Diabetes

A nurse is caring for a client admitted to the emergency department with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). In the acute phase, the priority nursing action is to prepare to: A. Correct the acidosis B. Administer 5% dextrose intravenously C. Administer regular insulin inravenously D. Apply a monitor for an electrocardiogram.

C

A patient with diabetes asks you about what type of exercise they should perform throughout the week. The best response is: A. Lifting weights B. Sprinting C. Swimming D. Jumping

C

Which of the following insulins has no peak but a duration of 24 hours? A. NPH B. Novolog C. Lantus D. Humulin N

C

The nurse who works at the outpatient cardiology clinic reviews a client's medical record. Which prescription should the nurse clarify with the provider for a client who is diagnosed with type 1 DM (diabetes mellitus) and CHF (congestive heart failure)? Select all that apply. A. Aspirin 81 mg PO once daily. B. Digoxin 62.5 mcg PO once daily. C. Torsemide 20 mg PO once daily. D. Glyburide 5 mg PO TID. E. Regular diet.

D, E

A client who is diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) states to the nurse, "When I skip dinner I don't take my metformin so that my blood sugar isn't impacted." Which is the most appropriate response by the nurse? A. "Eat half your meal and take half your dose decrease glucose levels." B. "Decreased blood sugar is not a side effect of your medication so it is ok to eat a light snack or to skip a meal." C. "Skipping meals is not advised for weight loss because of your diagnosis." D. "Why do you think your medication will lower your blood sugar?"

B

A patient with Type 2 Diabetes is started on the medication Glyburide. Which of the following statements by the patient causes concern? A. "I will monitor my blood glucose regularly because I know this medication can cause a low blood sugar." B. "I will consume no more than 8 oz. of alcohol per week." C. "I will continue monitoring my diet and participating in exercise while taking this medication." D. "This medication works by stimulating the beta cells in the pancreas to make insulin."

B

A patient with diabetes has a morning glucose of 50. The patient is sweaty, cold, and clammy. Which of the following nursing interventions is the MOST important? A. Recheck the glucose level B. Give the patient ½ cup (4 oz) of fruit juice C. Call the doctor D. Keep the patient nothing by mouth

B

An adolescent client who is diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) experiences blurred vision, fatigue, increased thirst, and decreased urine output. Labs have been drawn and the client's fasting blood glucose is 375 mg/dL (20.8 mmol/L) and arterial blood gas (ABG) shows a pH of 7.25. The client's electrocardiogram (ECG) indicates a normal sinus rhythm at a rate of 108 beats/minute with peaked T waves. Which is the priority action by the nurse? A. Begin regular insulin, per infusion pump as prescribed. B. Administer 0.9% sodium chloride as prescribed. C. Collect a clean catch urine specimen for urinalysis. D. Give prescribed potassium 40 mEq/L over 4 hours.

B

Which of the following patient statements about the diabetic diet regime is correct? A. "I'll try to consume about 20% carbs and 40% fats on a daily basis." B. "Foods that are high in mono and poly fats are avocados, olives, and nuts." C. "Meats increase the glycemic index; therefore, I should only consume 5% of them on a daily basis." D. "I should completely avoid starchy vegetables like potatoes and corn."

B

Which of the following patients is at most risk for Type 2 diabetes? A. A 6 year old girl recovering from a viral infection with a family history of diabetes. B. A 28 year old male with a BMI of 49. C. A 76 year old female with a history of cardiac disease. D. None of the options provided.

B

A patient is found to have a blood glucose of 375 mg/dL, positive ketones in the urine, and blood pH of 7.25. Which condition is this? A. Diabetic Ketoacidosis B. Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Nonketotic Syndrome

A

The nurse provides education to a client who is newly prescribed a sulfonylurea medication for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). Which client statement indicates the need for further education? Select all that apply. A. "I am learning that sugar-free foods may have a great deal of carbohydrates which raise my blood glucose." B. "I am looking forward to the weight loss I should have with this medication." C. "I have to stop drinking alcohol now that I am on this medication." D. "If my fasting blood sugar is under 60 mg/dL, I should let my doctor know." E. "I should maintain my weight by following the dieticians meal plan and exercising once a week."

