developmental psychology unit 4

bottom line for divorce

"Divorce benefits some individuals, leads others to experience temporary deficits as well as wellbeing"

single parent household

- 30% one parent in the home (Some researchers argue that 50% of children will live in a single parent household at some point)

two parent household

- 70% of children in the USA live in a two parent home (Usually bio mom and dad but that also includes foster/adoptive parents, grandparents etc)

nuclear family structure

- Married couple with 2.5 kids and a dog named spot. Kids from this family tend to have fewer psychological problems and do better in school Who tends to get married? People who are more educated, have more money, and more emotional maturity In 2014 researchers found that 78% of moms had their first child got married and had over a highschool degree vs 11% who did not have a highschool education and were not married Benefits of shared parenting - less risk of maltreatment, more likely to have someone read to them, child will feel more loved

extended family

- all family members including extended family (Grandma and grandpa live in the house with the entire family)

attentional/ inhibitory control

- one's ability to pay attention Pay attention to relevant features (Children are easily distracted by irrelevant things Need decentering - they are centering too much on different things that are unimportant Need to stop more automatic cognitive processes Stoop test word is blue, color is purple word is green color is red word is Purple, color id green word is red, color is blue

meta cognition

- refers to awareness of an control of your cognitive abilities The idea that you can formulate a problem and solve the problem and check your answers Forming a plan/schedule Example: I get home from classes and I have 3 assignments, math is easy. I can do that now then have a snack break then do english and history because they take longer. The better a child's metacognition abilities the better they will perform in school

gay/ lesbian families

- research found that children with same sex parents are equally well ajusted as those in a straight household AND just because the child grows up in that household does not mean they will be gay Possibility of dealing with discrimination Study of kids conceived by artificial insemination Four types of family structures Lesbian couple Single lesbian mom Herosexual couple Single Heterosexual mom Predicted outcomes: Parenting stress Parenting conflict Parental affection NONE OF THESE RELATE TO SEXUAL ORIENTATION

5 approaches for bilingual education

-English immersion programs AKA submersion - students are submerged in english as quick as possible and receive 0 instruction in their native language (It is like teaching someone to swim by throwing them into the deep end of the pool) -English as a second language (ESL) pull-out programs - this is a gradual process where the classes are still taught in english but they are being taught english separately (Still throwing the child into the deep end but with a coach that won't let them drown but won't really help either) -Transitional bilingual education programs - students learn some subjects in their native language but also english -Developmental bilingual programs - developing skills in the native language and english (they will get instruction in their native language in core classes then in their native language in secondary classes like art, gym, etc) -Dual-language learning (Two-way immersion) - children who are native speakers of english and of other languages learn from each other

why are kids not exercising?

1- kids are inside watching tv, playing video games and being on phones, if staring at screen youre not exercising. 2- parents have become more concerned of dangers of kids playing outside. Kids are at much higher risk from dying from obesity than getting kidnapped etc.

2 reading difficulties

1. decoding difficulties- hard time identifying words that they already don't know, breaking down the words and sounds. 2. fluent word recognition- cant read as many of words in a text just by sight, not recognizing as many words.

treatment is risky 1

1. don't want to create a strong cencern avout food and dieting- leads to eating disorders. Children need to learn how to control food intake themselves, parents shouldn't be in control. Parents who are controlling make it harder for internal signals. What is goal? Goal is not to lose weight maybe maintain weight. Improve eating habits and more exercise.

obesity statistics

19.7% overall obesity of kids 12.7% ages 2-5 20.7% of 6-11 22.2% of 12-19 22.4% overall now since covid quarantine (home more, stressed more) Higherst in united states but england is second and france is third More common in developing nations- in india, china, pakistan Concern is that kids may have shorter lifespan than their parents

treatment is tricky 2

2. parents don't see children weight as a problem especially if parents are overweight themselves. They may see childs weight as standard. 25% of overweight parents judge their overweoght kids to have a weight problem. 80% of parents thought kids were healthy at 95th percentile. only 20% of obese kids get treatment. If parents do recognize children obese or overweight leads to increase in childs weight becayse if parents don't do it correctly then kid is gonna sneak the food and feel bad and eat more.

