year-olds would choose as follows:

Boys and girls both opt for the same style of play.

Of the following third-graders, who is likely to have missed the most school days because of illness?

Celeste, who is white and comes from a low-income family

On which of the following is an adolescent most likely to agree with parents?

Choice of college

Cindy and Carl are six-year-old twins. Statistically, it is probably that their attendance records for elementary school will show that

Cindy missed more days of school because of illness.

Which approach to dyslexia hypothesizes that it stems from subtle differences in how the mind organizes and processes information?

Cognitive functioning hypothesis

Which of the following statements is true concerning dyslexia?

Compared to normal readers, dyslexics spend more time looking at words and letters when reading.

Which of the following describes perceptual masking?

Concentrating only on the peripheral parts of a word

A teenager who has developed a strong personal identity that incorporates views of others yet includes a sense of autonomy, independence, and individuality is probably in which phase of individuation?

Consolidation

Which of the following tasks appears in the late phase of grieving?

Constructing an inner representation of the deceased

In the four years that he's been in college, Bradley always managed to register for the easiest and most interesting classes with the best professors, whereas other students were closed out. In the triarchic theory of intelligence, Bradley would be characterized as being high in which realm?

Contextual

Which goal structure is most likely to foster acceptance of diversity in the classroom?

Cooperative

What types of learning experiences have been shown to have some success in fostering cross race acceptance and enhanced self-esteem?

Cooperative learning experiences with mixed groups

Which of the following tasks appears in the early phase of grieving?

Developing an understanding of the implications of someone's death

Judy, who always wore her hair tied in the back just like her mother, suddenly went out and got a punk haircut. Then she emptied her closet of all the clothes that looked like her mother's type of clothes. Judy is in which phase of individuation?

Differentiation

Nicole was thinking about going to Smith College and majoring in art history. When her parents, independent of her, suggested that Smith College would be good school for art, she said, "No way; I'm going to Westerfield!" Nicole is most likely in which phase of individuation

Differentiation

Which hormone is considered the female sex hormone?

Estrogen

Which hormone is involved in increasing the fat deposited under the skin and in causing the final maturation of bones?

Estrogen

Who would typically have a more intense and sustained negative reaction to their mother's remarriage?

Females over age eight

Which of the following is NOT a problem that children face as they transition from elementary into middle school?

Finding out too much information at orientation.

Which of James Marcia's identity statuses involves the acceptance of parental goals and values without having had a crisis?

Foreclosure

Who is most likely to list someone of a different race as his best friend?

Four-year-old Sam

At about what age can Dave expect to reach his growth spurt peak?

Fourteen years

Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between gender, the growth spurt, and the other physical changes associated with puberty?

Girls experience the growth spurt before boys and before they undergo the other physical changes associated with puberty.

Which of the following accurately depicts how girls perform on moral dilemma hypothetical problems and real-life moral dilemmas?

Girls tend to use ethics of justice for hypothetical moral problems and ethics of care for real-life moral problems.

Which of the following teenagers would experience the most negative reactions from peers?

Gladys, who is twenty pounds overweight

What happens to ADHD children when they grow up?

Half will outgrow the problem, and the other half will exhibit minor antisocial behaviors.

Which of the following is typically true of a young adult who had no good friend at age ten?

Has higher levels of depression and anxiety

Which of the following is a true statement about high school dropouts?

High school dropout rate declines when adults see and respond to the potential of individual teenagers.

Which of the following involves intrinsic motivation?

Ian reads many biographies because he likes finding out about famous people's lives.

In countries like Canada where is not a strong language bias, what is the best technique for teaching a second language?

Immersion in a new language and ignoring the child's original language

Which is the most common nutritional problem during adolescence?

Inadequate nutrition

Doug is a formal operational thinker. We can attribute his cognitive advancements to which of the following changes in the brain?

Increased myelination and synaptic pruning.

Which of the following goal structures grades students on an absolute standard?

Individualized

Which of the following best describes the thinking in Gilligan's third stage of moral development?

Integration of needs of self and of others

Emile's parents tend to be very permissive, allowing her to make important decisions on her own with little or no guidance. Emile's parents are fostering which motivational orientation?

Intrinsic

Compared with American mothers, Chinese and Japanese mothers are more likely to foster which of the following in matters of academic achievement?

Intrinsic motivation

What effect does doing their share of household chores have on adolescents?

It decreases the feelings of competence for females whose mothers challenge their independence by assigning them chores.

Which of the following is an accurate statement about teenage pregnancy?

It has few benefits and a number of physical and psychological risks.

Which of the following is NOT true of abstinence-only sex education?

It increases the likelihood that a teenager will wait until marriage to have sex.

In general, how does the rate of children's physical growth in the school years compare with that of the preschool years?

It is slower in the school years.

Marla goes off on her own climbing trees and exploring her world. She does this more for herself than for anyone else. Marla's achievement motivation in this instance is which orientation?

Learning

What is one of the effects that stimulant medications have on hyperactive children's behavior?

It makes them less argumentative.

