Developmental Psychology

Which of the following best describes the work of Piaget and individuals who followed in his tradition? a. Cognitive-developmental approach b. Piagetian approach c. Child-centered approach d. Information-processing approach

a. Cognitive-developmental approach

When conducting a research study, what group receives the independent variables (treatment)? a. Cohort group b. Comparison group c. Control group d. Experimental group

a. Cohort group

_____ believed that human emotional expressions were part of a long evolutionary history. a. Darwin b. Thomas and Chess c. Skinner d. Rogers

a. Darwin

Since critics have argued that they are unnecessary, these procedures have decreased from 90% in 1970 to 20% in 2000. a. Episiotomies b. Crowning c. Vaginalectomies d. Amniocenteses

a. Episiotomies

Scarr and McCartney proposed the theory of genotype ® environment effects. Which subtype occurs when a person's inherited characteristics bring about responses from others in their environment? a. Evocative genotype ® environment effects b. Submissive genotype ® environment effects c. Proactive ® environment effects d. Active genotype ® environment effects

a. Evocative genotype ® environment effects

Sara was informed by her physician that she is not ovulating properly. Which of the following is her physician's most likely course of treatment? a. Fertility drugs b. Eliminating nutritional deficiencies c. Increasing herbal consumption d. Decreasing stress and increasing caffeine intake

a. Fertility drugs

When babies are mildly distressed they produce a "warm-up" cry known as _____. a. Fussing b. Happy cry c. Pain cry d. Anger cry

a. Fussing

What terms is used to indicate that findings from the sample make it possible to draw conclusions about the population? a. Generalizability b. Validity c. Reliability d. Standardization

a. Generalizability

What technique is very useful for assisting low-birth-weight babies? a. Infant massage b. Smoking cessation programs for the parents c. Infant stimulation d. Parental education

a. Infant massage

According to the text, what is one of the reasons that adults use infant-directed speech and talk to infants by raising the pitch of their voices, exaggerating their intonation, elongating vowels, and repeating words? a. Infants seem to like it. b. Adults regress to a child-like state when interacting with infants. c. Infants understand it better. d. It increases neurological development.

a. Infants seem to like it.

You are at the airport with your twin babies. Your son is dressed in blue and your daughter is dressed in pink. Someone stops you and tells you how beautiful they are and asks if they are "identical twins." You tell them no, but what are you thinking in your head? a. It's impossible to have identical twins of different sexes. b. That's a great question, they could be identical twins. c. Usually fraternal twins are boys. d. Usually fraternal twins are girls.

a. It's impossible to have identical twins of different sexes.

Which of the following are 2 possible causes for high infertility rates in some African countries? a. Malnutrition and sexually transmitted infections b. Warmer climates and higher levels of libido c. Religious attitude on sexuality and encouragement of large families d. Poor sanitation in dietary habits Answer: Page: 76

a. Malnutrition and sexually transmitted infections

____ is a disease that occurs in malnourished infants in which their bodies stop growing, muscles atrophy, and they become lethargic. a. Marasmus b. HIV / AIDS c. Progeria d. Non-organic failure to thrive

a. Marasmus

____ has been used by many traditional cultures as a method of prenatal care and is now in vogue with many midwives, nurses, and physicians in developed countries. a. Massage b. Dancing c. Daily napping d. Singing

a. Massage

According to the text, the A--not-B error, illustrates an incomplete understanding of which of the following Piagetian principles? a. Object permanence b. Animism c. Personal fable d. Decentration

a. Object permanence

____ are the basis of fine motor development. a. Opposable thumbs b. Fast speed c. Neurological longevity d. Binocular vision

a. Opposable thumbs

____ is the process of giving infants with diarrhea a solution of glucose and salt mixed with clean water. a. Oral rehydration therapy b. Hyper replacement therapy c. Saline-based dehydration d. Electrolyte replenishment

a. Oral rehydration therapy

What term describes an entire category of people? a. Population b. Sample c. Research pool d. generation

a. Population

Which of the following best describes the Piagetian term of schemes? a. Cognitive structures for processing, organizing, and interpreting information b. When new information is altered to fit existing information c. When a person's self-concept is changed to adapt to new information d. When a mental structure is changed to adapt to new information

a. Cognitive structures for processing, organizing, and interpreting information

How many children do most women today have? a. 0 to 3 b. 4 c. 6 d. 8 or more

a. 0 to 3

After how many months can parents generally distinguish between the different types of cries? a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4

a. 1

Your sister just found out that she is pregnant after trying for nine months. Now she fears that she is going to have a baby with a chromosomal disorder. You try to assure her by telling her that the rate of babies born with chromosomal disorders is _____. a. 1 in 200 b. 1 in 2,000 c. 1 in 20,000 d. 1 in 20