gender stereotypes

2016 study looked at 89 programs and representation in gender 60% male/40% female (This really hasn't changed) Stereotypes that have remained: men are more dominant, women are sexually provocative

difference in obesity for gender

40% of normal weight boys become overweight in adulthood/ 20% of girls normal weight become overweight as they get older

presence of elderly people

6.5% are over 65

reading disabilities

80% of learning disabilities have a reading disability 2 myths Writing letters and words backwords is a sign of dyslexia- b and d backwords- this is false, very common Kids can outgrow dyslexia, no evidence that you can outgrow it More boys than girls have dyslexia- used to be the case, but just as many girls are affected but girls arent identified as easily

functions of friendships

A context to develop social skills, cooperation, problem solving skills, arguments Information about themselves, others and the world (children are exposed to new lives like kids with alcoholic, abusive, neglectful, really wealthy, really poor families Companionship and fun that relieve stress (Friends can be an escape from home or problems Models of intimate relationships - if you can do it with a friend you can do it with an s/o

vocabulary growth

A six y/o a child knows between 8-12 thousand 9 y/os learn 5,000 more Kids who read 20 minutes a day learn over 2 million words

two ways to become bilingual

Acquire both languages at the same time Master one language, then learn the second

Evidence - because its really focused on justice it will undermine moral reasoning in girls

Adolescent and adult females display moral reasoning at the same level as ales do Themes of justice and compassion appear in responses of both sexes Girls may shift from stage 2 to stage 3 earlier than boys

stage 3

Age 12 "Good girl and Nice boy" orientation Child is concerned with winning approval of others and avoiding disapproval Intention becomes important Pros: No one will think you are bad bc you are stealing it for your wife and your family will be disappointed if you don't Cons: Family will be disappointed you stole

two categories of rejected kids- 1- aggressive rejected

Aggressive rejected Tend to be rejected and disliked because of their aggressive behavior and tend to be hostile and impulsive, disruptive, provocative When a group conflict emerges these kids respond in ways that make it worse instead of decreasing and solving the problem Interpret situation incorrectly - they tend to perceive an accident as purposeful and get very confrontational Possible they could become bullies BUT most bullies are not from this category, they are actually from the popular anti-social kids Intervention strategies - You need people who can see those behaviors and disrupt them, often treated with cognitive behavioral therapy

adjustment related to pre-divorce conflict

An immediate decline in conflict if the parents are fighting all the time Vs if the kids don't see the reason for their parents splitting they tend to blame themselves Boys take longer to recover -Kids of divorced mom vs kids of intact family - Results - Kids in intact family were better off BUT this is entirely dependent on the education of the parents - Results Vanished when including important factors moms education, SES and psychological well being

kohl bergs theory

Answers vs Reasons (He cares about the reasons behind the answers) Presented ethical dilemmas to children and adults, created six stages Example of dilemma - in Europe a woman was near death due to illness and the druggist had a drug that could help but sold it for 10k and the family couldn't afford it so the druggist couldn't give it to him so the family steals it. He looks at the reason for the family to steal it rather than the fact they stole something

segmentation and synthesis

Assess awareness by segmentation and synthesis tasks Segmentation- when u ask chlidren to break word down to syllables then phonemes/ asking a child to identify a picture of a word that shows a different sound- fork, foot, fan Synthesis- child is given a serioes of sounds and asked to provide a word. C-a-t= cat

carol gilligan's hypothesis

Boys > "Justice" Orientation morality of justice (If he has to split a pie between him and 3 friends they will divide it in 4s) Girls > "Compassion" orientation, morality of care (Pie split will be different because one girl doesn't get sweets at home, and the other is really poor and can't afford it)

etiological factors

Brain or central nervous system injury- no physical evidence or medical diagnoses for this Research to support genetic component- may have inherited it- 25-60% who have at least one dyslexic parent have It themselves.