Four children are sorting their leaf collections. Which one is demonstrating the ability to decenter?

Jeff, who separates his leaves into four piles: smooth and small, smooth and large, rough and small, and rough and large.

Nguyen was "trained" to solve conservation tasks, whereas Kim learned conservation "naturally" through his experiences. According to Piaget,

Kim's concept is more complete than Nguyen's

Who is least likely to have authoritative parents?

Kim, an Asian with working-class parents

Which of the following group of adolescents is likely to be viewed least favorably by peers?

Late-maturing males

According to Freud, the school-age child is in which psychosexual stage?

Latency

Which pattern of aggression is associated with the largest proportion of violent adults?

Life course type

Which of the following describes a complementary relationship?

Lilian is the best math student in the school, and Aurora is the best female athlete. Consequently, the two help each other in math and gym classes.

Which of the following is negatively related to use of physical and mental health services?

Lower financial resources

Which of the following is least descriptive of the background of a teenager with anorexia?

Lower- and middle-class background

Which of the following is the best example of a strategic interaction between adolescents?

Lyle tells Nick to call him at a specific time but then is purposely not home to get the call.

Which is an accurate statement about the male growth spurt?

Males' starting height is greater than females' starting height at the beginning of the growth spurt.

Which of the following statements concerning anorexia nervosa is true?

Many anorexics also suffer from bulimia.

Which of the following is an acute illness?

Measles

Which of the following is more often a role for the older than the younger sibling?

Mentor

Which of the following kinds of mothers have the most stressful relationship with their children?

Mothers who stay at home but would rather work

How many inches is the average adolescent growth spurt?

Nine to ten

Hank and Betty have been having problems in their marriage for the past three years. At this point, they detest each other and feel that their differences will never be resolved. Yet, they have decided to stay married until their two teenaged children go away to college. Is that the best solution in this case?

No, a better solution might be for them to divorce, rather than expose the children to constant conflict and hostility.

How do students rate the importance of memorization versus critical thinking in the schools?

Only older students rated critical thinking as more important than memorization.

Erik Erikson explained the child's need to achieve competency in terms of his wanting to

be just like his parents.

A parent who tends to believe that her child's misbehaviors are always deliberate is more likely to emphasize which goals when disciplining her child?

Parent-centered, long-term

According to fourth-graders, who provides the most support?

Parents

Children with the best outcomes from divorce have what in common?

Parents who cooperate as much as possible.

Lucy makes many of her moral decisions from stage 3 of Kohlberg's stages of moral development. Therefore, Lucy looks to which of the following most often when making decisions?

Peer group

Sarah likes to show off her talents at piano playing, so she often practices for long hours. Sarah's achievement motivation is probably based on which needs?

Performance

In which area is a typical teenager most likely to be identity diffused?

Political philosophy

Four girls sign up for ballet class. In accordance with the research, which of the four will attempt more difficult steps and persist until they are mastered?

Polly, who has wanted to be a ballerina ever since seeing The Nutcracker at age four

During which phase of individuation does an adolescent believe she can do no wrong and there is some reckless behavior?

Practice and experimentation

Which of the following suggestions would be least helpful in fostering critical thinking in the classroom?

Practicing efficiency in basic mental operations

After a period in which Kyra regularly rejected her parents' views, she has lately been reexamining her parents' positions and now accepts some of them. Which phase of individuation is Kyra experiencing?

Rapprochement

What are parents who focus on child-centered goals most likely to use to resolve conflict?

Reasoning

When asked, five-year-old Victoria can recite the Pledge of Allegiance. Her ability illustrates which kind of memory?

Recall

In which form of memory do children bring information back into awareness using relatively few external cues?

Recall memory

In which area is a typical teenager most likely to be identity achieved?

Religious beliefs

Which of the following involves recall memory?

Rhea remembered the words to the song even though she only heard the song once.

At the International Festival for eight-year-olds, all the countries line up by height from tallest to shortest. The delegate from which country is likely to be first in line?

Russia

How do school-age children deal with issues of identity?

School-age children begin to explore the question of who they are and what they are all about.

In which area is a typical teenager most likely to be identity foreclosed?

Sex-role preference

Which of the following is not one of the top three peer activities of fifth- and sixth-graders?

Shopping

The Wall County school board is trying to decide at what grade they should start presenting comprehensive sex education. Based on what you know about sex education, which of the following would you recommend?

Start teaching it in the 5th or 6th grade, before most children are sexually active.

Which of the following is an accurate statement about the effects of part-time work for adolescents?

Such activities as babysitting for younger siblings and doing yard work are considered to be "informal" paid work.

Which of the following was an unintended consequence of the No Child Left Behind Act?

Teaching to the standardized tests.

While out with his friends, 15-year-old Kurt decides to try to ride on the top of a moving car. We can attribute this ill-advised, dangerous behavior to what changes in the brain?

The emotion centers of his brain are developing before the impulse control and reasoning centers.

Which of the following describes the thinking in Gilligan's second stage, conventional care?

