digestive system
approximate pH in the stomach
2
the pancreas secretes about ___ cups of pancreatic juice/ day into the __________
8, duodenum
if bile, which is produced in the ____________ and stored in the __________, is released into the stomach, it also can result in peptic ulcer disease a) liver; gallbladder b) small intestines; gallbladder c) gallbladder; liver d) spleen; liver
a
lactose, milk sugar, is a ____________, composed of _________ and ___________ a) disaccharide; glucose; galactose b) polysaccharide; glucose; galactose c) disaccharide; sucrose; maltose d) disaccharide; fructose; cellulose
a
since peptic ulcer disease can be caused by or made worse by hydrochloric acid secretion, pain is decreased by ingestion of something that can buffer the acid like __________ or ___________ a) milk; antacids b) lemon juice; antacids c) milk; aspirin d) lemon juice; aspirin
a
the enzyme ___________, enzymatically facilitates the breakdown of lactose into its _________ components. the gene for this enzyme is located on chromosome 2 a) lactase; monosaccharide b) maltase; monosaccharide c) amylase; monosaccharide d) sucrase; monosaccharide
a
neutralize stomach acid as it enters the small intestine
bicarbonate
secreted into the gallbladder where it helps breakdown lipids
bile
when red blood cells are old or injured, the spleen breaks them down and converts the heme from their hemoglobin into ________
bilirubin
materials are absorbed into ________
blood
microvillar membrane is packed with enzymes that aid in the ________ of complex nutrients into simpler compounds that are more easily absorbed
breakdown
an ulcer is a break or discontinuity in a cutaneous or mucous membrane in the body. there are many types of ulcers. _______ is a type of ulcer in which there is an erosion of the gastrointestinal lining deep enough to penetrate the muscularis mucosa a) diverticulitis b) gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) c) a peptic ulcer d) gastritis
c
carbohydrates must be broken down into ________ in order for proper absorption to occur in the __________ a) polysaccharides; large intestine b) disaccharides; small intestines c) monosaccharides; small intestines d) polysaccharides; small intestines
c
the venous system that returns blood from the digestive tract and spleen to the liver (where raw nutrients in blood are processed before the blood returns to the heart)
hepatic portal system
____________ is between ileum and colon
ileocecal sphincter
__________ prevents backwards movement material from the large intestine to the small intestine
ileocecal valve
absorbs vitamin B12, bile salts, and whatever products of digestion were not absorbed by the jejunum - the wall is made up of folds which has villi
ileum
the ___________ layer changes the diameter
inner circular
secreted by parietal cells-- necessary for absorption of vitamin B12
intrinsic factor
absorbs small nutrient particles which have been previously digested by enzymes in the duodenum; largest section of the small intestine
jejunum
the ileum has _________ surface area for attachment of enzymes and absorption of products of digestion
large
__________ consists of cecum, colon, and rectum
large intestine
_________ digestion begins in the small intestine, and ends in the small intestine (pancreatic lipase), bile (emulsification)
lipid
the major function of the _______ is to process amino acids, monosaccharides, monoglycerides, and fatty acids
liver
movement of materials
motility
name the organs that make up the digestive tract from beginning to end
mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, colon, rectum, anus
innermost layer of the GI tract; responsible for final digestion and absorption of nutrients
mucosa
separates GI lumen from internal environment
mucosa
two layers of smooth muscle
muscularis externa
second part of enteric nervous system; major nerve supply to the GI tract and controls GI tract motility
myenteric plexus
secrete mucus
neck cells
the ______________ layer changes the length
outer longitudinal
break down carbohydrates to oligosaccharides (small carbohydrate polymers -- 3-10 monosaccharides); carbohydrate digestion
pancreatic amylase
help break down (digest) fats, proteins, and carbohydrates
pancreatic enzymes
the pancreatic juice contains ______________ and ____________
pancreatic enzymes, bicarbonate
break down triglycerides into free fatty acids and monoglycerides
pancreatic lipase
secrete hydrogen ions-- maintain acidic environment of stomach
parietal cells
acidity is necessary for activation of __________
pepsinogen
_________ digestion begins in the stomach (pepsin) and ends in the small intestine (proteolytic enzymes and enterkinase), brush border enzymes, and breaks down into amino acids
protein
folds that flatten on expansion
rugae
outer layer, composed of mostly connective tissue
serosa
amino acids, monosaccharides, and monoglycerides and fatty acids are absorbed from the _______________
small intestine
coiled, hollow tube; 8-10 ft long; between stomach and large intestine
small intestine
primary site of digestion and absorption
small intestine
stomach expands to accommodate food as swallowed
stomach folds
thick layer of connective tissue; distensibility, elasticity; large blood vessels and lymphatic vessels
submucosa
nerve network part of enteric nervous system
submucosal plexus (meissner's plexus)
basic units of carbs; absorbed through the small intestine walls into the bloodstream and used by the body as fuel or sent for storage in the liver for use at a later time