a. 1 in 200

Based upon scientific studies, the average female should gain ____ pounds during pregnancy. a. 15-20 b. 25-35 c. 35-40 d. 40-45

a. 15-20

Samantha is 18 months old and enjoys animal crackers. While sitting in the kitchen she sees a bag of animal crackers. When her actions become intentional and goal directed, and she actively moves and reaches for the bag of animal crackers, it is clear that she is in the sensorimotor substage _____. a. 4: Coordination of secondary schemes b. 3: secondary circular reactions c. 2: first habits and primary circular reactions d. : simple reflexes

a. 4: Coordination of secondary schemes

Most infants get their first tooth between ______. a. 5-9 months b. 9-12 months c. 12-16 months d. 16-22 months

a. 5-9 months

At what distance are infants' visual acuities the best? a. 8 to 14 inches b. 18 to 24 inches c. 30 to 36 inches d. 40 to 48 inches

a. 8 to 14 inches

According to the text, if one were to pair a difficult tempered infant with a parental approach that is high in anger and frustration we might predict which of the following outcomes? a. A child who is defiant and disobedient b. A child who is outgoing but shy in social situations c. A child who is highly sociable and can self-regulate d. A child who is high in self-confidence but low in sociability

a. A child who is defiant and disobedient

What is a midwife? a. A female who is trained or has direct experience with the birth process. b. A female who serves as a surrogate breast for an infant whose mother is unable to lactate. c. A village elder who is knowledgeable about and connected to the spiritual world. d. A trained physician who is skilled at monitoring the prenatal period and delivering babies.

a. A female who is trained or has direct experience with the birth process.

Neonates generally lose approximately 10% of their birth weight. How long does it take to gain it back? a. About a week b. 8 days c. About 2 weeks d. 2 days

a. About a week

What is the poorest region of the world? a. Africa b. South America c. Western Europe d. Australia

a. Africa

Which of the following are the 5 primary emotions? a. Anger, fear, disgust, surprise, and happiness b. Embarrassment, surprise, jealousy, joy, and hurt c. Guilt, joy, envy, embarrassment, and happiness d. Jealousy, joy, shame, lust, and surprise

a. Anger, fear, disgust, surprise, and happiness

Why do traditional cultures have many beliefs that suggest that the woman giving birth is spiritually unclean? a. Birth is often dangerous b. Pregnant women are possessed c. The fetus is evil d. Birth requires spiritual intervention

a. Birth is often dangerous

_____ are known risk factors associated with fertility drugs. a. Blood clots, kidney damage, and damage to the ovaries b. Hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, and gastrointestinal problems c. Diabetes, endometriosis, and eczema d. Depression, anxiety, and suicidal thoughts

a. Blood clots, kidney damage, and damage to the ovaries

What is the birth position called when the fetus is feet or buttocks down? a. Breech b. Transverse c. Normal d. Triangular

a. Breech

According to Bronfenbrenner, what is the term that is used to describe the changes in development over time with respect to individual and historical changes? a. Chronosystem b. Exosystem c. Mesosystem d. Macrosystem

a. Chronosystem

According to the text, what condition can occur if parents feel completely overwhelmed by caring for a newborn and can lead to intense sadness and anxiety? a. Postpartum depression b. Childcare depression c. Parental neurosis d. Infant abuse

a. Postpartum depression

What is the term for a neonate that weighs less than 5.5 pounds and is less than 37 weeks gestationally? a. Preterm b. Post-mature c. Very weak d. At risk

a. Preterm

____ describes growth and development that proceeds from the middle of the body outward. a. Proximodistal principle b. Cephalocaudal principle c. Top-down principle d. Body first, head second principle

a. Proximodistal principle

Which of the following is an example of a qualitative research design? a. Questionnaire b. Survey c. Experiment d. Interview

a. Questionnaire

What percent of the world's population is comprised of developed countries? a. less than 20% b. more than 30% c. 68% d. 82%

a. less than 20%

What is another name for the cultural group that sets most norms and standards in a country? a. majority culture b. minority culture c. collectivist culture d. individualistic culture

a. majority culture

From a Piagetian perspective, ____ is a driving force behind development from one stage to the next. a. maturation b. learning c. environmental forces d. readiness

a. maturation

According to the text, infants who score extremely low on the Bayley scales ______. a. may have serious developmental problems and may require intervention b. may need the intervention of a social psychologist and pediatric dietitian. c. is doing extremely well and above normal development milestones d. is predicted to do extremely well on an IQ test

a. may have serious developmental problems and may require intervention

Many traditional cultures do not have access to trained physicians but rely on ____ during the prenatal period? a. midwives b. paramedics c. nurses d. staff from the World Health Organization

a. midwives

What concept suggests that the young of any species are born with variations on a wide range of characteristics and those who survive are the ones best adapted to the environment? a. natural selection b. psychoanalysis c. humanism d. behaviorism