B, E

Which of the following is NOT a medical treatment for DKA and HHNS? A. IV regular insulin B. Isotonic fluids C. Bicarbonate D. IV potassium Solution

C

Which of the following is not a sign or symptom of Diabetic Ketoacidosis? A. Positive Ketones in the urine B. Polydipsia C. Oliguria D. Abdominal Pain

C

Which of the following patients is MOST LIKELY experiencing Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Nonketotic Syndrome based on their symptoms? A. A 72 year old with a health history of diabetes who has a blood glucose of 300 mg/dL and is complaining of thirst and frequent urination. B. A 66 year old with type I diabetes that has ketones present in their urine. C. A 69 year old admitted with an infection of the right foot with a health history of diabetes that reports missing several doses of Metformin and has a blood glucose of 600 mg/dL. D. A 6 year old that is presenting with polyuria, polydipsia, abdominal pain, and vomiting.

C

Which of the following symptoms do NOT present in hyperglycemia? A. Extreme thirst B. Hunger C. Blood glucose <60 mg/dL D. Glycosuria

C

Which patient population is most at risk for DKA? A. Middle-aged adults who are obese B. Older-adults with Type 2 diabetes C. Newly diagnosed diabetes D. None of the options

C

A client diagnosed with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) exhibits polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia. Upon assessment the client has a temperature of 102.6 F (39.2 C), acetone breath, deep respirations at a rate of 28 per minute with dry, cracked lips. Which is the priority nursing diagnosis for this client? A. Risk for infection B. deficient knowledge C. Fluid volume deficit D. Imbalanced Nutrition

C

A client who is diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) has a hemoglobin A1C of 9%. Which statement is most appropriate for the nurse to make regarding this client's data? A. "It is important to discuss the signs and symptoms of a hypoglycemic reaction." B. "It would be helpful if you could describe exactly what you have eaten in the last 24 hours." C. "Let's discuss your diet, exercise and medication regimen over the last several weeks." D. "You will need to fast for 8 hours prior to your morning blood work."

C

A client with type 1 diabetes is admitted to the unit in diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). The unit is short staffed when the client arrives. The charge nurse asks for additional staff. Which personnel does the charge nurse request to care for this client? A. Graduate nurse B. Licensed practical/vocational nurse (LPN/LVN) C. Registered nurse D. 4th year student nurse

C

A diabetic patient has a serum glucose level of 824 mg/dL (45.7 mmol/L) and is unresponsive. Following assessment of the patient, the nurse suspects diabetic ketoacidosis rather than hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome based on the finding of a. polyuria b. severe dehydration c. rapid, deep respirations ) d. decreased serum potassium

C

A patient is scheduled to take 7 units of Humulin R at 0830. You administer Humulin R at 0900 in the right thigh. When do you expect this medication to peak? A. 1300 B. 0930 C. 1100 D. 1700

C

After checking a client's blood glucose, which prescription should the nurse implement first for a diagnosis of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)? A. Begin a regular insulin drip, as prescribed. B. Collect blood for a serum potassium level and report results to the healthcare provider (HCP). C. Establish intravenous (IV) access and begin the prescribed infusion of 0.9% sodium chloride. D. Place an indwelling urinary catheter for easier and better output calculation.

C

A frail elderly patient with a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus has been ill with pneumonia. The cliet's intake has been very poor, and she is admitted to the hospital for observation and management as needed. What is the most likely problem with this patient? A. Insulin resistance has developed. B. Diabetic ketoacidosis is occuring. C. Hypoglycemia unawareness is developing. D. Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar non-ketotic coma.

D

A patient has a blood glucose of 400. Which of the following medications could be the cause of this? A. Glyburide B. Atenolol C. Bactrim D. Prednisone

D

A patient has a blood glucose of 58 and is sweating, cold, and clammy. The patient is conscious. What is your next nursing intervention? A. Recheck the blood glucose in 5 minutes. B. Give the patient 15 grams of a complex carbohydrate. C. No intervention is needed because this is a normal blood glucose. D. Give the patient 15 grams of a simple carbohydrate.