"Bullying circle" by Olweus - focusing on the environment as the whole

Bully Victim Follower - positive toward the bully and may even join in on the harassment BUT they don't initiate Supporter - actively openly supports the bullying BUT they don't join in and instead may call attention to the fight, laugh, film with their phone Passive supporter - People who like the bullying BUT they don't show as much support, they just sit and watch, they don't actively make it worse but they also don't help Disengaged Onlooker - don't get involved or take a stand "this is none of my business" attitude Possible defender - Someone who dislikes the bullying and they believe they should do something but they don't Defender - Someone who strongly dislikes the bullying and tries to help and step up and separate them

prosocial behavior/ school readiness

Can children learn prosocial behavior from TV? Research findings - yes and they tend to be greatest in kids who are in lower SE families Benefits of shows like Sesame Street, they know more about how to better the environment, show positive attitudes to those who are different, more motivated to participate in school, more motivated to learn how to read, had higher scores in highschool in English Math and science Connect to global communities, sense of belonging (Kids who are gay and live in a hic town are going to find their community on the internet) Collaborative learning Demonstrate creativity (TikTok can demonstrate creativity)

video game benefits

Can lead to good decision making skills, problem-solving skills, team work Conflict resolution skills, leadership qualities critical thinking Improve manual dexterity Research - those who played video games in adolescence were better surgeons because they can hold their hand steady Increase gray matter Improve mood, relieve stress Increase persistence, confidence, goal-directed behavior

negatives of 1-2

Children can fall behind They can shut down Withdrawal

bilingual education

Children in US with little english proficiency must learn both the school curriculum and the english language

limitations on concrete operational

Children remain tied to conrete physical reality. They are unable to understand truly abstract or hypothetical questions, or ones that involve formal logic.

Are Kohlberg's stages universal?

Children vs Adults (Their responses are similar to responses in the USA for children vs Adults tend to vary) Members of industrialized, technologically advanced countries compared to opposite Kohlberg's reasoning is because of the presence of law enforcement such as police, SWAT, and court systems

benefits to having friends

Children who have friends score higher on self esteem Kids who have no friends tend to be more timid and overly sensitive and are at risk for later psychological problems

piquets concrete operational stage- age 7-11

Childrens cognitive actions are applided to concrete objects or events; logic is used to make sense of the world. Key achievements; Classification- classify things in multiple ways, and can classify object in hierarchical way, superordinate and subordinate categories. This is the age where kids develop interest in collecting things, cause its fun to classify and organize in different way.

Evidence for Kohlberg's Theory

Decline of egocentrism important variable in moral reasoning - research suggests this is actually true Need support from social environment - research has proven that the homelife of a child affects their decision making skills when it comes to Kohlberg's theory (Talking through things with kids is very important in their learning environment) Progression of stages: Everyone should progress past all of these in order but most people stop at stage 4 Is your level of reasoning associated with your age and level of cognitive development? Yes (18 y/os are more advanced in their development than 12 y/os) IS the sequence of stages correct? Yes it was conducted with longitudinal research and it also suggests you should become MORE advanced as you progress you should not progress backward. Only and extremely small percent of people regress to a different stage

bullying

Defined by repeated, systematic efforts to inflict harm

obesity background

Definition using body mass index (ratio of weight to height associated with body fat) Considered overweight if bmi is greater than 85th percentile Considered obese is bmi is over the 95th percentile Obesity has more than tripled since 1970s

social acceptance

Developmental theorists measure rejection and acceptance Researchers have children make two lists 1) with who they would like to play with and 2) who they would not like to play with Popular (People want to play with them Rejected (peopel don't want to play with them Neglected (Don't appear on either list What makes some children popular while others are dejected? Focus has been on rejected kids: Importance of intervention Increased risk for late problems - delinquency and depression along with other mental health issues