The idea that "right" action is whatever pleases others best

What is true about most teenagers and their parents?

The mostly get along

Which theory is most closely allied with Vygotsky's zone of proximal development?

The sociocultural approach

Which factor best accounts for the height advantage of males over females in adulthood?

There is a two-year delay in the growth spurt in males.

Which of the following statements is true concerning sexual activity in males?

They are more sexually active.

How do the majority of teens relate to their parents?

They get along well with them.

Which grades exhibit the most same-gender play?

Third to fifth

What is the most important function of the adolescent peer group?

To provide a support base outside of the family

After alcohol, which drug is most commonly used by teenagers?

Tobacco

Which of the following countries has the highest rate of sexually active 15-year-olds?

United States

Which of the following countries has the lowest rates of condom use?

United States

What is the highest cause of death among adolescents?

Vehicle accidents

Researchers have found that the greatest decline in time spent with family between the fifth and twelfth grades occurred in which of the following?

Watching TV

Barney is allergic to cats; his allergy is

a chronic illness.

When the adolescent growth spurt has ended, future growth can be described as

a fraction of an inch yearly until adulthood.

Benjamin's family just moved to a small town where the school uses mixed-age groupings in grades 1through 5. In contrast to his previous elementary school with its traditional, same-age groupings, Benjamin can now expect

a more nurturing classroom.

A graduate student asked the students in Mr. Tierney's third grade class to list their four favorite and four least favorite people in the class. Everyone's name made at least one of the lists except Courtney. Courtney would be classified as

a neglected child.

After watching the movie Ghandi, Terrance declared that Ghandi operated from Kohlberg's sixth stage of moral development. Terrance believed that Ghandi determined what was good on the basis of

a set of personalized, general moral principles.

Expertise is

a skill that is still in the process of growing.

Developmental changes in children's understanding of language is in part due to

an understanding of literal meaning and the speaker's intended meaning.

Compared with early-maturing female adolescents, a late-maturing female adolescent is likely to

be rated as more attractive.

Adolescents who were still virgins in twelfth grade were found to

be well adjusted.

Adolescents who engage in sex earlier than their peers are more likely to experience all of the following except

being in love.

Kohlberg's theory of moral development emphasizes

abstract principles of justice

A limitation of intelligence tests is that instead of testing general qualities, they test

academic intelligence.

Negative identity represents a(n)

acceptance of a socially undesirable role.

The desire or tendency to strive for enhanced competence in a skill or an area of knowledge is referred to as

achievement motivation.

At the end of each school year, Ms. Shive administers a test to see what everyone has learned during that year. The test would be best classified as a(n)

achievement test.

If you wanted to measure the reading ability of a third-grader, you would most likely use a(n)

achievement test.

If a teacher were to design a curriculum based on Jean Piaget's principles, the teacher would emphasize

active manipulation.

Eric and Mike are eight-year-old friends. Their friendship is most likely based on

activity and opportunity.

Solange is undergoing a period of her greatest changes in physical, cognitive, and social development since birth. Solange is entering the period known as

adolescence.

Researchers who explored the incidence of antisocial adolescent behavior in non-industrial countries, found that antisocial behavior was more likely in societies where

adolescent represented a sharp break from childhood.

The drug used most frequently by high school students is

alcohol.

Because Denise is the adolescent child of divorcing parents, she is more likely to ________than Marjorie, whose parents have a stable marriage.

become a teenage parent

When school districts move their start times later for high school students what happens?

all of the above

LGB T adolescents are at greater risk for mental health problems because

all of the above.

What is NOT related to teenagers getting insufficient sleep?

all of these are related to insufficient sleep

The most significant achievement for an adolescent is the development of

an identity

In gym class, sixteen-year-old Ida is concerned that she do everything just right because she believes that everyone will be scrutinizing her performance. Ida's concern is indicative of

an imaginary audience

When Teresa got up this morning to go to school, she noticed a tiny pimple on her nose. Frantically she covered it with makeup but still fears that everyone will see it--so much so that she is thinking of not going to school today. Teresa's behavior reflects

an imaginary audience.

Diffusion of industry involves

an inability to concentrate on required tasks such as work or school.

As a child gets older, we would expect that recognition memory

and recall will both increase.

Anna has an unrealistic body image and is prone to self-starvation in order to keep her figure. Anna might have a problem with

anorexia nervosa.

In the liquid conservation problem, the child who demonstrates sensitivity to transformations will focus on the actual __________ rather than on the __________.

appearance of the liquid; change in appearance

The SAT, ACT, and GRE are all tests designed to predict future college performance. They are all

aptitude tests.

Children who are extremely active and have trouble concentrating on an activity for a long period are said to have

attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Lance is constantly active in school and is unable to settle down at a task for any long period of time. At times, he seems to be quite disruptive. Lance might be classified as having

attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Lenny comes from working-class parents; their parenting style is most likely

authoritarian.