D

Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Nonketotic Syndrome would have all of the following signs and symptoms EXCEPT? A. Dry mucous membranes B. Polyuria C. Blood glucose >600 mg/dL D. Kussmaul breathing

D

The _____ ______ secrete insulin which are located in the _______. A. Alpha cells, liver B. Alpha cells, pancreas C. Beta cells, liver D. Beta cells, pancreas

D

The nurse provides care for a hospitalized client who is diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM). Which prescription should the nurse clarify with the healthcare provider (HCP)? A. Eight units of regular insulin by intravenous (IV) infusion for serum glucose greater than 300 mg/dL. B. 12 units of subcutaneous detemir insulin daily at 2000. C. 16 units of subcutaneous lispro insulin daily at 1000 before breakfast. D. 18 units of NPH insulin PO daily at 0700 for blood glucose greater than 80 mg/dL.

D

The nurse provides care for an adolescent client who was admitted for the treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) that has now resolved. The child's parent states, "I am not surprised that this happened as she has been studying nonstop for examinations." Which action by the nurse is best based on the current data? A. Ask the practitioner for a prescription for alprazolam B. Consult with the practitioner for a psychotherapy referral C. Contact the school counselor to discuss the issue further D. Provide stress management techniques in the teaching plan

D

Which client assessment finding is a priority for the nurse report to the healthcare provider (HCP)? A. A body mass index (BMI) of 19 kg/m2. B. Fasting total cholesterol of 190 mg/dL (49 mmol/L). C. Five round, brownish pink moles on the back that each measure approximately 3 mm. D. Hyperpigmented thickened plaques on the creases of the neck.

D

What statement or statements are INCORRECT regarding Diabetic Ketoacidosis? A. DKA occurs mainly in Type 1 diabetics. B. Ketones are present in the urine in DKA. C. Cheyne-stokes breathing will always present in DKA. D. Severe hypoglycemia is a hallmark sign in DKA. E. Options C & D

E

A nurse is caring for a cient with type 1 diabetes mellitus. which client complaint would alert the nurse to the presence of a possible hypoglycemic reaction? 1. Tremors 2. Anorexia 3. Hot, dry skin 4. Muscle cramps

1

A nurse is preparing a plan of care for a client with diabetes mellitus who has hyerglycemia. The priority nursing diagnosis would be: 1. Deficient knowledge 2. Deficient fluid volume 3. Compromised family coping 4. Imbalanced nutrition less than body requirements

2

A nurse is preparing a teaching plan for a client with diabetes Mellitus regarding proper foot care. Which instruction is included in the plan? 1. Soak feet in hot water 2. apply a moisturizing lotion to dry feet but not between the toes 3. Always have a podiatrist cut your toenails, never cut them yourself 4. avoid using mild soap on the feet

2

A client with type I diabetes is placed on an insulin pump. The most appropriate short-term goal when teaching this client to control the diabetes is: 1) adhere to the medical regimen 2) remain normoglycemic for 3 weeks 3) demonstrate the correct use of the administration equipment. 4) list 3 self care activities that are necessary to control the diabetes"

3

A client with diabetes mellitus demonstratees acute anxiety when first admitted for the treatment of hyperglycemia. The most appropriate intervention to decrease the client's anxiety would be to 1. administer a sedative 2. make sure the client knows all the correct medical terms to understand what is happening 3. ignore the signs and symptoms of anxiety so that they will soon disappear 4. convey empathy, trust, and respect toward the client

4

A 36-year-old male is newly diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes. Which of the following treatments do you expect the patient to be started on initially? A. Diet and exercise regime B. Metformin BID by mouth C. Regular insulin subcutaneous D. None, monitoring at this time is sufficient enough

A

A client who is diagnosed with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is prescribed a continuous intravenous (IV) infusion of regular insulin. Which prescription should the nurse anticipate for this client based on the current data? A. Begin a potassium IV infusion when serum potassium levels are at 3.5-5 mEq/L (3.5-5 mmol/L). B. Increase the regular insulin rate when serum glucose levels are less than 250 mg/dL (13.9 mmol/L.) C. Obtain kidney function tests every 2 hours until normal. D. Stop the IV insulin when glucose reaches a level less than 350 mg/dL (194 mmol/L).