Learning disabilities background

Doeas learning disability equal a learning disability? No Range of problems- math, sounds, reading, spoken language This is when they are below other kids their age Rule out vision or hearing problems- and cognitive disabilities like iq test Be concerned about socioeconomic disadvantage- may have bad school so bad education Ld is diagnosed when there is a significant discrepancy between ability and achievement. Not everyone with learning disability has a reading disability

gender differences during middle childhood

During middle childhood friendships are very segregated (Boys can be friends with boys but they can't be friends with girls) Shared interests and shared activities that are what lead to segregation Gender differences - girls tend to have more compliance, self disclosure agreeableness vs boys who have a higher level of dominance "I'm better at this than you"

becoming bilingual best strategy explained

Effect on vocabulary and language milestones Effect on selective attention, analytical reasoning, concept formation, and cognitive flexibility (A child knows at home they speak greek then go to school and speak english)

effective treatments for obesity

Effectivce interventions are family based and focus on changing behaviors. Whole family has to change diet not just the one kid. Changing diets, get family to exercise more. Study- when whole family does it, more weihgt parents lose the more wieght children lose. Kids will maingtain weight loss better.

family structure and function

Family structure - refers to legal and genetic connections (This is my mom and my dad/mom/parent) Function - refers to how a family cares for its members Which is more important? The function

decrease of physical activity between gender

From 6-18 boys decrease their physical activity by 24%- girls decrease physical activity by 36%

4 consequences of obesity

Health complications like high blood pressure and cholesterol and insulin resistance- leads to heart disease and diabetes, cancer, sleep problems Impact on sexual maturation- affects puberty. For girls it speed up process, get periods sooner and devlop breasts sooner. Boys obese slows down development. Slows down when voice is going to change and when body hair develops. Social acceptance- in society physical attractiveness if predictor of if other kids will like you and play with you. Both kids and adults rate obese kids as unlikeable and stereotype them as lazy stupid sloppy dirty. Obese kids have school difficulties, bullied and teased, as approach adolescense they are less popular because less sexually attractive. If youre lonely and feeling isolated eating ice cream feels better. Emotional issues- lower self esteem, depression and suciidal thoughts. Unhappiness leads to more overeating or eating disorders.

victims of bullying

How do bullies choose - different, dresses differently, different religion, different race, kids who are more quiet or cautious. Typically on people who are younger ex 7th grader picking on a 5th grader The parents of bullying victims tend to be very intrusive, critical and overly protective. (If the parent if very overbearing the child won't learn how to stand up for themselves) Victims report feeling lonely, less happy at school, having fewer good friends, at greater risk for depression, anxiety, poor self esteem, and suicidal thoughts

bilingual prevalence

In the US about 20% of people in the US speak more than one language

Characteristics of parents - researchers believe there can be intervention if they can talk with the parents

Inconsistent, angry or rejecting parents, poor supervision, coercive discipline (Spanking) Sometimes the parents will encourage their children aggression is the way to solve things

stage 2

Instrumental and relativist orientation - "look out for number one" Rules are followed only for the person's own benefit Reciprocity is self-serving and manipulative (They ask "do you want a back scratch?" bc they want one) Pro: If you get caught you can give it back Con: Stealing the drug could save your wife but she could die by the time you get out of prison

Can the form of moral beliefs be separated from the content?

Is a child's reasoning about hypothetical, unfamiliar situations similar to real life? Children have a better sense of fairness on the playground than being a husband whose wife is dying Studies of young women think in more advanced ways when it comes to big decisions

stage 1

Known as punishment and obedience stage - where might makes right (Child obeys rules to avoid punishment) No internalization of moral standards Pro: Guy steals drug for wife who is dying in the hospital Con: Guy steals drug for wife who is dying but stealing is wrong

stage 4

Law and order orientation Child conforms to society's rules and considers "right" what society defines as right Adolescence Pros: Heinz has to take the drug bc he has the duty to take care of people Cons: If we took everything into our own hands order would be chaos

gilligan's 3 stage process

Level one: Orientation of individual survival Woman's thinking is based on self interest (Doing fun things with no care for responsibility) Transition I: From Selfishness to responsibility Realizes she's related to others, begins to think of welfare of others Level Two: Goodness as self-sacrifice Concerned about how others view her, she sees goodness as the subordination of her own needs to those of others A lot of woman are in this level Transition II: From Goodness to Truth Becomes less concerned with what others think; focuses on consequences and intention Level Three: The morality of Nonviolence Desire to avoid hurting anyone else or herself Achieves moral equivalence (Your needs are not more important than mine and mine are not more important than yours, we are equal) Criticisms Some feminist theorists are offended by the caring and nurturing for females only Why do women need their own theory when we know everything else from KohlBerg

information processing

Main premise- children are similar to computers that we gather info from environment and storing it then you can retrieve or recall later on. Importance of prefrontal cortex- Executive functioning

gender bias?