Adolescents in middle-class families tend to have parents who are

authoritative

Adolescents whose friends have _______ parents have higher grades and higher levels of academic competence.

authoritative

Adolescents whose friends have _______ parents have lower rates of substance abuse and delinquency.

authoritative

The pattern of parental authority most associated with better adjusted adolescents is

authoritative

Research has shown that, for single mothers, the parenting style that was most helpful in protecting the child from the influences of a bad environment and at the same time promoted self-regulation was a style that fell somewhere between

authoritative and authoritarian

A middle-class parent is more likely to use a(n) _______ style of parental discipline, whereas a low-income parent is more likely to use a(n) _______ style of parental discipline.

authoritative; authoritarian

With respect to height, girls

become taller than boys toward the end of the elementary school years.

All of the following contribute to obesity in adolescence except

being born premature.

Teenage female athletes have exceptionally high rates of pathological dieting and underweight in all of these activities except

basketball.

Martin's twin sister has just reached her growth spurt peak, Martin should

be at his growth spurt peak in about two years.

When seven-year-old Hal struck out, his softball team lost the deciding game of the season. Consequently, it is most likely that his teammates will

blame him for a long time afterwards.

Jeffrey's team just lost a game. Jeffrey knows that he made several mistakes during the game. If he's typical of children whose team loses, he'll

blame himself for a long time afterward.

In comparing boys and girls on aggressive behavior,

boys are more aggressive in both physical and emotional aggression.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) seems to be most prevalent in

boys.

The first noticeable change that signals the beginning of girls' puberty is

breast bud development.

Repression occurs during the latency stage to

build a defense against perceived romantic feelings toward parents.

Eating large amounts of food and then purging to avoid weight gain are symptoms of

bulimia.

According to Jean Piaget, conservation refers to the belief that

certain properties of an object remain the same in spite of changes in the object's appearance.

The fact that a school-age child mentions others when referring to pride and shame implies that the child

can differentiate between his or her own and others' feelings.

In Harry Stack Sullivan's theory, peers are important because they

cancel out the emotional warps instilled by one's parent.

The constructivist philosophy is based on the assumption that

children need to actively interact with their environment in order to learn.

Dennis is a member of a closely knit group with four other members who share activities and exclude others. Dennis's group is a

clique.

Sixteen-year-old Melanie's parents are happily married, but her friend Dana's parents are divorced. Consequently, Melanie is more likely than Dana to

complete high school.

Adolescent egocentrism differs from the egocentrism found in preschoolers in that adolescent egocentrism

concerns abstract thoughts and problems.

During the rapprochement phase of individuation, an adolescent

conditionally accepts parental authority

Sometimes peers influence children to violate their personal values. This is done primarily through

conformity.

At the circus, Brad and Chris each buy a foot-long taffy stick from a vendor. Brad stuffs his into his pocket as they both return to their seats. When Brad takes his taffy stick out, it is bent. He looks at Chris's taffy stick and says, "Hey, you got more than I did!" Given that the taffy sticks are actually the same size, Brad's remarks can be best interpreted as lack of

conservation of length.

Suzy and Anita are playing with modeling clay. Each of them has received the contents of one can of clay. Anita rolls out her modeling clay into a snake, at which point Suzy yells, "Hey, you got more than I do!" Suzy apparently is unable to understand

conservation of mass.

Mrs. Emmet has been told that her son Emanuel has ADHD. The school psychologist is most likely to advise her to make the home environment more

consistent.

In Eddy's class, a number of kids list him as one of their three best friends and some kids list him as one of their least favorites. Eddy's popularity classification would most likely be

controversial.

Miss Marley used the 'jigsaw" technique when she assigned a project to her social studies class.

cooperate and develop positive feelings about themselves and the others in the class.

Marcia's classification system for identity is based on the presence or absence of

crisis and commitment

Amy is a member of a loose group of twenty adolescents from several small, closely knit groups. This group is a

crowd.

The ability to consider two or more dimensions of a problem at once is called

decentration.

Freud might have described the child's need to achieve competence as

defensive and negative.

Otto refuses to listen to the advice of his parents, especially concerning what courses he should take in school. He figures, "What do they know about who I am or who I want to be?" Otto is demonstrating the phase of

differentiation

Children with high levels of emotional expressiveness and emotional insight are more likely than other children to

display empathy and prosocial behavior.

Beth's parents tend to play down gender typing. For example, her brother is just as likely to help with the dishes as he is to mow the lawn. As Beth grows, she will

display less gender stereotyping than children her own age.

Six- and seven-year-olds begin to construct their identities by

distinguishing their thoughts and feelings from those expressed by others

Jordan has a viral infection in his ear. His physician will most likely

do nothing except suggest bed rest.

During middle childhood, the two major elements of mentoring relationships that are echoed in older sibling-younger sibling relationships are

dominance and nurturance.

Now that Alisa and her brother Michael are almost eleven and twelve years old, their relationship is becoming less

domineering and more egalitarian.

The learning disability that involves difficulties in reading is

dyslexia

Pete is a gang member; he is likely to receive all of the following from the gang except

educational support

Harry Stack Sullivan differed from Jean Piaget in that Sullivan emphasized the peers' role in promoting

emotional health.

