DHN 101 Chapter 6
provide energy
In the body, certain lipids ________. are used to make minerals stimulate the production of enzymes provide energy are necessary for the absorption of dietary fiber
provide energy
In the body, certain lipids ________. provide energy are necessary for the absorption of dietary fiber stimulate the production of enzymes are used to make minerals
It contains the first carbon-carbon double bond on the third carbon from the omega end of the carbon chain.
What is the chemical structure of an omega-3 fatty acid? It contains the first carbon-carbon double bond on the third carbon from the omega end of the carbon chain. It contains three consecutive carbon-carbon double bonds within the carbon chain. It contains the first carbon-carbon double bond on the third carbon from the acid end of the carbon chain.
Corn oil
Which of the following foods is naturally a rich source of polyunsaturated fatty acids? Corn oil Ground beef Whole milk Raw carrots
Lipids dissolve in organic solvents, such as alcohol and acetone.
Which of the following statements about lipids is true? Lipids dissolve in organic solvents, such as alcohol and acetone. Lipids dissolve in water-based substances, such as vinegar. Oil is more dense than water such that it floats to the bottom when oil and water are mixed. Most lipids are hydrophilic.
lipids
The class of nutrients that consists of triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols is called _____
pancreatic lipase
The digestive enzyme that removes two fatty acids from each triglyceride molecule is called ____ bile acid pancreatic lipase phospholipid lipase lingual lipase
atherosclerosis is an extremely complex disease having one or more risk factors increases a person's chance of developing atherosclerosis
Select all that apply Choose the true statements about atherosclerosis and risk factors. atherosclerosis is an extremely complex disease a risk factor is synonymous with the cause of the disease having one or more risk factors increases a person's chance of developing atherosclerosis
Lipids dissolve in organic solvents, such as alcohol and acetone.
Which of the following statements about lipids is true? Oil is more dense than water such that it floats to the bottom when oil and water are mixed. Most lipids are hydrophilic. Lipids dissolve in organic solvents, such as alcohol and acetone. Lipids dissolve in water-based substances, such as vinegar.
false
If you were to mix oil and water, the two substances would not form a solution. Rather, the water would rise to the top of the oil and form small globules.
more omega-3 fatty
In general, compared to grain-fed beef, grass-fed beef often has _______. more saturated fat more omega-3 fatty acidsmore total fat more simple sugars
Choose lean meats Trim fat Steam meats
Select all that apply What are some things you can do to reduce fat intake? Choose lean meats Use drippings from the pan to make sauces and gravies. Trim fat Steam meats
woman's; man
A ______ risk of developing CVD is less than that of a ______ of the same age. woman;man man;woman
straight
A trans fatty acid is similar in structure to a saturated fatty acid because the hydrocarbon chain is relatively _____ long short straight jagged
gallstones
Hard particles that accumulate in the gallbladder or become lodged in one of the ducts carrying bile from the gallbladder to the small intestine are called )_____
saturated fats
Scientific evidence suggests that dietary cholesterol does not have as much effect on blood cholesterol as dietary ____ ______
is a group of diseases that affect the heart and blood vessels includes coronary artery disease, stroke, and disease of the blood vessels
Select all that apply Cardiovascular disease ____ is a group of diseases that affect the heart and blood vessels includes coronary artery disease, stroke, and disease of the blood vessels occurs when arteries have a smooth lining risk cannot be changed by following a healthier lifestyle
metabolized to yield 9 kcal/gram Primary storage form of fat in adipose tissue
Triglyceride function
Stearic acid
Which of the following is an example of a saturated fatty acid? Alpha-linolenic acid Stearic acid Oleic acid Linoleic acid
Liver
Which of the following organs is key to the enterohepatic circulation of bile? Brain Esophagus Thyroid Liver
lipids
Obesity, certain cancers, and cardiovascular disease are all serious health conditions that often result from consuming high amounts of _____ minerals carbohydrates vitamins lipids
decrease
Omega-3 fatty acids tend to _____ blood clotting
increase increase
Omega-6 fatty acids _____ clotting and ______ inflammation in the body
3 6
Omega-fatty acids decrease blood clotting and inflammation while omega- _____fatty acids increase blood clotting and inflammation.