Moral development in girls Kohlberg's stages based on male subjects

best strategy for becoming bilingual

Most researchers argue it is better to introduce them later because when it's too early it leads to language confusion and delay

neglected kids

Often ignored by others, don't necessarily experience harm (Physically or emotionally) Especially if they have a supportive home and a talent in any particular subject They can be more mature than others No one really pays attention to them Less stable - you are not always in this category Less sociable and less concerned about social status Positives Better academically More compliant in school Tend to be better liked by their teachers

single parent families

Overall function less well... why? Bc of less income and stability Multiple factors are important Economic status The amount of time the parent is able to spend with the child Really busy but they hire Nannies but it's not the same Stress factors in the household Should single moms marry the father? No (Those with a completely absent father act out more) it only benefits the kid when the parents are able to provide economic and emotional support

do kids outgrow babyfat?

Parents assume they will but it is not true according to research, most overweight kids become overweight adults

grammar

Passive voice - the dog was walked by John Conditional sentences - "if and then" statements: if my brother sets the table then I can have dinner Importance of direct instruction

level 2- conventional

People approach moral problems as members of society They are interested in pleasing others by acting as "good" members of society Emphasis on social rules, being a member of a community

level 3- post conventional

People use moral principles which are seen as law and order Social contract orientation People do what is right because of a sense of obligation to laws which are agreed upon within society

phenomenal awareness

Phonological processing- what underlies the difficulty in reading. About phoneme awareness, have to be aware of the sounds in words Phoneme awareness- ones sensitivity to or explicit awareness of the sounds structure of words in ones language

metaphors

Phrases that have a hidden meaning This can change a child's sense of meaning There is a time period (7-11) where kids really like dad jokes and think they're hilarious "why did the golfer wear two pants? Because he didn't want to get a hole in one"

four types of bullying

Physical bullying - shoving, hitting, kicking or any physical harm Verbal bullying - repeated name calling or a peer who is being very mean to you Relational bullying - trying to destroy peer acceptance (Spreading rumors to hurt the friendships of other people) Cyberbullying - Harassment online, spreading rumors, doxxing etc

middle childhood needs

Physical necessities - food, water, shelter, clothes LEarning - parents can still look after them like making sure they did their homework by the end of the day Self-respect - parents can validate children for their achievements as well as giving them opportunities for success (Signing them up for sports and music lessons, art classes, chess club) Peer relationships - Parents used to set up playdates between children then as they get older you help them set up a hang out Harmony and stability - give them a steady routine, home should be safe and should be a safe haven

two kinds of popular kids

Popular pro social kids Advanced social skills - they know humor, empathize, handle change pretty well, helpful, cooperative Above average intelligence Strong academic skills Physically attractive Athletic ability Clothing and material possessions (Ex new iphone, cool shoes and attire) Popular Anti-social kids Negative behaviors - aggressive, disruptive, causing trouble, appear as cool and tough to their peers Boldly breaking rules others feel they have to follow Relationally aggressive - both boys and girls who enhance their own status by excluding, spreading rumors, generally picking on other kids As they get older peers like the anti-social kids less and less

blended families

Research suggests ⅓ children will spend part of their childhood in a step family About 60% of divorce parents remarry (Men are more likely) Pros: economic stability (Now you have two incomes) Happier in a new relationship Possibility of additional role models Additional money and gifts More extended family More opportunity to compromise Cons: Some kids may act out bc they are insecure May be angry with the parent Jealous the parent is spending more time with the step parent instead of the child Some step parents sometimes won't do anything to help parent Some kids will have the attitude "I don't have to listen to you! You're not my dad!" The differences between households can be hard for the child to deal with

seriation and transitivity

Seriation is the ordering of objects according toa dimension such as size Transitivity refers to knowledge about the relationships among objects. Kids have to understand the dual role of objects. Yellow is bigger than green but smaller than red.

what happens to extra calories

Some people just burn them by walking but other people inherit a tendency that any extra calories you store as fat.