Problem solving in the formal operational stage is characterized by all of the following except

emphasis on real-world problem applications

There are two types of achievement motivation: one focuses on competence whereas the other focuses on

evaluations from others.

In principle, achievement tests are meant to measure __________, and aptitude tests are meant to measure__________.

existing knowledge; potential performance

Schoolchildren tend to

expect boys to be more assertive.

In the triarchic theory of intelligence, the realm of intelligence that includes a person's ability to cope with being locked out of her house is

experiential.

The difference between ability and expertise is that

expertise is still growing and ability is already formed.

Identity diffusion represents a

failure to achieve a stable identity

Qualities that are best taught within the peer group include

fairness and reciprocity.

Whereas European-American children generally view themselves as developing a single individualized self, Asian cultures tend to have additional selves, including

familial and spiritual.

Whereas European American children generally view themselves as developing a single, individualized self, members of Asian cultures tend to have additional selves, including a spiritual self and a(n)

familial self.

As adolescence progresses, male adolescents are more likely to develop greater intimate friendships with

female friends.

Childhood gender differences in illness suggest that

females exaggerate the extent of their illnesses or males hide theirs.

When he was a little boy, Frank Lloyd Wright's mother decided that he would be an architect when he grew up. If he never explored any other options and simply accepted the role that she chose for him, then James Marcia would classify Frank Lloyd Wright as a(n) ________ individual.

foreclosed

Joe's parents are both Catholic. Joe was raised in the Catholic Church, and is committed to being Catholic. He never thought about being Baptist, Buddhist, Muslim, Hindu, or atheist. Joe decided on his religion through

foreclosure

Frank has pretty much adopted his parents' views on politics and religion and even their work ethic. Marcia would most likely classify Frank's identity status as

foreclosure 2

Barb has an acute illness. This means that it

has a definite beginning, middle, and end.

The positive thing about parent-teen conflicts is that they

foster the teen's psychological independence.

What is one of the driving forces behind lower teen pregnancy rates and lower abortion rates in the United States?

free contraception

According to Philip Jackson, all of the following are typical of a traditional, teacher-centered classroom except

freely interacting with children of different developmental levels.

Even though she's been living on her own for a year, Janice still expects her parents to foot all the bills. Janice has yet to achieve

functional independence.

School-age girls tend to have more reported illnesses than boys do because

gender roles lead them to talk about ailments more.

Compared with the preschool years, when it comes to health, school-age children are

generally healthier.

Which of the following factors does not impact the trajectory of development for LGB teenagers

genes

Most suicide attempts are made by _______ ,and completed suicide are committed more often by ___

girls; boys

Della, a high school student, works fifteen hours per week after school. In her job, she is most likely to experience all of the following except

good on-the-job training that will apply to her life.

Compared with childhood, the adolescent years show

greater irregularity and unevenness in growth.

All of the following involve development of primary sex characteristics in males except

growth of pubic hair.

Erikson thought that being an adolescent in a modem society was becoming

harder because rapid societal changes lead to fewer stable, predictable role experiences

Balanced bilingual children tend to

have better metalinguistic awareness

One characteristic of hyperactive children is that they

have difficulty making friends.

All of the following are desired characteristics of middle schools except

having numerous classroom changes daily to better serve the attention span of students.

Vinnie is athletic, socially competent, and the most popular child in the third grade. It is therefore likely that

he will be a psychologically healthy adult.

According to Piaget, one of the roles of peer relationships in middle childhood is to

help children overcome egocentrism.

Benny's teacher wants to help her class improve their long-term memories for the stories they read in class. The best and most effective way she can do this is to

help them see the connections between the stories and other ideas and material they learn in school.

Thinking in formal operational thought differs in emphasis from childhood thinking in all of the following ways except for its emphasis on

here-and-now thinking.

Dale is an unpopular-rejected child in his class. Compared with others in his class, he is more likely to

hit, push, or threaten to hurt others.

Older adolescents and adults use formal operational thinking

in academic situations.

Jane is an unpopular-rejected child in her class. Compared with others in her class, she is more likely to

hurt relationships between others by saying false things and manipulating situations.

Ritalin, Focalin, Adderall, and Strattera are stimulants that are used to treat

hyperactive children.

Marshall has developed a sense of who he really is and what his needs, beliefs, and capabilities are. Marshall has achieved

identity

Kathy was torn between getting a job at a news website and going to college to study English literature. After weighing all the options, she finally has a sense of direction and decides to go to college. Kathy's identity status is most likely

identity achieved.

According to Erik Erikson, failure to achieve an integrated and stable identity is referred to as

identity diffusion.

Ralph is uncertain about what he wants to do with his life. He takes some courses at a local community college but frequently misses classes. He doesn't seem to get upset over this or the poor grades he gets. He does enjoy hanging out at the comic book store. Ralph's identity status is most likely

identity diffusion.

The most common identity statuses of junior and senior high school age are

identity foreclosure and identity diffusion.

Self-constancy is the belief that

identity remains permanently fixed.