Chicken
Which of the following foods naturally contains cholesterol? Chicken Broccoli Sunflower seeds Peanuts
Borderline high
Ariel recently had her fasting blood lipid levels checked. The results of the blood lipid test are shown below. Indicate whether this blood lipid level is considered desirable, borderline high, or high. Total cholesterol 221 mg/dL
150
Engaging in moderate-intensity physical activity at least ____minutes a week and balancing energy intake with energy expenditure helps people achieve and maintain healthy body weights..
glycerol
A triglyceride is composed of three fatty acids attached to a _____
saturated
A(n) ______ fatty acid is completely filled with hydrogen atoms.
Walnut oil
Which of the following foods is naturally a rich source of polyunsaturated fatty acids? Walnut oil Green beans Whole milk Roast beef
Lipoprotein lipase
Which of the following is an enzyme in the walls of capillaries that breaks down their load of triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol? Chylomicron Bile Lipoprotein lipase Monoglycerides
three fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule
A triglyceride has ______. five pentagon shaped rings three fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule three fatty acids and a phosphorus molecule
Lipoprotein lipase
Which of the following is an enzyme in the walls of capillaries that breaks down their load of triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol? Chylomicron Monoglycerides Bile Lipoprotein lipase
replace foods that are rich in saturated fats with foods higher in unsaturated fats reducing consumption of saturated fat to less than 10% of total Calories limit trans fat intake
Select all that apply Choose the following dietary changes that will most likely lower the risk of atherosclerosis development. replace foods that are rich in saturated fats with foods higher in unsaturated fats reducing consumption of saturated fat to less than 10% of total Calories ensuring that monounsaturated fat intake is at least 25% of total Calories limit trans fat intake
monounsaturated fatty acids polyunsaturated fatty acids
Select all that apply The AMDR is 20 to 35% for fat and should come predominately from ______, such as fish, nuts, and vegetable oils. monounsaturated fatty acids cis and trans fatty acids polyunsaturated fatty acids saturated fatty acids
Statins
Which drug is commonly prescribed to help people reduce elevated blood lipid levels? Statins Steroids Antibiotics Aspirin
Type 2 diabetes
Which of the following characteristics increases a person's risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD)? Type 2 diabetes Asian ancestry Higher than average intakes of calcium Female sex
Statins
Which drug is commonly prescribed to help people reduce elevated blood lipid levels? Aspirin Steroids Antibiotics Statins
trans
Which form of unsaturated fatty acid contains a chemical structure similar to that of saturated fatty acids? trans cis
men
Which gender is more prone to heart attacks?
increasing age
Which of the following characteristics is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD)? Asian ancestry Low income level High intakes of vitamin C increasing age
straight
A trans fatty acid is similar in structure to a saturated fatty acid because the hydrocarbon chain is relatively ______. straight long short jagged
Shrimp
Which of the following foods contains cholesterol? White potato Ripe banana Shrimp Green beans
phospholipid
Lecithin is a type of _______ fatty acid phospholipid triglyceride sterol
alpha-linolenic acid
0.6-1.2% total calories
total fat
20-35% of total calories
unsaturated.
An omega-3 fatty acid is unsaturated saturated
risk factors
Atherosclerosis is a complex disease with multiple _____ _____
decrease
Consumption of salmon and/or tuna 2-3 days per week may be associated with a(n) _____ in risk for heart disease, arthritis, and depression.
less
In a healthy person, the liver synthesizes ____ cholesterol when dietary cholesterol intake is higher. less equivalent more
important component of all cell membranes due to hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail acts as an emulsifier in fat digestion and absorption
Phospholipid function
True
Plant sterols and stanols are structurally similar to cholesterol and, as a result, plant sterols and stanols can interfere with cholesterol absorption.
safflower oil fatty fish
Polyunsaturated fat examples
1.6 1.1
The Adequate Intake (AI) of alpha-linolenic acid for men (ages 19-50 years old) is _____ g/day and the AI of alpha-linolenic acid for women (ages 19-50 years old) is_____ g/day
1.6 g/day and 1.1 g/day, respectively
The Adequate Intake of alpha-linolenic acid for men and women (ages 19-50 years old) is ____ 1.6 g/day and 1.1 g/day, respectively 16 g/day for both genders 16 g/day and 11 g/day, respectively 1.6 g/day for both genders
Fat contributes to the flavor of foods.