A

A client with diabetes melllitus has a blood glucose of 644mg/dl. The nurse interprets that this client is most at risk of developing which type of acid base imbalance? A. Metabolic acidosis B. Metabolic alkalosis C. Respiratory Acidosis D. Respiratory Alkalosis

A

A patient has an infection and reports not checking their blood glucose or regularly taking Metformin. What condition is this patient MOST at risk for? A. HHNS B. DKA C. Metabolic alkalosis D. Metabolic acidosis

A

A patient is scheduled to take 10 units of Humulin N at 1100. When is the patient most susceptible for hypoglycemia? A. 1900 B. 1300 C. 1130 D. 1500

A

A patient newly diagnosed with diabetes is about to be discharged home. You are watching the patient administer insulin. Which of the following actions causes you to re-educate them? A. They massaged the site after administering the insulin. B. They injected into the fat of their thighs. C. They used an opposite side for injection compared to the last insulin injection. D. They engaged the safety after administering the medication.

A

A patient who has diabetes is nothing by mouth as prep for surgery. The patient states they feel like their blood sugar is low. You check the glucose and find it to be 52. The next nursing intervention would be to: A. Administer Dextrose 50% IV per protocol B. Continue to monitor the glucose C. Give the patient 4 oz of fruit juice D. None, this is a normal blood glucose reading

A

The nurse provides care to a client who is diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) and prescribed 12 units of aspart insulin to be given by subcutaneous injection at 0730. The client's fasting blood glucose is 190 mg/dL and the meal tray is expected at 0745. Which action does the nurse implement initially? A. Assure the client has breakfast by 0745 am. B. Assure the client reports any symptoms of hyperglycemia. C. Make sure the client sits upright for 30-45 minutes. D. Reassess blood glucose one hours after breakfast.

A

The nurse provides education to a client who is newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) regarding proper foot care. Which client statement indicates a need for additional teaching? A. "I will only wear flip flops with leather soles." B. "I will not apply a heating pad covering my feet." C. "I will test the temperature of the water before bathing." D. "To prevent dry skin, I will apply unscented lotion to my feet."

A

This condition happens gradually and is more likely to affect older adults? A. HHNS B. DKA

A

Which of the following statements are INCORRECT about exercise management for the diabetic patient? A. "I will check my blood glucose prior to exercise. If it is less than 200 I will eat a complex carb snack prior to exercising." B. "I plan on exercising for an extended period. So I will check my blood glucose prior, during, and after exercising." C. "My blood glucose is 268 and I have ketones in my urine. Therefore, I will avoid exercising today." D. All of the options are correct statements.

A

You administered 5 units of Humalog at 0800. What is the ONSET and DURATION of this medication? A. Onset: 15 minutes, Duration: 3 hours B. Onset: 2 hours, Duration: 16 hours C. Onset: 30 minutes, Duration: 1 hour D. Onset: 2 hours, Duration: 24 hours

A

You are providing care to a patient experiencing diabetic ketoacidosis. The patient is on an insulin drip and their current glucose level is 300. In addition, to the insulin drip the patient also has 5% Dextrose 0.45% NS infusing in the right antecubital vein. Which of the following patient signs/symptoms causes concern? A. Patient has a potassium level of 2.3 B. Patient complains of thirst. C. Patient is nauseous. D. Patient's skin and mucous membranes are dry.

A

The nurse provides care for a client who is diagnosed with hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). Which is the priority concern for this client who is newly prescribed hydrochlorothiazide? Select all that apply. A. Leg muscle cramping. B. Postural hypotension C. Serum glucose level of 150 mg/dL. D. Palpitations. E. Photosensitivity.