In Erikson's theory, adolescence is the time when young people are faced with the crisis of

identity versus role confusion.

One consequence of an individualized goal structure is that it makes students more

inclined to learn the material of the course.

Compared with popular children, reciprocal friendship networks of unpopular children

include a higher proportion of children outside of the classroom.

Carole's parents are divorced and her mother has custody. Carole's contact with her father is likely to

increase initially but then soon decrease

After divorce, the parent with primary custody often deals with

increased financial stress.

A teenager who is clinically depressed might have all of these symptoms except

increased sexual drive.

When an adolescent goes through the process of developing a unique identity that is distinct and separate from all others, this is called

individuation

According to Erikson, the crisis faced by school-age children is

industry versus inferiority

According to Erik Erikson, school is a main arena for resolving the crisis of

industry versus inferiority.

Brad excels in science and other activities such as sports. Erik Erikson would say that Brad is developing a sense of

industry.

Even though he's a senior in high school, Stuart has avoided making any plans for the future. Instead, he spends every spare moment chatting on-line. The form of identity diffusion that Stuart is undergoing is diffusion of

industry.

Children who become juvenile delinquents usually follow a predictable course of development that begins with

ineffective parenting

Susan feels that she reads too slowly, cannot solve simple math problems, and generally does poorly in school. Erik Erikson would say that Susan is developing a sense of

inferiority.

An early-maturing female adolescent is likely to be

initially at a disadvantage in adolescence.

Compared to the impression that he formed of himself in childhood, the adolescent's self-image is more

integrated.

For Erik Erikson, the resolution of the identity stage involves

integrating childhood identification

Compared with teen boys' friendships, the friendships of teen girls are more

intimate.

Sandra is an overweight nine-year-old. Accordingly, one of the ways that her mother should deal with the problem is to

involve her in an exercise program and put her on a conservative diet.

Eleanor's mother died after a long illness. Since then, every once in a while, Eleanor is sure that she has supported her, alive and healthy, in the places that she used to frequent. Eleanor's hallucinations mean that she

is behaving normally for a child who experienced her mother's death.

Learning-oriented achievement motivation refers to motivation that

is intrinsic.

Throughout her childhood, Laticia visited her physician frequently. As an adolescent, Laticia

is likely to visit her physician frequently.

Fourteen-year-old Bruno has noticed that his breasts seem to be changing; they are getting slightly larger and the areolas are getting darker. Bruno's changes indicate that he

is undergoing some normal changes associated with puberty.

Symptoms of anorexia nervosa include all of the following except

lack of motivation to exercise.

With respect to the growth spurt, boys

lag about two years behind girls.

Compared to a formal operational person, a concrete operational person tends to

latch onto a single solution or reason.

The most common adolescent and adult advanced moral reasoning emphasizes

law and order.

Steven's parents are loud, bossy, extraverted, and in-your-face kind of people. According to Harry Stack Sullivan, Steven needs playmates to be able to

learn alternative ways of acting and feeling.

Compared to other societies, adolescence in modem industrial societies could be described as

less predictable.

One criticism of gifted education is that it is

less rigorous than the regular curriculum.

Compared with other males, late-maturing male adolescents are more likely to be described as

less self-confident.

Seven-year-old Christina's father has died suddenly. In order to protect Christina from being susceptible to depression at a later time, her mother should

let her attend the funeral and participate in related activities.

One consequence of the competitive goal structure is that it

limits students' thinking so that they care only about where they stand with regard to others.

Teenage pregnancy is more likely for an adolescent girl who has

low self-esteem

Adolescents who engaged in false-self behavior in order to impress others were found to have _______ than those who didn't.

lower self-esteem

Primary sex characteristics are those that

make sexual reproduction possible.

Testosterone is one of the hormones that

make up the hormones called androgen.

Studies of sex differences in identity status suggest that

males and females generally show the same progress in identity development.

In general, other physical changes associated with puberty occur before the growth spurt in height for

males only.

Which of the following is showing a trend toward increased use among high school seniors?

marijuana.

Adolescents who get accustomed to having a paycheck that can be used entirely for leisure

may have difficulty as adults when most of their paycheck will go to necessities.

The onset of female sexual maturity is signaled by the

menarche

Bruce has changed his major three times in the last year and is thinking about changing it again. He's feeling anxious about his lack of direction but doesn't seem to really know what he wants to do just yet. Bruce's identity status is

moratorium.

Even though he's in his third year in medical school, Harris is having doubts about becoming a doctor. He's toying around with the idea of just taking a semester off and trying to figure out what he really wants to do with his life. James Marcia would assign Harris the identity status of

moratorium.

Myra and Ed tend to use contraceptives very irregularly. They are more likely to be or have all of the following except

more adventure-seeking.

Having acquired 2 languages equally well during childhood generally produces

more cognitive flexibility in thinking.

Compared with other males, early-maturing male adolescents are more likely to be described by all the following characteristics except

more impulsivity.