Which of the following statements is true? Each gram of fat contributes 4 kcal. Fat contributes to the flavor of foods. Adding fat to a food reduces the food's "mouth feel." Fat-free baked goods tend to be more moist than regular-fat baked goods.
cholesterol
as little as possible while consuming healthy diet.
omega-6
increase blood clotting and inflammation
saturated fat
less than 10% total calories
atherosclerosis
long-term disease process in which plaques build up inside the arterial walls
unsaturated fatty acids
may decrease blood levels of total and LDL-cholesterol; usually liquid at room temp
Saturated fatty acids
may increase blood levels and total LDL-cholesterol; usually solid at room temperature
as little cholesterol as possible while following a healthy diet
According to the 2020-2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, healthy adults should consume ________. as little cholesterol as possible while following a healthy diet no cholesterol less than 400 mg cholesterol/day less than 200 mg cholesterol/day
20 35
According to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans (Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range - AMDR), adults should keep their daily distribution of fat calories between _____ to _____ % of their total calories.
cholesterol; duodenum
Bile is made in the liver from _______. The bile is then stored in the _______ until needed. cholesterol; gallbladder cholesterol; duodenum lecithin; duodenum lecithin; gallbladder
cholesterol; gallbladder
Bile is made in the liver from _______. The bile is then stored in the _______ until needed. cholesterol; gallbladder lecithin; gallbladder cholesterol; duodenum lecithin; duodenum
pancreatic
CCK signals the pancreas to secrete ______ lipase into the duodenum of the small intestine. duodenal hepatic pancreatic gastric
sterols
Cholesterol lowering margarines contain plant _____ which may lower cholesterol in people with mildly elevated cholesterol levels.
bagels
Choose the food that does not contain cholesterol. shrimp egg turkey, ground bagels
Family history of cardiovascular disease
Gloria is concerned that her dad is at high risk for having cardiovascular disease because her paternal grandfather died of a heart attack. Her father smokes, has type 2 diabetes, and is considered overweight. Which of Gloria's father's cardiovascular disease risk factors is not modifiable? Check all that apply Family history of cardiovascular disease Smoking Excess body fat Type 2 diabetes
increases
Having one or more risk factor(s) ______ a person's chance of developing atherosclerosis. increase decrease
Lipids
Maintaining cell membranes, insulating the body against cold temperatures, cushioning the body against bumps and blows, and contributing to body contours are all traits of which nutrient? Lipids Vitamins Carbohydrates Proteins
egg yolk, 1 each beef, 3 oz salmon, 3 oz Turkey, dark 3oz Whole milk, 1 cup
Rank the foods from most cholesterol to least cholesterol Turkey, dark 3oz Whole milk, 1 cup salmon, 3 oz egg yolk, 1 each beef, 3 oz
decrease
Reducing the consumption of saturated fat and maintaining a total dietary intake of fat no greater than 35% of total calories will most likely cause a person's risk of developing atherosclerosis to ___ remain the same increase decrease
Beef Butter
Saturated fat examples
reducing intake of refined sugar increasing dietary fiber reducing alcohol intake
Select all that apply Which of the following dietary changes can help reduce the risk of developing CVD? reducing intake of refined sugar increasing dietary fiber reducing alcohol intake increase consumption of distilled spirits
Test triglyceride levels Check blood pressure Request lipoprotein profile
Select all that apply Which of the following tests should a doctor perform to determine a person's risk for developing atherosclerosis? Test triglyceride levels Check blood pressure Evaluate reflexes Request lipoprotein profile
between 20 and 35% of total calories
The Dietary Guidelines for Americans (Acceptable Macronutrient Range - AMDR) recommends that adults should keep daily fat intake less than 15% of total calories between 20 and 35 grams as low as possible between 20 and 35% of total calories
bad
The cholesterol carried by LDL is often called "_____" cholesterol because LDL conveys the lipid to tissues that contribute to atherosclerotic plaques.