a. natural selection

Rumors have circulated that some immunizations may actually cause harm to children, for example by triggering autism; however, according to the text scientific studies have found ______. a. no basis for these claims b. a link to ADHD c. a link to boys d. a link to girls

a. no basis for these claims

Grant is 7 years old and has ambitions of becoming a professional basketball player. His father is 5' 7" tall and his mother is 5' 3" tall. It is quite likely that Grant will be 5' 7" tall or a little taller, but not of NBA height. Trying to explain genetics to a 7-year-old is hard; however, his genetic potential is known as ______. a. reaction range b. genetic loading c. interaction range d. chromosomal load

a. reaction range

What reflex helps the neonate find its mother's breast to feed? a. Babkin b. Sucklng c. Rooting d. Moro

c. Rooting

____ is an example of an incomplete dominant inheritance. a. Down syndrome b. HIV c. Sickle-cell anemia d. Fragile X

c. Sickle-cell anemia

Which of the following is a paternal behavior that, if committed during pregnancy, can lead to a higher risk of low birth weight and childhood cancer for the unborn child? a. Mega dosing of vitamins b. Drinking of alcohol c. Smoking cigarettes d. Cocaine use

c. Smoking cigarettes

Which of the following refers to positive or negative responses to social interactions? a. Sociability b. Social smile c. Temperament d. Attachment

c. Temperament

____ of babies in Thomas and Chess' original study were classified as slow-to-warm-up. a. Fifteen percent b. Ten percent c. Thirty-five percent d. Sixty percent

c. Thirty-five percent

What sense is the first to develop in neonates? a. Smell b. Sight c. Touch d. Taste

c. Touch

Participants sometimes drop out of a longitudinal study. What term is used to describe this situation? a. Cohort effect b. Selective survival c. Selective sampling d. Attrition

d. Attrition

Mehrak and Emma are seeking fertility treatment and were informed by their physician that Mehrak's sperm-count is low and the quality is poor. Which of the following suggestions might help increase his sperm production and quality? a. Quit smoking, decrease alcohol consumption, and do not abuse drugs b. Start a vitamin C regimen, consume more folic acid, and take a multivitamin c. Exercise daily, increase nicotine consumption, and reduce stress d. Avoid wearing boxer shorts and switch to tighter underwear

a. Quit smoking, decrease alcohol consumption, and do not abuse drugs

Which of the following is the single greatest thing a woman who is pregnant can do to take care of herself and her unborn child? a. Receive regular evaluations from a healthcare professional. b. Avoid drinking alcohol. c. Minimize exercise. d. Cut out all caffeine from her diet.

a. Receive regular evaluations from a healthcare professional.

The Beng people have several suggestions for pregnant women. Which of the following is an example of a Beng suggestion that can be helpful for any pregnant woman? a. Rub oil on your belly. b. Avoid eating any meat. c. Have your husband refrain from hunting. d. Use mud to protect your skin from biting insects.

a. Rub oil on your belly.

An infant between the ages of birth and 2 would be in which of Piaget's cognitive stages? a. Sensorimotor b. Preoperational c. Concrete operations d. Formal operations

a. Sensorimotor

Your cousin is hot-tempered and gets very angry and yells quite a bit; even over little things. Which of the following is good advice for your cousin? a. She should try to relax. Whenever she gets really upset, her fetus' heart beats faster. b. It is okay if she gets upset, but she should not yell. It will harm the fetus' hearing. c. Getting angry and yelling is good for the fetus since it will raise the fetus' heart rate. d. She should probably get a different job. Her current job doesn't pay very well and makes her upset.

a. She should try to relax. Whenever she gets really upset, her fetus' heart beats faster.

Just for fun, you thought that it might be interesting to see how your baby sister who is three months old would act if you showed no emotion at all and simply stared at her for a few minutes. How did your sister react? a. She was distressed. b. She slapped her hands together. c. She laughed and giggled. d. She was happy and reached for you

a. She was distressed.

From the research of Thomas and Chess, if an infant is described as having a low activity level, reacts negatively to new situations, and has few positive or negative emotions, he or she may be categorized as having what type of temperament? a. Slow-to-warm-up b. Easy c. Difficult d. Undifferentiated

a. Slow-to-warm-up

Your sister is pregnant and has a job where she is constantly on her feet and works with the public. You are worried about her. What advice do you give your sister? a. Take a break and sit for a couple of minutes every half hour. Continuous standing has been linked to miscarriages and premature births. b. Continue working, staying on your feet all day is good for pregnant women and their fetuses. c. Get a new job, working with the public exposes her to teratogens on a daily basis. d. Try to relax, being pregnant is awesome!

a. Take a break and sit for a couple of minutes every half hour. Continuous standing has been linked to miscarriages and premature births.