sugar
T/F: after fat, proteins, and carbs are absorbed they are broken down into basic units
true
T/F: enterkinase involves protein digestion
true
T/F: enterocytes are epithelial cell types and are found in the mucous membrane of the stomach or intestine
true
T/F: in the stomach, the fundus usually only contains gas
true
T/F: mesothelium is continuous with mesenteries, which are continuous with peritoneum
true
T/F: the acidic environment denatures proteins, kills bacteria, and acts as a gastric mucosal barrier
true
T/F: the job of the antrum in the stomach is mixing (muscular)
true
T/F: the job of the body in the stomach is storage
true
T/F: the small intestine empties dead cells, roughage from plant materials, etc, into the large intestine
true
small intestine has ______ which _________ surface area
villi, increases
materials are secreted into the -_______
GI tract
the inner layer of the serosa is made up of ___________ which suspends organs, while the outer layer is made up of ____________ (mesothelium)
connective tissue, epithelial tissue
mix chyme, which is passed through pylorus; gastric emptying
contractions
glucose and galactose are intestinally absorbed using cotransport, which is a type of ____________ a) passive transport b) primary active transport c) facilitated diffusion d) secondary active transport
d
the enzyme ________ that splits lactose, is produced by intestinal epithelial cells and secreted onto their cells brush border; a brush border is composed of ____________ a) lactase; flagella b) lactase; cilia c) sucrase; microvilli d) lactase; microvilli
d
the two most common areas for ulcers are the lower regions of the ________ and the uppermost region of the ________. the _________ is the most common site of peptic ulcers a) ileum; jejunum; jejunum b) jejunum; colon; colon c) esophagus; ileum; ilium d) stomach; duodenum; duodenum
d
muscular tube from pharynx to stomach
esophagus
secrete things like pancreatic juices
exocrine cells
T/F: in bacterial digestion, not a lot of water is reabsorbed
false
T/F: the ileocecal sphincter is autonomic; we don't have control
false
T/F: we need ulcers from the acid
false
basic units of fat; absorbed through the intestinal walls into the bloodstream, accumulate in the chest veins and carried to fat-deposit areas throughout the body to be stored and used for fuel when necessary
fatty acids and glycerol
contraction of the _______ forces the bile into the _________, where it emulsifies fats and aids in their digestion
gallbladder, duodenum
protective layer of mucus and bicarbonate; secreted from neck cells and goblet cells
gastric mucosal barrier
located in stomach lining; lead to gastric glands; contain secretory products
gastric pits
__________ acid is secreted by the ________ cells in the stomach. the proton (H+) component is obtained from the dissociated of carbonic acid, using the enzyme carbonic anhydrase a) hydrochloric; parietal b) sulfuric; parietal c) hydrochloric; G d) hydrochloric; chief
a
chewing of food to prepare it for absorption is _____________ a) mechanical b) chemical
a
bacteria digest substances into the _______ not digestible by humans
chyme
bacterial fermentation converts the ________ into feces and releases vitamins including K, B1, B2, B6, B12, and biotin
chyme
predominant epithelial cell types lining the lumen of the small intestine and colon
absorptive cells
the salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas are _________ organs of the digestive system
accessory
basic units of proteins; absorbed through the wall of the small intestine into the blood stream and distributed throughout the body to repair injuries and replace dying cells
amino acids
digestive enzymes secreted along the digestive tract is ____________ a) mechanical b) chemical
b
why might a gallstone affect the pancreas? a) the pancreas drains through the cystic duct, so anything that blocks the duct will affect it b) a gallstone that blocks the hepatopancreatic ampulla will block the release of digestive enzymes from the pancreas c) anything that irritates the liver will also damage the pancreas because they are so close together d) a gallstone will interfere with bile secretion, and the pancreas cannot work without bile
b
the pulpy acidic fluid that passes from the stomach to the small intestine, consisting of gastric juices and partly digested food
chyme
__________ digestion begins in the mouth through salivary amylase, and ends in the small intestine (pancreatic enzymes), brush border enzymes, and breaks down into monosaccharides
carbohydrate
breakdown the peptides into their component amino acids (3 things)
carboxypeptidase, aminopeptidase, dipeptidase
secrete pepsinogen
chief cells
breakdown of food particles
digestion
bile empties into here, pancreas empties bicarbonate ions (neutralize acids = remove hydrogen from solutions)
duodenum
the small intestine is divided into 3 parts: _________, _________, and _________
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
break down proteins into smaller peptides; protein digestion; proteolytic enzymes a) trypsin b) chymotrypsin c) pancreatic amylase d) pancreatic lipase e) a & b f) all of the above
e
the process whereby large globules of fat are broken into smaller globules and made water soluble
emulsification
secrete hormones
endocrine cells
absorptive cells, exocrine cells, and endocrine cells are all ________
enterocytes