Digestive System

How long is the gallbladder?

About 10 cm

Choose all that are functions of stomach acid.

Activates pepsin and lingual lipase Destroys pathogens Denatures proteins

Which is not one of the functions of stomach acid?

Activates salivary amylase

Which describes an autocatalytic enzyme?

An enzyme that catalyzes the production of more of itself

What is a protease?

An enzyme that digests protein

Which hormone has a strong stimulatory effect on the gallbladder?

CCK

The catabolic products of which of the following are absorbed into the blood?

Carbohydrates Proteins

Choose all that are pancreatic enzymes that digest protein.

Chymotrypsin Carboxypeptidase Trypsin

Which are functions of saliva?

Cleanses mouth and teeth Aids in swallowing Dissolves molecules so they can be tasted

What is the large intestine that excludes the cecum, rectum and anal canal called?

Colon

Which cells produce secretin and cholecystokinin?

Duodenal enteroendocrine cells

What is the network of nervous tissue within the wall of the alimentary canal called?

Enteric nervous system

What type of salivary glands are the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands?

Extrinsic

True or false: Secretin and cholecystokinin are gastric hormones.

False

True or false: The role of the liver in digestion is to produce digestive enzymes.

False

Which phase of gastric regulation occurs in response to food in the stomach?

Gastric phase

Which hormones are produced by the digestive tract?

Gastrin and secretin

The mesentery that extends from the greater curvature of the stomach and loosely hangs over the small intestine like an apron is the __________ omentum.

Greater

Which mesentery anchors the colon?

Greater omentum

Choose all that are functions of mesenteries.

Hold abdominal viscera in place Provide passage for blood vessels Provide passage for nerves

Within the large intestine, mucus is secreted by goblet cells located where?

Intestinal crypts

Produced in the stomach, __________ factor is essential for the absorption of vitamin B12 by the small intestine.

Intrinsic

What are the salivary glands dispersed among the oral tissues referred to as?

Intrinsic

What type of salivary glands are the lingual glands, labial glands, and buccal glands?

Intrinsic

Which describes the fundus of the stomach?

It is the domed superior region.

What is the median fold that attaches each lip to the gum called?

Labial frenulum

The primary function of the __________ intestine is to absorb water and electrolytes, but not other nutrients.

Large

The gut microbiome refers to the many species of bacteria residing where?

Large intestine

The bile duct is embedded in the Blank______ omentum.

Lesser

What is the median fold anchoring the underside of the tongue to the mouth floor called?

Lingual frenulum

Choose all that are found in saliva.

Lipase Mucus Water Amylase Lysozyme

Droplets of fat products surrounded by bile acids are called what?

Micelles

The primary secretion of the glands in the large intestine is

Mucus

Which describes segmentation?

Non-migrating constrictions and relaxations along the intestine

The digestion of starch by amylase results in the production of which of the following?

Oligosaccharides and maltose

The duct that runs lengthwise through the pancreas, joining the bile duct at the hepatopancreatic ampulla is the duct.

Pancreatic

The stomach receives what type of stimulation via the vagus nerve?

Parasympathetic

What type of fibers are associated with the myenteric plexus?

Parasympathetic

The salivary gland located just beneath the skin anterior to the earlobe is the

Parotid

Which is true of chemical digestion in the stomach?

Partial digestion of both protein and fat can occur in the stomach.

What are chylomicrons?

Particles that transport fats into lymph and blood

What are the three components of gastric juice?

Pepsin Hydrochloric acid Water

Which muscular band regulates the passage of chyme from the stomach to the duodenum?

Pyloric sphincter

A structure that is located against the posterior body wall and only covered with peritoneum on its anterior side is said to be what?

Retroperitoneal

Lysozyme, immunoglobulin A, mucus, electrolytes and water are all found in which of the following?

Saliva

Which liver function contributes to the process of digestion?

Secretion of bile

What are mesenteries?

Sheets of connective tissue that suspend the intestines in the abdomen

Choose all that are functions of the cheeks and lips.

Sucking Pushing food between the teeth for chewing Speech articulation

What is the source of hydrogen ions used to form stomach acid?

The dissociation of carbonic acid

What is the colon?

The large intestine from the ileocecal junction to the rectum

Which describes the lesser curvature of the stomach?

The medial superior margin from esophagus to duodenum

What is the significance of the epithelial tight junctions and the mucous coat lining the stomach?

They protect the stomach lining from acid damage.

What is the goal of the cephalic phase of gastric regulation?

To prepare the stomach for the arrival of food

What is the function of micelles?

To transport fats in the intestine to the surface of the enterocytes

The absorption of iron requires which transport protein?

Transferrin

What is the function of intrinsic factor?

Transport and absorption of vitamin B12

Following the digestion of lipids, FFA's and monoglycerides are transported into the endoplasmic reticulum and re-synthesized into which of the following?

Triglycerides

True or false: After digestion and absorption into absorptive cells, fatty acids and monoglycerides are reassembled into triglycerides before being moved into the lymph.

True

Which muscular structure remains closed when food is not being swallowed in order to exclude air from the esophagus?

Upper esophageal sphincter

What are the functions of the large intestine?

Water and electrolyte absorption

The products of protein and carbohydrate catabolism are absorbed into the ______, while the products of lipid catabolism are absorbed into the ______.

blood, lymph

The portion of the stomach between the fundus and the pyloric region is known as the

body

What is the largest portion of the stomach?

body

The stomach receives sympathetic innervation from the

celiac ganglion

What are the three phases of gastric activity?

cephalic, gastric, intestinal

The __________of the pancreas secrete sodium bicarbonate, while the __________ of the pancreas secrete digestive enzymes.

duct cells; acinar cells

The upper __________ sphincter is formed by the inferior pharyngeal constrictors.

esophageal

The pharynx connects the oral cavity to the Blank______ and the nasal cavity to the Blank______.

esophagus, larynx

The source of the __________ ions in stomach acid is the dissociation of carbonic acid within parietal cells.

hydrogen

The esophageal sphincter prevents stomach contents from spilling into the esophagus.

lower

The sheets of connective tissue that hold the abdominal viscera in place are called

mesentery

The term gut __________ is the collective name for the many species of bacteria residing in the large intestine.

microbiome

The enzyme begins digestion of protein in the stomach.

pepsin

A(n) Blank______ is any enzyme that digests proteins.

protease

What is the function of pepsin?

protein digestion

The______ is the narrow part of the stomach that leads into the duodenum.

pylorus

The blood-filled channels between the layers of hepatocytes in the liver are called hepatic

sinusoids

What is deglutition?

swallowing