Which of the following benefits is NOT associated with breast feeding and health in adolescence and adulthood? a. Taller stature b. Superior bone density c. Enhanced vision d. Improved cardiovascular functioning

a. Taller stature

Midwives often perform abdominal massage. What is one of the reasons for doing this? To determine ______. a. The position of the fetus b. The sex of the fetus c. The size of the fetus d. The length of the fetus

a. The position of the fetus

In terms of color vision, neonates can detect the differences between red and white, but not between white and other colors. Why? a. Their cones are immature. b. Neonates are color blind. c. Their retinas are not developed. d. Their rod receptors have not yet formed.

a. Their cones are immature.

You and your mother get into an argument regarding where your infant should sleep, either in their own crib or with you in bed. What should be your argument? a. There is no medical reason that your infant cannot sleep with you, it is just a cultural opinion. b. Research has proven that infants who sleep with their parents have stronger bonds than infants who sleep alone. c. That there is scientific evidence that infants who sleep in cribs grow up developmentally deprived. d. That you love your infant too much to have him or her in a different room!

a. There is no medical reason that your infant cannot sleep with you, it is just a cultural opinion.

Which of the following is a reason for a couple to seek genetic counseling before attempting to conceive? a. They might be carriers for a genetic disorder. b. They live in a high-risk area. c. They want to have a high IQ baby. d. They want a particular characteristic in their offspring.

a. They might be carriers for a genetic disorder.

What is one of the reasons for the high rates of Cesarean births? a. To avoid a potential disaster during birth b. To help physicians become wealthy c. Vaginal deliveries are dangerous d. To give surgeons practice

a. To avoid a potential disaster during birth

During what period was the last Ice Age? a. Upper Paleolithic b. Neolithic c. Jurassic d. Cenozoic

a. Upper Paleolithic

Theories of development include not only a biological component, but ______. a. a cultural component b. physiological changes c. a behavioral component d. hormonal changes

a. a cultural component

Your friends have just had a baby. It is now two weeks old and you notice that its moods are generally negative; it does not adapt well to new situations, and has extreme emotional reactions. What do you know about her personality? She is probably ______. a. a difficult baby b. an easy baby c. a slow-to-warm-up baby d. an undifferentiated baby

a. a difficult baby

Most infants will use their first words ______. a. a few months before or after their first birthday b. a few months before or after their third birthday c. towards the second half of their second birthday d. towards the middle half of their first birthday

a. a few months before or after their first birthday

From research studies performed in China, children who are shy are associated with _____. a. academic success and being liked by peers b. poor social adjustment c. being ridiculed and bullied by peers d. admiration by parents, but social isolation at school

a. academic success and being liked by peers

Grant decides to play a joke on his younger brother Cameron who is 18 months old. Grant knows Cameron enjoys oranges and decides to give Cameron a lemon. Unknowingly, Cameron bites into the lemon and is unpleasantly surprised by overwhelming sourness. By the expression on his face Cameron learned that not all fruits that are wedge-shaped are oranges. With this lesson, it is clear that Cameron ____ his existing schema of oranges. a. accommodated b. assimilated c. metamorphosized d. hyperventilated

a. accommodated

Thomas and Chess (1956) assessed infants on which of the following qualities ______. a. activity level, adaptability, intensity of reactions, and quality of mood b. psychosocial dynamics, physiological responses, anxiety level, and adaptability c. irritability, quality of mood, attachment style, and psychosocial dynamics d. attachment style, physiological responses, anxiety level, and irritability

a. activity level, adaptability, intensity of reactions, and quality of mood

Joint attention is not only the basis for an infant's language and emotional communication but it also fosters ______. a. an infant's information processing development b. personality style c. temperamental well-being d. spiritual and physical growth

a. an infant's information processing development

As an infant experiences growth and development for short-term and long-term memory one can predict that the infant will also improve ____. a. at the task of object permanence b. in their degree of egocentrism c. with the creation of personal fables d. speaking to an imaginary audience

a. at the task of object permanence

Which of the following best describes Thomas and Chess' concept of "goodness of fit"? Children develop ______. a. best when there is a good fit between temperament and environmental demands b. equally as well regardless of environmental demands c. into their phenotypes based mostly on their genotypes d. best when there is a fit between temperament and their siblings' temperaments

a. best when there is a good fit between temperament and environmental demands

Which of the following represents the correct sequence of development during the germinal period? a. blastocyst, implantation, placenta b. placenta, implantation, blastocyst c. placenta, blastocyst, implantation d. implantation, placenta, blastocyst