When Mr. Allen taught first-graders, the shortest and tallest children on the first-grade level were three inches apart. Now that he's been assigned to teach sixth graders, he can expect that the tallest and shortest children would be

more like twelve inches apart.

The use of tobacco by teenagers in recent years has decreased because of all of the following except

more parents are telling their kids not to smoke

Teachers call on boys __________ frequently than they call on girls and from __________ distance.

more; more of a

Compared with friendships during fifth grade, adolescent friendships tend to be based more on

mutual understanding.

Seventeen-year-old Robbie has joined a gang whose members commit small thefts, harass other high school students, and idolize Jesse James. The form of role diffusion that Rob is experiencing is termed

negative identity.

The impact of divorce on girls and boys demonstrates

no sex differences.

Studies using the matched guise technique have found that

non-English-speaking cultural groups rate English more highly than their own language.

Teen dating violence mirrors all of the following except?

nonviolent behaviors.

Five-year-old Jimmy plays on a soccer team that often wins, although Jimmy doesn't do well when he plays. At this age, Jimmy is likely to

not be overly concerned by either his own or the team's performance.

If you were to have a conversation with a dyslexic person, you would notice that

nothing distinguishes the person :from a person without dyslexia.

One reason why school-age children turn to team sports is that they

now have the ability to understand rules.

Compared with girls, boys tend to have more _______ but less _______ friendships.

numerous; intimate

The Fijians' physical ideal is tied to their preoccupation with

nurturing.

Amye begins to ask herself questions about whether she is pretty, popular, or athletic. Amye is dealing with the challenge

of knowing who you are.

Beatrice's eight-year-old daughter is overweight and is currently on a diet prescribed by her physician. The one thing Beatrice could do to help her daughter the most is

offer encouragement and respect for her dieting efforts.

All of the following are true about adolescent employment opportunities except that

often teens can use these jobs to work up the career ladder into substantial employment.

Compared with preschoolers, schoolchildren get sick about __________ as often.

one-half

Most adolescents spend as much time interacting with peers face-to-face as they do

online

Shahin is seven years old and has just had his first personal experience with death when his grandfather died. Accordingly, Shahin is likely to believe that

only old people can die.

Adolescent friendships tend to involve more commitment, permanence, and loyalty because adolescents

recognize the advantage of complementary relationships

Carol Gilligan suggested that girls more than boys are socialized to emphasize

others' needs.

Siblings tend to have a more supportive relationship with each other in families in which

parents get along well with each other.

Clique membership tends to

peak in early adolescence and then decline.

The shift toward more performance-oriented achievement motivation is due at least in part to an increased importance of

peers.

The first step in acquiring a sense of self is

recognizing the psychological traits that describe one's personality.

There tends to be disagreement between parents and the peer group in the area of

personal appearance.

Thirty-year-old Marie looks back at an entry in her high school yearbook that talks about her future as a major movie actress. Although she wasn't particularly talented at the time and never pursued that career, Marie's entry reflects her adolescent thoughts concerning her

personal fable.

All of the following are aspects of intimacy except

physical attractiveness.

The biggest problem with individual IQ tests may be their

potential cultural bias.

An accurate part of the description of critical thinking is that it is

practical.

One quality of an effective learning environment is

predictability.

Freud explained the child's need to achieve competency in terms of his wanting to

preoccupy himself in order to keep his improper romantic feelings out of consciousness.

All of the following activities are functions of friendship during the adolescent period except to

provide important social limits on behavior as compared to adults.

Fifth-graders tend to place more emphasis on friendships based on

psychological qualities.

Dr. Dougherty studies intelligence based largely on standardized IQ tests. Dr. Dougherty's approach is best termed the

psychometric approach.

Chuck is going through a number of striking changes in both primary and secondary sex characteristics because Chuck is experiencing

puberty.

Lawrence Kohlberg's first stage of moral development emphasizes

punishment.

Homophobia appears to be

quite strong during adolescence

The phase of individuation in which the adolescent conditionally and partially reaccepts parental authority is termed

rapprochement. 2

During the first phase of individuation, an adolescent will most likely

reject parental advice.

Almost all of Terry's classmates describe him as being selfish, disruptive, and not fun to be with. Terry's popularity classification is most likely

rejected.

People with _____ attitudes toward sex think that sex should be a part of a loving relationship.

relational

Recall memory is different from recognition memory in that it

requires one to remember information without external cues.

Identity diffusion may take all of the following forms except

responsibility.

When a child knows that a sandwich that's cut in 2 has the same amount as a whole sandwich because you can take the 2 halves and put them back together to make 1 sandwich, she is demonstrating

reversibility.

During identity formation, the task of the adolescent is to

selectively accept or reject the many different aspects of self acquired during childhood.

In a study of low-income third-graders, formal after-school programs were found to be more beneficial than

self-care, informal adult supervision, and maternal care.

Lawrence Kohlberg's last stage of moral development emphasizes

self-chosen ethics

Brett, a three-year-old, states that if he grows his hair long, he will be a girl. Brett's statement indicates a lack of

self-constancy.