William damon second stage

Stage Two - "base friendship on trust and assistance" (Age 10) Friends can count on each other Ex. Oh I was sick and didn't go to school yesterday but my friend gave me the notes Break of trust is taken VERY seriously If the trust is broken they other person has to apologize repeatedly and can never do that again

William Damon first stage

Stage one - "basing friendship on others behavior" (Ages 4-7) Friends are playmates and people who like playing with each other Kids see a friend as someone who shares a relation with them such as "he is my friend because we are on the same soccer team" and that is the only thing driving the friendship, it is simply pleasant interaction These friendships don't last very long

William damon third stage

Stage three - "Basing friendship on psychological closeness" (Ages 11-15) Friends should defend one another Friends should not deceive one another Reciprocal disclosure You are my best friend I should be your best friend Gets friendship bracelets

media stereotypes

TV shows window on the world Presence of minorities History - there were no POC in TV but when they were on TV they would play a drug dealer or an unimportant background character Improvement? In the 90s African American representation got better but hispanic did not When African American people got improvement then the Latinx and Hispanic people took on the role of drug dealers

6 suggestions for parents

Teach kids about nutrition- what is a calorie etc Stock cupboards with healthy food- parents responsibility to make sure healthy choices. Allow kids to eat when hungry and stop when theyre full, no clean your plate. No snacking during sedetary activities, on phone watching tv playing video games Limit screen time Involve the whole family in physical activities

parent child relations

The amount of time together declines as the child gets older (By the time they are 11-12)

children who bully

The boys who bully tend to be above average in size and are more likely to use physical aggression Girls tend to be more verbally aggressive and tend to target other girls. They use verbal or psychological methods to try and threaten relationships Both genders who are bullies tend to be impulsive, have no insecurities, domineering, little anxiety in peer contexts Bullying a way to gain popularity; bullies often take friends easily

what is the most common

The first two options, and some states have declared their native language to english therefore forcing people to only speak english

bullying interventions

The school community needs to change Need to find ways to promote pro-social attitudes and behaviors (Norden's BEN award example: BEN is for good behavior and the child gets publicly recognized and by their parents. They also get physical awards) When is intervention most effective? Recognition is the most common and most effective Importance of addressing child bystanders (You want to get bystanders to intervene) Enlist parents' help? IT DEPENDS (If the parent is part of the problem then they should not be involved)

level one- pre conventional

Time frame - begins when the child's conscience develops (Child feels guilt for their actions at about 4) The concrete interests of the individual are considered in terms of rewards and punishments (What will I gain from this) It is the most self-centered level

stage 5

Understanding that laws can be modified Time frame - early adulthood and not all early adults don't get to this stage (Pretty rare) Pro: You'll lose people's respect not gain it if you don't steal. Con: I can see why Heinz feels he has to take the drug but laws exist for the benefit of society

stage 6

Universal ethical principles orientation A person follows laws because they are based on universal ethical principles Laws that violate the principles are disobeyed Laws are controlled by internal Ideas Philosophical ideal rather than general ideas (Hiding Jews from the NAzi's in WWII Individual principles of consciences. Takes account of likely views of everyone affected by a moral decision

Brain research in dyslexia

Use of mri reveals three areas of left side of brain that are important in reading. Left inferior frontsl gyrus (phoneme producer of brain)- helps vocalize words. This is very active in kids who are just learning how to read. Left parieto-temporal area (word analyzer)- breaking down words into syllabels and phonemes, more complete analysis of words. Linking letters to appropriate sounds. Left occipito-temporal area (automatic detector)- automate- the process of recognizing words. More its activated, better it functions'. Skilled readers can breeze through print with speed. As kids grow phoneme is less and automatic detector is higher

some facts about learning disabilities

Using pseudowords (shum, laip, cigbet)- don't want to use words that kids can recognise Struggle with phoneme awareness then more likely they have learning disability

pragmatics

What are the rules you need to follow in a social setting Children understand to speak properly and respectfully with teachers and use relaxed and slang terms with their friends

bilingual development

When is the best time to learn a second language? Sensitive period theory - some people believe kids need to learn, in early childhood, a different language

reading remediation

Whole language approach doesn't work well with kids with dyslexia. Its not helpful. Need direct instruction on decoding words and understanding sound of each letter and sound blending. And how do you blend these sounds together. No single method that can guarantee proficiency- but emphasis on phonics is really important. Brain scan study- if reading disability is caught early enough the brain glitch can be fixed.