a. blastocyst, implantation, placenta

While providing solace to a family who has just been told that their infant sustained brain damage, Dr. Cook tells them that the good news is that the infant is young and his brain is not fully mature. As compared to an adult, the infant's brain has not been shaped or formed but is still highly responsive to the environment. Which of the following describes the topic of Dr. Cook's conversation? a. brain plasticity b. hyper-recovery c. subconscious plasticity d. metamorphic recovery

a. brain plasticity

During pregnancy, iron-rich foods help to ______. a. build the blood supply of the mother and fetus b. increase the muscle mass of the fetus c. assist in visual development of the fetus d. provide nutrients for proper brain development

a. build the blood supply of the mother and fetus

What values do developing countries regard as most important? a. collectivistic b. traditionalistic c. individualistic d. paternalistic

a. collectivistic

Human development theorists regard development as ______. a. continuous b. discontinuous c. stagnant d. abrupt

a. continuous

At 6 months of age, American infants sleep about 14 hours a day, whereas infants who are the same age in Kenya sleep about 12 hours a day, and infants in the Netherlands sleep about 16 hours a day. This variation is influenced by ______. a. cultural practice b. genetic differences c. innate preprogramming d. dietary habits

a. cultural practice

The ability to discern the relative distance of objects in the environment is ______. a. depth perception b. distance vision c. binocular vision d. near-sightedness

a. depth perception

Which of the following best describes possible routes for HIV/AIDS transmission from a mother to her child? a. during prenatal development through blood, during birth, or through breast milk b. through casual skin-to-skin contact such as hugs and kisses c. via bacterial infections during times of illness while pregnant d. through HIV bacteria being transmitted via contaminated environmental objects

a. during prenatal development through blood, during birth, or through breast milk

It is during the ____ period of prenatal development that nearly all the major organs are formed? a. embryonic b. zygotic c. fetal d. chromosomal

a. embryonic

According to the text, researchers have demonstrated that infants who hear another baby cry often begin crying themselves. This phenomenon is called. a. emotional contagion b. emotional modeling c. emotional mimicking d. emotional copycatting

a. emotional contagion

In a study examining long-term memory, 2-month-old infants forgot the training within a week. Six-month-old infants on average, retained memories of the training ____. a. for 3 weeks b. for 6 weeks c. for 9 weeks d. forever

a. for 3 weeks

An individual's complete genetic makeup is referred to as his or her ______ a. genotype b. phenotype c. archetype d. prototype

a. genotype

Researchers DeCasper and Spence asked pregnant mothers to read The Cat in the Hat every day for the last six weeks of their pregnancies. After birth, babies showed a preference for ______. a. hearing their mothers read The Cat in the Hat. b. seeing their mothers read The Cat in the Hat. c. hearing their mothers read any book. d. seeing their mothers read any book.

a. hearing their mothers read The Cat in the Hat.

What evolutionary line led to humans? a. hominid b. Neolithic c. mammal d. sapiens

a. hominid

By 2 years of age, neurons are connected to ______. a. hundreds or thousands of other neurons b. about as many as there were at birth c. millions of other neurons d. billions of other neurons

a. hundreds or thousands of other neurons

Jackson was born with 5 fingers per hand (including the thumb). If having more than five fingers occurs because of a dominant gene, Jackson's genetic inheritance must be ______. a. recessive-recessive b. dominant-dominant c. recessive-dominant d. recessive-recessive-dominant

a. recessive-recessive

Compared to other animals, the human brain is very large; however, at birth it is also ______. a. relatively immature b. well developed c. nearly adultlike d. malfunctioning

a. relatively immature

You are fortunate that your cousin was born a few months before you began your developmental psychology course. He has now mastered object permanence and as you watch him you remember that in class you discussed that object permanence is also a good measure of ______. a. short-term memory b. egocentric memory c. autobiographical memory d. procedural memory

a. short-term memory

Your sister just gave birth to a new baby. In speaking with her, she tells you that the baby was born with an extremely deformed spinal column and continues by calling it _____. a. spina bifida b. endometriosis c. microencephaly d. cleft palate

a. spina bifida

Many infants begin sleeping "through the night" around four months. Around 6 months, they may begin waking again at night. Why? a. teething pain b. growth spurts c. anxiety-induced insomnia d. hyper-sleep

a. teething pain

The blastocyst generally implants itself to the uterine wall during ______. a. the 2nd week after conception b. at conception c. the 5th week after conception d. the 7th week after conception

a. the 2nd week after conception

Researchers have concluded that by the end of the sixth month, fetuses respond to environmental noises. At birth, which of the following do most infants prefer? a. the sound of their mother's voice b. the sound of classical music c. the sound of rock and roll music d. the sound of naturescapes and animals

a. the sound of their mother's voice

Language comprehension refers to words that are ____; whereas, language production refers to words that are ____. a. understood; used b. used; understood c. single-syllables; multi-syllables d. multi-syllables; single-syllables