A, D

True or False: Osmotic diuresis is present in HHNS and DKA due to the kidney's inability to reabsorb the excessive glucose which causes glucose to leak into the urine which in turn causes extra water and electrolytes to be excreted.

true

True or False: The Somogyi effect causes the patient to experience an increase in their blood glucose during the hours of 2-3 am.

true

True or False: Treatment of Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Nonketotic Syndrome is similar to the treatment of Diabetic Ketoacidosis.

true

True or False: DKA and HHNS mainly occur in type 2 diabetics.

false

True or False: Hypertonic fluids, such as 3% saline, are the first line of treatment to correct dehydration in HHNS.

false

A patient is being discharged home after recovering from HHNS. Which statement by the patient requires patient re-education about this condition? A. "I will monitor my blood glucose levels regularly." B. "This condition happens suddenly without any warning signs." C. "If I become sick I will monitor my blood glucose more frequently and drink lots of fluids." D. "It is important I take my medication as prescribed."

B

A patient is scheduled to take 5 units of Humulin R and 10 units of NPH. What is the proper way of mixing these insulins? A. These insulins cannot be mixed, therefore, should be drawn up in different syringes. B. Draw-up the Humulin R insulin first and then the NPH insulin. C. Draw-up 2.5 units of NPH, then 10 units of Humulin R, and then finish drawing up 2.5 units of NPH. D. Draw-up the NPH insulin first and then the Humulin R insulin.

B

A patient is scheduled to take a morning dose of Metformin. The patient is scheduled for surgery tomorrow. Which of the following nursing interventions are correct? A. Administer the medication as ordered. B. Hold the dose and notify the doctor for further orders. C. Administer the medication as ordered but hold the next day's dose. D. Check the patient's blood glucose prior to administering the medication.

B

A patient undergoing treatment for Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Nonketotic Syndrome has a blood glucose of 799. The doctor has ordered intravenous fluids and intravenous Regular insulin therapy. Which of the following findings causes concern before starting insulin therapy? A. Regular insulin cannot be given intravenously; therefore, the nurse needs to clarify the doctor's order. B. The patient's potassium level is 3.1. C. The patient is complaining of severe thirst and has dry mucous membranes. D. The patient is confused and drowsy.

B

A patient with diabetes is experiencing a blood glucose of 275 when waking. What is a typical treatment for this phenomenon? A. None, this is a normal blood glucose reading. B. The patient may need a night time dose of an intermediate-acting insulin to counteract the morning hyperglycemia. C. A bedtime snack may prevent this phenomenon. D. This is known as the Somogyi effect and requires decreasing the bedtime dose of insulin.

B

The nurse provides care for a client who is diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Which prescribed medication is likely the cause of the client's bradycardia that is noted on the echocardiogram (EKG)? A. Atorvastatin 80 mg PO once a day. B. Labetalol 100 mg PO twice a day. C. Metformin 500 mg once daily. D. Albuterol 120 mcg prn.

B

Which of the following statements are true regarding Type 2 diabetes treatment? A. Insulin and oral diabetic medications are administered routinely in the treatment of Type 2 diabetes. B. Insulin may be needed during times of surgery or illness. C. Insulin is never taken by the Type 2 diabetic. D. Oral medications are the first line of treatment for newly diagnosed Type 2 diabetics.

B

Which response by the nurse is accurate when the spouse of a non-diabetic client, who is being treated for septic shock asks, "Why is my spouse receiving insulin injections?" A. "Your spouse was diabetic before the illness, but you didn't know. We give insulin to keep the glucose level in the normal range of 70-110 mg/dL." B. "An increase in glucose is a normal response to stress. Insulin is given to maintain your spouse's blood sugar level." C. "It is not uncommon for those who are critically ill to develop type 2 diabetes. We give insulin to keep the glucose less than 140 mg/dL." D. "This increase is common in critically ill clients and affects their ability to fight infection. We give insulin to keep the blood sugar below 110 mg/dL."

B

The nurse provides care for a client who is diagnosed with hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS). Which clinical manifestation or data does the nurse anticipate when assessing this client? Select all that apply. A. Pain in the abdomen with nausea and vomiting. B. Blood glucose of 650 mg/dL (36.08 mmol/L). C. History of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). D. Deep, rapid respirations. E. Blurry vision. F. Lethargy.