which is best educational approach

Why it's challenging to answer: a lot of them overlap, really hard to study What is the goal of the school district? Different communities need different things

two categories of rejected kids-2-withdrawn rejected

Withdrawn Rejected kids Withdrawn, anxious Passive, socially awkward Poor social skills They don't know how to join in on a conversation Call attention to themselves in inappropriate ways Hover in a group and talk about themselves or something completely different These behaviors annoy others May be targets of bullies Intervention strategies -Build confidence - finding activities they enjoy and they're good at -Roleplaying - learning how to stand up for themselves -Teaching them better social skills

Study in 2020 that looked at the representation in the top 100 shows in broadcast, cable, streaming (total 300)

Women 52% population but 38% screen time Women >50 20-8 Men >50 17-14 Latinx 19-5.5 Black 14-18

working memory

Working memory is the active memory system, that holds and manipulated info so that you can solve problems. Increased speed and capacity- how many items can a child repeat immediately after hearing it. 4-5 Can recall four items. 9-10 can recall 6, adults can recall 7. Expanded knowledge base- older kids have greater knowledge because they have more experience. Improved memory strategies- older kids use deliberate memory strategies to enhance memory. Preschoolers can but they have to be taught. Rehearsle, elaborating, rap or song.

biosocial development-special education

all children must be educated in the least restrictive environment. Some strategies are mainstreaming or inclusional class where child with special needs is in normal class with an aid. Another is response to intervention- learning something and then testing on it and if child doesn't pass then receive special intervention within the regularized class. Theyre given and individual education plan

cognitive development-teaching and learning

anything can be learned, by age 11 some children beat elders at chess. Children worldwide learn what adults in culture teach, and their brains are ready. Ghana, el salvador and china are some nations with more students in primary school than the total children in middle school.

how brain works in child with dyslexia

because theres a glitch in brain from doing analysis- means phoneme producer is over active. Two problems Decoding difficulties- phoneme awareness Fluent word recognition- reading is slow and labored because recognizing words doesn't become automatic.

lack of exercise

both cause and effect- school age kids are not very fit or active- study found they looked at boys 6-12 40% of them are unable to do more than 1 pull up. 25% couldn't even do 1.

biosocial development-brain development

brain isnt fully mature until mid 20. Children born too early- under 27 weeks-still have subtle signs of brain abnormalities in middle childhood that can impair motor skills. Brain movement improves intellectual functioning.

biosocial development- asthma

can affect learning, is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways that makes breathing difficult. Can kill children but almost never does in childhood. If continues into adulthood can be fatal. Frequent absense from school is a childs biggest problem. Asthma doubled from 1980 to 2000, increased more gradually until 2010 and have decreased since. 1 in every 10 us 5-11 year old has been diagnosed with asthma. Rates are higher for boys, and of children of puerto rican descent.

psychosocial development-the peer group, the culture of children

children become more judgemental. Involve partners who negotiate, compromise share and defend themselves as equals. Children learn social lessons from one another that grown ups cant teach. Child culuture includes the customs, rules, and rituals that are passed down to younger children from slightly older ones. They want to be apart of a group incluing insults, amd superstitions. Example- children passing down the ring around the rosie song.

cognitive development-poverty and language

children from low ses families usually have smaller vocabulareis and are also impaired in grammar. This slows down school learning. Language proficiency is related to brain activity where hippocampus is particularly affected.

insufficient sleep affects on obesity

children who get less sleep are more liekly to be overweight five years later. Two explanations- 1- if not getting enough sleep iot will disrupt your brain regulation of hunger and metabolism- 2- if youre not sleeping as much, youre probably snacking, and if not enough sleep are you going to have nergy next day to run around with friends.