a. understood; used

Which of the following best describes height growth for most infants in the first year? a. unevenly in spurts b. very quickly in the beginning and slows down c. slowly in the beginning and increases very quickly d. at a slow even rate

a. unevenly in spurts

Females produce ova ____; whereas, males produce sperm ____. a. while in the womb; at puberty b. at puberty; while in the womb c. at puberty; at puberty d. while in the womb; while in the womb

a. while in the womb; at puberty

Within the first year of life sadness is a relatively rare emotion; however, infants ____ are more likely to manifest this emotion. a. with depressed mothers b. who were born premature c. with "difficult" personalities d. with parents who have social anxiety

a. with depressed mothers

From a global perspective, ____ is the most common teratogen to affect pregnancies? a. lead b. malnutrition c. alcohol d. rubella

b. malnutrition

Freud divided development into what type of stages? a. Psychosocial b. Psychobiological c. Psychosexual d. Psychocognitive

c. Psychosexual

The Talmud, the Jewish Holy Book, describes the lifespan as consisting of how many segments? a. 12 b. 14 c. 16 d. 18

b. 14

According to the text, if current trends continue, when will the worldwide Total Fertility Rate reach the replacement rate? a. 2020 b. 2050 c. 2080 d. 2110

b. 2050

The sacred law books of the Hindu religion, the Dharmashastras, divide the life span into how many stages? a. 2 b. 4 c. 6 d. 8

b. 4

By the time most women reach their ____ they will run out of fertile ova. a. 30s b. 40s c. 50s d. 60s

b. 40s

Sperm and ova, human sex cells, each contain how many chromosomes? a. 23 b. 46 c. 23 pairs d. 46 pairs

b. 46

After what month do women generally feel the fetus move? a. 2nd b. 4th c. 6th d. 8th

b. 4th

After ejaculation, sperm can live for ___ days inside the human body. a. 2 b. 5 c. 7 d. 9

b. 5

Adults spend about 20% of their sleep time in REM sleep. What percentage do neonates spend in REM sleep? a. 30% b. 50% c. 70% d. 90%

b. 50%

What is the chance of survival for an infant who is born in the U.S. before the gestation age of 25 weeks? a. 40% b. 50% c. 60% d. 70%

b. 50%

Lack of oxygen to the brain is referred to as ______. a. Brain damage b. Anoxia c. Jaundice d. Synaptic pruning

b. Anoxia

What is the term that is used to indicate when the fetus' head appears at the outer opening of the vagina? a. Transition b. Crowning c. Birth d. Delivery

b. Crowning

What is the first step in the scientific method? a. Collect data b. Identify a question of scientific interest c. Form a hypothesis d. Create a design

b. Identify a question of scientific interest

What are the glands responsible for milk production? a. Thyroid b. Mammary c. Pituitary d. Adrenal

b. Mammary

Fetuses have very large heads. What is an evolutionary adaptation to assist in delivering the fetus? a. The fetus is generally very small. b. The fetus' skull is not yet fused. c. The fetus has a very small head. d. The vaginal opening is very large.

b. The fetus' skull is not yet fused.

According to the text, during conception what happens to most zygotes that have too many or too few chromosomes? a. They are spontaneously aborted. b. They result in neonates with birth defects. c. They result in twins. d. They have no problems.

b. They result in neonates with birth defects.

According to the Dharmashastras, what is the purpose of life during the final stage? a. To embrace the world b. To prepare for the end of this life c. To withdraw from the world d. To reach the highest level of spirituality

b. To prepare for the end of this life

What is likely to happen when neonates in traditional cultures cry? They will be ______. a. picked up and rocked b. breast-fed and swaddled c. sung to d. ignored

b. breast-fed and swaddled

Growth and change across the lifespan is known as _______. a. evolution b. development c. change d. growth

b. development

Reaction range proposes ____ establish(es) boundaries, and ____ determines where a person falls within that range. a. genetics; environment b. environment; genetics c. phenotype; genotype d. polygenetic inheritance; homogenetic inheritance

b. environment; genetics

Which of the following factors when paired with an individual's genotype creates an expression on their phenotype? a. environment b. genes c. DNA d. parents

b. genes

Your nephew was present at the birth of his new brother. Immediately after the baby traveled through the birth canal, your nephew looks horrified when he sees his new sibling. Looking at you, he asks, "What is that white, fuzzy stuff all over the baby?" You tell him ______. a. that it is amniotic fluid b. it is lanugo, and that many babies have it at birth as it protects their skin in utero c. that it is lactate because the baby was suckling while in vitro d. that it is probably an excess of white blood cells that became stuck to the baby

b. it is lanugo, and that many babies have it at birth as it protects their skin in utero