B, C, E, F

A client is admitted to the hospital with signs and symptoms of diabetes mellitus. Which findings is the nurse most likely to observe in this client? Select all that apply: 1. Excessive thirst 2. Weight gain 3. Constipation 4. Excessive hunger 5. Urine retention 6. Frequent, high-volume urination

1, 4, 6 (Rationale: Classic signs of diabetes mellitus include polydipsia (excessive thirst), polyphagia (excessive hunger), and polyuria (excessive urination). Because the body is starving from the lack of glucose the cells are using for energy, the client has weight loss, not weight gain. Clients with diabetes mellitus usually don't present with constipation. Urine retention is only a problem is the patient has another renal-related condition.)

A client is brought to the emergency department in an unresponsive state, and a diagnosis of hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic syndrome is made. The nurse would immediately prepare to initiate which of the following anticipated physician's prescriptions? 1. Endotracheal intubation 2. 100 units of NPH insulin 3. Intravenous infusion of normal saline 4. Intravenous infusion of sodium bicarbonate

3 (Rationale: The primary goal of treatment is hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic syndrome (HHNS) is to rehydrate the client to restore the fluid volume and to correct electrolyte deficiency. Intravenous fluid replacement is similar to that administered in diabetic keto acidosis (DKA) and begins with IV infusion of normal saline. Regular insulin, not NPH insulin, would be administered. The use of sodium bicarbonate to correct acidosis is avoided because it can precipitate a further drop in serum potassium levels. Intubation and mechanical ventilation are not required to treat HHNS.)

A client with DKA is being treated in the ED. What would the nurse suspect? 1. Comatose state 2. Decreased Urine Output 3. Increased respirations and an increase in pH. 4. Elevated blood glucose level and low plasma bicarbonate level.

4 (Rationale: In DKA the arteriole pH is lower than 7.35, plasma bicarbonate is lower than 15 mEq/L, the blood glucose is higher than 250, and ketones are present in the blood and urine. The client would be experiencing polyuria and Kussmauls respirations would be present. A comatose state may occur if DKA is not treated.)

A Type 2 diabetic may have all the following signs or symptoms EXCEPT: A. Blurry vision B. Ketones present in the urine C. Glycosuria D. Poor wound healing

B

A middle-age adult male client presents to the emergency department (ED) with sudden dizziness, nausea, and diaphoresis. The client is alert and cooperative with a history of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). The client's serum glucose is 174 mg/dL with a current blood pressure (BP) of 148/88 mm Hg. Based on this data, which hospital protocol workup should the nurse implement in the provision of client care? A. Acute myocardial infarction (MI) protocol. B. Hypertensive emergency protocol. C. Hypoglycemia protocol. D. Stroke/transient ischemic attack (TIA) protocol.

A Sudden dizziness, nausea, and sweating profusely are symptoms associated with a MI. While the client's serum glucose level is elevated at 174 mg/dL this finding does not support the client's current symptoms.

When is a patient most susceptible to hypoglycemic symptoms after the administration of insulin? A. Onset B. Peak C. Duration D. Duration & Peak

B

This complication is found mainly in Type 2 diabetics? A. Diabetic Ketoacidosis B. Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Nonketotic Syndrome

B

Which assessment finding does the nurse anticipate when providing care for a client who is diagnosed with diabetes insipidus (DI)? Select all that apply. A.Concentrated urine with sediment. B. Reports of wanting to drink water constantly. C. Serum osmolality 300 mOsm/kg (300 mmol/kg) D. Urine specific gravity of 1.001. E. Weight loss.

B, C, D, E

A patient with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus asks the nurse what ""type 2"" means in relation to diabetes. The nurse explains to the patient that type 2 diabetes differs from type 1 diabetes primarily in that with type 2 diabetes a. the pt is totally dependent on an outside source of insulin b. there is a decreased insulin secretion and cellular resistance to insulin that is produced c. the immune system destroys the pancreatic insulin-producing cells d. the insulin precurosr that is secreted by the pancreas is not activated by the liver

B (Rationale: In type 2 diabetes, the pancreas produces insulin, but the insulin is insufficient for the body's needs or the cells do not respond to the insulin appropriately. The other information describes the physiology of type 1 diabetes)