cause- genetics

kids who are overweight tend to have overweight parents Twin studies- seperated at birth both will be obese Adoption- kid hwo is adopted and raised by mom and dad who are skinny, they may still be overweight because birth parents have trouble with weight.

benefit of family meals

kids who have dinner with parents are less likely to be overweight compared to kids who are eating on their own or in car. More likely to have healthier foods.

conservation

learn that changing a way something looks doesn't change amount. Number 5-7 Weight 9-10 Volume- 10-11

causes for obesity

more than just one cause

responsiveness to internal and external cues

obese kids are more responses to the smell of food and sight of food.obese kids are less responsive to internal cues, not paying attention to body signals but all the cues in environment. Obese kids aer eating more quickly, chew food less well. Kids who are normal weigt eat mor eslowly and can think if their full or not.

environmental factors

poor diest are major contributor- not enough fruits and vegetabes instead access to fatty and sweet foods. Most common vegetable that children are eating is french fries

coregulation

refers to a gradual transferring of control from parent to child This is when parents exercise the overall achievements vs the specifics (The parent will check in if the child did their homework instead of telling them when to do it) Kids still need their parents support even though they are becoming more independent 5th-6th graders still believe their parents are the most influential people in their lives

cognitive flexibility

refers to the ability to switch your focus when necessary

psychosocial development- the nature of the child

steady growth, brain maturation and intellectual advances make middle childhoos a time for more independence. Age 6-11 children learn to take care of themselves. They not only hold their spoon but make their lunch, not only zip their pants but also pack their suitcases, not only walk to school but organize games with friends. They venture outdoors alone.

social cognition

switching from your own thoughts and feelings to that of another person

patterns for bullying

tends to peak in the middle school years but then decreases during adolescence. At all ages there is more verbal or psychological (Relational bullying) Often begins in preschool years and at that point teachers intervene Once they get to school and they get better at hiding it they pick the rejected kids or those they view as weak. These kids are less likely to talk to the teacher about it

authoritative parenting playoffs

these parents start to see the pay off and are able to reason with their children now the child is older

pros of options 3-5

they are teaching in the native language while also giving the kids targeted instructions children are able to build a strong foundation in core subjects provides children with the knowledge that their language is valid and beautiful children tend to better retain both languages non english speaking students are more engaged in classes participate more acquire english more easily if they are taught in their native language most of the time

psychosocial development- family trouble

two factors contribute, low income and high conflict.

biosocial development- a healthy time

unlike the first five years or the next ten, middle chioldhood is a time of slow and steady growth. Children gain about 2 inches and 5 pounds a year- both by nature and nurture

cognitive development- vygotsky and culture

vygotsky felt that educators should consider childrens thought process not just the outcomes of those processes. Middle childhood was a time for much learning, dependent on family school and culture. He appreciated childrens curiosity and creativity. He believed education based on memorization made the child helpless in the face of applying the knowledge. Repressive school is destructive of cognitive development because development depends heavly on existing diverse social structures which is why family help in learning and culture is crucial

number of fat cells differ

weight is also related to this. Tendency to inherit different numbers of fat cells. Some have more some have less. Children who have more fat cells reports feeling hungry sooner than the kid who doesn't have as many fat cells.

differentiated language hypothesis

young children separate the language systems from the start and are able to mast two languages at once

divorce

½ kids spend their entire childhood with both parents in the same house Are effects necessarily due to divorce? (Could be because of change in Income Environment inadequate problem solving a lot of conflict between parents Does divorce harm kids??? It depends Kids from divorce more likely to have lower self-esteem, poorer grades, more anxiety and depression Effects are small Don't apply to all kids There is a normal range of functioning from each group When is Improved adjustment shown? is shown after two years Important factor is parenting (How well does the adult in the household handle these situations with a child) Kids are less likely to get to school on time or get assignments turned in on time Divorce parents are less likely to keep up with the authoritative parenting style and shift to indirect boundaries and some neglectful behaviors Stay married for the sake of the kids? It depends (If there is a lot of arguments between parents it is worse to remain in a contact household)