To confirm theories regarding breast-feeding that have been generated from archaeological and historical evidence, researchers have also examined ______. a. historic volcanic records in mainland China b. modern hunter-gatherer cultures in Central Africa c. modern cultural practices in Southeast Asia d. historic zoological records in Central America

b. modern hunter-gatherer cultures in Central Africa

Oxytocin is released from ______. a. the fetus' liver b. the mother's pituitary gland c. the mother's uterus d. the fetus' liver

b. the mother's pituitary gland

Assume you have very close friends who are trying to get pregnant. To improve their odds you advise them that they should have intercourse when she is closer to ovulation and tell them that women generally ovulate ____ days into their menstrual cycles. a. 3 b. 7 c. 14 d. 21

c. 14

The average neonate sleeps how many hours a day? a. 8 to 10 b. 11 to 13 c. 16 to 17 d. 20 to 22

c. 16 to 17

How long does the World Health Organization (WHO) recommend that women breast feed? a. 6 months b. 1 year c. 2 years d. 3 years

c. 2 years

When did hominids evolve into Homo sapiens? a. 60,000 years ago b. 80,000 years ago c. 200,000 years ago d. 120,000 years ago

c. 200,000 years ago

According to the text, what percentage of fathers in the United States and the United Kingdom experience postpartum depression? a. 20% b. 15% c. 4% d. 1%

c. 4%

How many steps does the scientific method have? a. 3 b. 4 c. 5 d. 6

c. 5

Today, what percent of births are assisted by midwives in the United States? a. 10% b. 30% c. 50% d. 70%

c. 50%

If Frank has schizophrenia, how likely is it that his identical twin brother will also have schizophrenia? a. Highly likely b. Very likely c. 50% chance d. Highly unlikely

c. 50% chance

What Apgar score indicates that the newborn is in good to excellent condition? a. 1 to 3 b. 4 to 6 c. 7 to 10 d. 10 or greater

c. 7 to 10

What percentage of mothers in the United States and Canada currently breast feed? a. 50% b. 60% c. 70% d. 80%

c. 70%

An infant who cries for more than three hours a day, over more than three days at a time, and for more than three weeks is ______ a. Easy tempered b. Overly gassy c. Colicky d. Melancholy

c. Colicky

Several generations ago people believed that formula was superior to breast milk. Why? a. In the 1930s and 1940s it was much more difficult to breast feed. b. Evidence is now beginning to emerge that indicates that breast feeding can be dangerous to infants. c. Companies that produced formula convinced the public that formula feeding was the healthiest way to feed infants. d. The government provided free formula to everyone who wanted it.

c. Companies that produced formula convinced the public that formula feeding was the healthiest way to feed infants.

What variable is the variable that is manipulated and is different for the experimental and control groups? a. Ethnographic b. Extraneous c. Dependent d. Independent

c. Dependent

What medical technique is used to measure the fetus' heartbeat during the birthing process by attaching a device on the mother's abdomen or by placing a sensor on the fetus' scalp? a. Ultrasound b. Epidural c. Electronic fetal monitoring d. Amniocentesis

c. Electronic fetal monitoring

According to the text, what are the only cells in the human body that do not contain 46 chromosomes? a. Eardrum cells b. Hair cells c. Gametes d. Capillaries

c. Gametes

Human infants do not do this but other animals do. a. Seek b. Attach c. Imprint d. Connect

c. Imprint

What document provides information about who is conducting the study, what the purpose of the study is, what participation in the study involves, what risks are involved in participating, and what the person can expect to receive in return for participation? a. IRB proposal b. Research participation form c. Informed consent form d. Study proposal

c. Informed consent form

What stage of the birth process is the longest and most taxing to the mother? a. Braxton-Hicks b Crowning c. Labor d. Transition

c. Labor

What is the reflex that causes milk to be released if a mother hears the cry of her infant? a. Babinski reflex b. Babcock reflex c. Let-down reflex d. Feeding-time reflex

c. Let-down reflex

What is the main cause for low birth weight in developed countries? a. Cigarette smoking b. HIV c. Malnourishment d. Iron deficiency

c. Malnourishment

Throughout history, most births were administered by ______. a. Physicians b. Nurses c. Midwives d. Shaman

c. Midwives

What childbirth technique rejects medical technology and interventions and promotes breathing techniques to diminish pain? a. Cesarean birth b. Huff and puff technique c. Natural childbirth d. Twilight sleep

c. Natural childbirth

During what period did the cultivation of plants and the domestication of animals occur? a. Monolithic b. Paleolithic c. Neolithic d. Jurassic

c. Neolithic

Thomas and Chess (1956) revisited subjects years after as a part of their longitudinal study. Years later, Subject "A" is described as being "sometimes fearful, as having problems academically, and at times, he lingers in his response to social cues." Which of the following temperament categories does Subject "A" fit? a. Slow-to-warm-up b. Difficult c. Undifferentiated d. Easy