Lipoprotein lipase
What enzyme breaks down triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol in the bloodstream? Lipoprotein lipase Pancreatic lipase Glycolytic lipase
Lipoprotein lipase
What enzyme breaks down triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol in the bloodstream? Pancreatic lipase Glycolytic lipase Lipoprotein lipase
HDL cholesterol
What type of lipoprotein carries cholesterol from the body tissue back to the liver for recycling? HDL LDL
Saturated
___ fatty acids consist entirely of carbon-carbon single bonds. Monounsaturated Polyunsaturated Trans Saturated
Cholesterol
_____ is found only in foods that contain animal products.
high blood LDL cholesterol high triglyceride levels
Select all that apply Excess body fat around the midsection of the body is associated with ____ high blood LDL cholesterol high triglyceride levels decreased risk for CVD high HDL levels
Saturated
___ fatty acids consist entirely of carbon-carbon single bonds. Saturated Polyunsaturated Trans Monounsaturated
heart
One in three adult Americans suffer from some form of ____ disease, which includes heart disease and stroke.
heart
One in three adult Americans suffer from some form of _____ disease, which includes heart disease and stroke.
atherosclerosis
To check a person's risk for ____ , a physician checks blood pressure, listens to blood flow in your carotid arteries, and requests a lipoprotein profile to assess serum HDL, LDL, and triglyceride levels.
atherosclerosis
To check a person's risk for _____ a physician checks blood pressure, listens to blood flow in your carotid arteries, and requests a lipoprotein profile to assess serum HDL, LDL, and triglyceride levels.
atherosclerosis
To check a person's risk for _____a physician checks blood pressure, listens to blood flow in your carotid arteries, and requests a lipoprotein profile to assess serum HDL, LDL, and triglyceride levels.
true
True or false: Phospholipids contain both a hydrophobic and hydrophilic portions, which attract and repel water.
True
True or false: The classification of fats and oils is based on the type of fatty acid present in greatest concentration.
decrease
Use of omega-3 fatty acids as a dietary supplement may ______ circulating triglyceride levels in the blood.
Steaming
Which cooking method best reduces fat intake? Steaming Breading Stir-frying Frying
Oxidized LDL contributes to arterial plaque buildup.
Which of the following statements is true? Foods that contain cholesterol should be avoided because the substance is toxic to human cells. Oxidized LDL contributes to arterial plaque buildup. High levels of HDL cholesterol are associated with increased risk of heart disease. A diet that is high in saturated fat helps reduce high blood cholesterol levels.
Digesting lipids is a more complicated process than digesting carbohydrates.
Which statement is true? Digesting lipids is a more complicated process than digesting carbohydrates. Digesting carbohydrates is a more complicated process than digesting lipids.
Arteriosclerosis; atherosclerosis
____ is a symptom or by-product of ______ Arteriosclerosis; atherosclerosis Atherosclerosis; arteriosclerosis
statins
_____ are a type of prescription drug that reduces a person's elevated blood lipid levels.
atherosclerosis
_____ is the long-term process in which plaques build up inside arterial walls.
Eicosapentaenoic
______ acid is an omega-3 fatty acid. Eicosapentaenoic Linoleic Lauric Stearic
Linoleic
_______ acid is an omega-6 fatty acid. Eicosapentaenoic Linoleic Alpha-linolenic Docosahexaenoic
Linoleic
________ acid is an essential fatty acid Lauric Stearic Palmitic Linoleic
reducing consumption of saturated fat to less than 10% of total Calories replace foods that are rich in saturated fats with foods higher in unsaturated fats limit trans fat intake
Select all that apply Choose the following dietary changes that will most likely lower the risk of atherosclerosis development. reducing consumption of saturated fat to less than 10% of total Calories replace foods that are rich in saturated fats with foods higher in unsaturated fats ensuring that monounsaturated fat intake is at least 25% of total Calories limit trans fat intake
refined carbohydrates alcohol
Select all that apply Reducing the intake of ______ will help reduce blood triglyceride levels. refined carbohydrates dairy soluble fiber alcohol
to aid in the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins to insulate and protect the body to provide energy
Select all that apply What are the major functions of fatty acids and triglycerides in the body? to aid in the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins to aid in transport of water-soluble vitamins to insulate and protect the body to provide building blocks for enzymes to provide energy
False
If you were to mix oil and water, the two substances would not form a solution. Rather, the water would rise to the top of the oil and form small globules.
Hypertension
Which of the following characteristics or conditions increases a person's risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD)? Female sex Normal blood cholesterol levels Hypertension Low body fat
omega-3
decrease blood clotting and inflammation
lipids carbohydrates
Digesting _____ is a more complicated process than digesting ______ because the majority of this type of nutrient in foods are not water soluble and the digestive process involves considerable amounts of water.