Seven-year-old Gina believes that when she grows up, she will be basically the same person she is now, only older. Gina is beginning to develop a sense of

self-constancy.

In North America, a lean, thin body has come to symbolize

self-discipline and restraint.

The majority of suicide attempts by adolescents have been associated with

serious family difficulties.

Cassandra is trying to choose a college to attend from three choices. Each choice varies in academic reputation, cost, distance from home, and number of friends who will be attending. If Cassandra uses formal operational skills to solve her dilemma,

she will be unable to reach a clearly definitive solution to this ambiguous situation.

Joey started playing soccer when he was four years old. Now that he's 6, one change that his six parents might find is that he will

show more obvious improvement in his soccer skills

As a typical adolescent, Kandy's attitudes and values are generally

similar to her parents', especially on important issues.

Now that Gene is in sixth grade, his parents tend to monitor his self-care activities by

simple reminders.

Development of expertise probably depends on

slow acquisition of specific knowledge and good organization.

The most important aspect of peer groups is that they involve

social equality.

A child's sense of self primarily develops from

social experience.

Contradictions in psychological traits eventually become resolved by

specification of certain situations or persons for each trait.

During the school years, the development of competence takes on new meaning as children

start to care about others' opinions of their work.

All of the following are areas of severe disturbances of psychological functioning that anorexic teens experience except

stronger than typical personal fable.

Comprehensive sex education based in middle schools has

succeeded by teaching about contraception and how to refuse sex before teens become sexually active.

All of the following are essential elements of critical thinking except

superior intelligence.

All of the following are characteristics of gifted students except

superiority in all subjects

Kohlberg's preconventional level most closely corresponds to Gilligan's

survival orientation.

Mr. Hailey notices that one of his students is "freeloading" while the other 3 members of his group are busily working on their cooperative group project. An effective way to tackle the problem would be to

tell the class that part of their total grade will depend on individual effort.

An eight-year-old is more likely than a four-year-old to realize how long it will be until his next birthday because he has a better understanding of

temporal relations.

Fourteen-year-old Carrie is developing larger bones and larger muscles. These changes are primarily due to

testosterone.

One of the most important factors in adolescent adjustment to divorce is

the adolescent's parents' ability to resolve their conflicts.

Compared with American mothers, Chinese and Japanese mothers are more likely to believe that academic success is due to

the amount of effort one exerts.

A major difference between an ear infection caused by a virus and one caused by bacteria is that

the bacterial .infection can be treated with antibiotics.

A defining characteristic of additive bilingual education is

the development of the child's skills in both languages at the same time.

How much difficulty is experienced in adolescence is largely dependent on

the fit between the teenager's developing needs and the opportunities offered by the social environment.

In a very broad sense, intelligence refers to

the general ability to learn from experience.

Where are boys most likely to get information about dating?

the girls they date

Vera's mother was concerned about how quickly her daughter grew out of clothes during the preschool years. Now that Vera is in the school years, her mother can expect

the growth rate to slow down.

In developed countries, most chronic illnesses in the school-age child affect

the lungs and breathing.

Gender differences in aggression appear during

the preschool years.

The view that stresses that intelligence is not "in" an individual but is expressed in interactions "between" individuals is

the sociocultural approach.

When researchers attempted to teach conservation skills to children, they found that

the training did not last very long.

Teenagers are more likely to underestimate their mothers' opposition to their engaging in sexual activity when

their friends approve of their sexual activity

All of the following are characteristic of late-maturing male adolescents except that

they are more sexually active.

One of the main physical concerns about school-age children being involved in early athletics is that

they will risk injury.

The five challenges that children face are: The challenge of knowing who they are, the challenge of peers, the challenge of family relationships, the challenge of school, and the challenge

to achieve

Ron is about to marry a divorced woman with two young adolescent children. In order to be accepted by her children, Ron should

treat them with warmth, friendliness and respect.

Across the school years, individual differences in height are greatest at age

twelve.

A child who is high in intrapersonal skills would probably be able to

understand why he chose to go to a particular summer camp.

The highest levels of aggression are displayed by children who are classified as

unpopular-rejected.

Most childhood acute illness develop from

viruses.

A child who is high in kinesthetic skills would probably be able to

walk on a balance beam

When Allan went off to college he took a variety of courses in a number of different majors, joined a number of different campus groups, and had a wild spring break filled with new experiences. Erikson would probably say that Allan

was experiencing a psychosocial moratorium.

Willard Hartup suggests that friends provide one another with cognitive and social scaffolding across normative transitions. One implication of that is that teens

who have friends will have an easier time going through puberty than those who don't.

Thomas is rather academically oriented in school; he is likely to have friends

who share this characteristic

Bridget, who wishes to work but was forced to stay home,

will have a more stressful relationship with her children than mothers who choose to stay home.

Teamwork in school-age children appears to be associated with

winning.

Researchers who explored the incidence of antisocial adolescent behavior in non-industrial countries, found that antisocial behavior was more likely to occur in societies where teens spent a great deal of their time

with people their own age.