c. Undifferentiated

What is characterized by cities, written language, and specialization of work? a. socialization b. nationality c. civilization d. ethnicity

c. civilization

It was standard practice in hospitals in Western countries from the 1930s through the 1960s to ______. a. encourage women in labor to deliver at home b. prevent women from entering hospitals until active labor c. heavily medicate women in labor d. have women in labor walk between contractions

c. heavily medicate women in labo

Throughout history and in most cultures, infertility has been regarded mostly as a problem originating from ______. a. a lack of spiritual commitment b. the male c. the female d. both the male and the female

c. the female

For most of human history, what was the total population? a. approximately 2 million b. under 6 million c. under 10 million d. approximately 14 million

c. under 10 million

UNICEF estimates that ______ babies die each year in developing countries because they are bottle-fed rather than breast-fed? a. 100,000 b. 150,000 c. 1 million d. 1.5 million

d. 1.5 million

What percent of infertility problems can be traced back to the male? a. 20% b. 30% c. 40% d. 50%

d. 50%

Joe has just recently begun to chew and swallow his food in a style that closely resembles true eating and not infantile suckling. Joe is closer to ____ months of age. a. 5 b. 6 c. 7 d. 8

d. 8

In which the following areas do 95% of all HIV infections take place? a. Australia b. Asia c. Europe d. Africa

d. Africa

In terms of causation, under what circumstances does a correlation indicate causation? a. If the correlation coefficient is positive b. If the correlation coefficient is significant c. If the correlation is negative d. By itself, it never indicates causation

d. By itself, it never indicates causation

In Thomas and Chess' (1956) original study, which temperamental category had the smallest number of infants? a. Slow-to-warm-up b. Easy c. Undifferentiated d. Difficult

d. Difficult

Which developmental theorist believed that human development was comprised of psychosocial stages? a. Freud b. Skinner c. Rogers d. Erikson

d. Erikson

Which human development theory has endured the best? a. Freud's b. Gilbert's c. Hall's d. Erikson's

d. Erikson's

According to Erikson, what is the challenge for the developing individual during infancy? a. Learning about culture b. Developing a healthy sense of self c. Initiating activities in a purposeful way d. Establishing a bond with a trusted caregiver

d. Establishing a bond with a trusted caregiver

According to Erikson, what stage are developing individuals in during middle adulthood? a. Industry vs. inferiority b. Autonomy vs. shame and doubt c. Initiative vs. guilt d. Generativity vs. stagnation

d. Generativity vs. stagnation

According to Freud, at what stage does the individual's sexual drive reemerge, but in a way approved by the superego? a. Anal b. Phallic c. Latency d. Genital

d. Genital

According to Freud, what part of the mind operates on the pleasure principle and seeks immediate gratification? a. Libido b. Superego c. Ego d. Id

d. Id

Approximately when is the Brazelton NBAS administered? a. A day after birth or any time in the first 2 months b. A day prior to birth c. At one year d. Immediately after birth and then six months later

d. Immediately after birth and then six months later

What type of research design is being used when the same group is followed over several measurement times? a. Quasi-experimental b. Experimental c. Cross-sectional d. Longitudinal

d. Longitudinal

When two variables vary in the same direction, what type of correlation has occurred? a. Strong b. Inconsistent c. Negative d. Positive

d. Positive

What research method is most commonly used in social science? a. Correlation b. Experiment c. Case study d. Questionnaire

d. Questionnaire

What measure involves consistency such that similar results are found on different occasions? a. Correlation b. Standardization c. Validity d. Reliability

d. Reliability

What force did Freud believe drove human development? a. Biology b. Culture c. Parental influence d. Sexual desire

d. Sexual desire

What term is used in research to evaluate the truthfulness of a method? a. Measurement b. Standardization c. Reliability d. Validity

d. Validity

What are two important reasons maternal mortality has decreased during labor in developed countries? Improvements in _____. a. Nutrition and health care access b. Standardization for midwives c. Healthcare reimbursements d. Worldwide standards for physicians

d. Worldwide standards for physicians

How much have Homo sapiens changed from the time they evolved into Homo sapiens until now? a. very little b. some c. quite a bit d. considerably

d. considerably

For many cultures, if a female is childless and desires to conceive, she may: a. Use herbal remedies and consult a Shaman. b. travel to the city and seek fertility treatment. c. become depressed or even suicidal. d. divorce her husband and seek a younger partner

d. divorce her husband and seek a younger partner

According to Bronfenbrenner, what comprises the microsystem? a. cultural beliefs and values, and economic and governmental systems b. time and historical change c. schools, religious institutions, and the media d. relationships with parents, siblings, peers and friends, and teachers

d. relationships with parents, siblings, peers and friends, and teachers