Olive oil Peanut butter
Monounsaturated fat examples
the type of fatty acid present in greatest concentration.
Dietary fats and oils are classified as saturated, monounsaturated, or polyunsaturated based on the physical state (liquid or solid) of the fat at room temperature. the smell and taste of the fat. the type of fatty acid present in greatest concentration.
Plant sterols have blood cholesterol-lowering properties. Plants contain sterols similar to cholesterol.
Select all that apply Choose the statements that are true regarding plant food sterols and stanols. Plant sterols have blood cholesterol-lowering properties. Plant sterol intake poses the same heart health risks associated with cholesterol intake. Plants contain sterols similar to cholesterol. Some plants actually contain cholesterol.
Steaming
Which cooking method best reduces fat intake? Stir-frying Breading Steaming Frying
linoleic acid
5-10% calories
Needed to synthesize steroid hormones found only in foods of animal origin.
Cholesterol function
phospholipids
Choose the type of fat that is partially water soluble. triglycerides cholesterol trans fats phospholipids
the type of fatty acid present in greatest concentration.
Dietary fats and oils are classified as saturated, monounsaturated, or polyunsaturated based on the type of fatty acid present in greatest concentration. the physical state (liquid or solid) of the fat at room temperature. the smell and taste of the fat.
arteriosclerosis
a loss of arterial flexibility or "hardening of the arteries"
Phospholipids have a similar chemical structure to cholesterol.
Which of the following statements about phospholipids is FALSE? Phospholipids are naturally found in both plant and animal foods. Phosopholipids have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic portions. Lecithin is an example of a phospholipid found naturally in egg yolks. Phospholipids have a similar chemical structure to cholesterol.
cholesterol
Most gallstones are made of ______ calcium cholesterol protein sodium
Trans fatty acids
May increase blood levels of total and LDL-cholesterol; often made through hydrogenation process
Phospholipids have a similar chemical structure to cholesterol.
Which of the following statements about phospholipids is FALSE? Phospholipids have a similar chemical structure to cholesterol. Phosopholipids have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic portions. Lecithin is an example of a phospholipid found naturally in egg yolks. Phospholipids are naturally found in both plant and animal foods.
phospholipids sterols triglycerides
Select all that apply The classes of lipids include ______. phospholipids sterols triglycerides saturated fatty acids
reducing blood LDL cholesterol level achieving healthy body weight maintaining a healthy body weight
Select all that apply The direct benefits of physical activity include ______ reducing blood LDL cholesterol level achieving healthy body weight reducing blood HDL cholesterol level maintaining a healthy body weight
Decreases Decreases Increases
Engaging in moderate- intesity physical activity at least 5 days a week has the following effects on blood lipids: _____ blood triglycerides _____ LDL _____ HDL
provide insulation against cold temperatures
In the body, lipids ________. stimulate the production of vitamins and minerals are necessary for the absorption of dietary fiber provide insulation against cold temperatures are needed for proper cholesterol digestion
Lipids do not dissolve readily in water.Lipids do not dissolve readily in water. Phospholipids are the most abundant type of lipids found in the body and in foods.Phospholipids are the most abundant type of lipids found in the body and in foods. Fat supplies 9 kilocalories per gram.
Lipids are a unique nutrient group, differing significantly from carbohydrates and proteins. Which of the following statements are true? Check all that apply. Lipids do not dissolve readily in water.Lipids do not dissolve readily in water. Phospholipids are the most abundant type of lipids found in the body and in foods.Phospholipids are the most abundant type of lipids found in the body and in foods. Lipids are components of the plasma membrane that surround each human cell.Lipids are components of the plasma membrane that surround each human cell. Fat supplies 9 kilocalories per gram.
stroke obesity heart disease certain cancers
Select all that apply The major adverse health conditions associated with consuming high amounts of fat are __ stroke osteoporosis obesity heart disease certain cancers asthma
heart disease stroke
Select all that apply The most common forms of cardiovascular disease in the US include ____ heart disease endocarditis cardiomyopathy stroke
chicken ice cream eggs
Select all that apply What are some examples of food sources that contain cholesterol? peanuts chicken ice cream eggs