digestive system

approximate pH in the stomach

2

the pancreas secretes about ___ cups of pancreatic juice/ day into the __________

8, duodenum

if bile, which is produced in the ____________ and stored in the __________, is released into the stomach, it also can result in peptic ulcer disease a) liver; gallbladder b) small intestines; gallbladder c) gallbladder; liver d) spleen; liver

a

lactose, milk sugar, is a ____________, composed of _________ and ___________ a) disaccharide; glucose; galactose b) polysaccharide; glucose; galactose c) disaccharide; sucrose; maltose d) disaccharide; fructose; cellulose

a

since peptic ulcer disease can be caused by or made worse by hydrochloric acid secretion, pain is decreased by ingestion of something that can buffer the acid like __________ or ___________ a) milk; antacids b) lemon juice; antacids c) milk; aspirin d) lemon juice; aspirin

a

the enzyme ___________, enzymatically facilitates the breakdown of lactose into its _________ components. the gene for this enzyme is located on chromosome 2 a) lactase; monosaccharide b) maltase; monosaccharide c) amylase; monosaccharide d) sucrase; monosaccharide

a

neutralize stomach acid as it enters the small intestine

bicarbonate

secreted into the gallbladder where it helps breakdown lipids

bile

when red blood cells are old or injured, the spleen breaks them down and converts the heme from their hemoglobin into ________

bilirubin

materials are absorbed into ________

blood

microvillar membrane is packed with enzymes that aid in the ________ of complex nutrients into simpler compounds that are more easily absorbed

breakdown

an ulcer is a break or discontinuity in a cutaneous or mucous membrane in the body. there are many types of ulcers. _______ is a type of ulcer in which there is an erosion of the gastrointestinal lining deep enough to penetrate the muscularis mucosa a) diverticulitis b) gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) c) a peptic ulcer d) gastritis

c

carbohydrates must be broken down into ________ in order for proper absorption to occur in the __________ a) polysaccharides; large intestine b) disaccharides; small intestines c) monosaccharides; small intestines d) polysaccharides; small intestines

c

the venous system that returns blood from the digestive tract and spleen to the liver (where raw nutrients in blood are processed before the blood returns to the heart)

hepatic portal system

____________ is between ileum and colon

ileocecal sphincter

__________ prevents backwards movement material from the large intestine to the small intestine

ileocecal valve

absorbs vitamin B12, bile salts, and whatever products of digestion were not absorbed by the jejunum - the wall is made up of folds which has villi

ileum

the ___________ layer changes the diameter

inner circular

secreted by parietal cells-- necessary for absorption of vitamin B12

intrinsic factor

absorbs small nutrient particles which have been previously digested by enzymes in the duodenum; largest section of the small intestine

jejunum

the ileum has _________ surface area for attachment of enzymes and absorption of products of digestion

large

__________ consists of cecum, colon, and rectum

large intestine

_________ digestion begins in the small intestine, and ends in the small intestine (pancreatic lipase), bile (emulsification)

lipid

the major function of the _______ is to process amino acids, monosaccharides, monoglycerides, and fatty acids

liver

movement of materials

motility

name the organs that make up the digestive tract from beginning to end

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, colon, rectum, anus

innermost layer of the GI tract; responsible for final digestion and absorption of nutrients

mucosa

separates GI lumen from internal environment

mucosa

two layers of smooth muscle

muscularis externa

second part of enteric nervous system; major nerve supply to the GI tract and controls GI tract motility

myenteric plexus

secrete mucus

neck cells

the ______________ layer changes the length

outer longitudinal

break down carbohydrates to oligosaccharides (small carbohydrate polymers -- 3-10 monosaccharides); carbohydrate digestion

pancreatic amylase

help break down (digest) fats, proteins, and carbohydrates

pancreatic enzymes

the pancreatic juice contains ______________ and ____________

pancreatic enzymes, bicarbonate

break down triglycerides into free fatty acids and monoglycerides

pancreatic lipase

secrete hydrogen ions-- maintain acidic environment of stomach

parietal cells

acidity is necessary for activation of __________

pepsinogen

_________ digestion begins in the stomach (pepsin) and ends in the small intestine (proteolytic enzymes and enterkinase), brush border enzymes, and breaks down into amino acids

protein

folds that flatten on expansion

rugae

outer layer, composed of mostly connective tissue

serosa

amino acids, monosaccharides, and monoglycerides and fatty acids are absorbed from the _______________

small intestine

coiled, hollow tube; 8-10 ft long; between stomach and large intestine

small intestine

primary site of digestion and absorption

small intestine

stomach expands to accommodate food as swallowed

stomach folds

thick layer of connective tissue; distensibility, elasticity; large blood vessels and lymphatic vessels

submucosa

nerve network part of enteric nervous system

submucosal plexus (meissner's plexus)

basic units of carbs; absorbed through the small intestine walls into the bloodstream and used by the body as fuel or sent for storage in the liver for use at a later time

sugar

T/F: after fat, proteins, and carbs are absorbed they are broken down into basic units

true

T/F: enterkinase involves protein digestion

true

T/F: enterocytes are epithelial cell types and are found in the mucous membrane of the stomach or intestine

true

T/F: in the stomach, the fundus usually only contains gas

true

T/F: mesothelium is continuous with mesenteries, which are continuous with peritoneum

true

T/F: the acidic environment denatures proteins, kills bacteria, and acts as a gastric mucosal barrier

true

T/F: the job of the antrum in the stomach is mixing (muscular)

true

T/F: the job of the body in the stomach is storage

true

T/F: the small intestine empties dead cells, roughage from plant materials, etc, into the large intestine

true

small intestine has ______ which _________ surface area

villi, increases

materials are secreted into the -_______

GI tract

the inner layer of the serosa is made up of ___________ which suspends organs, while the outer layer is made up of ____________ (mesothelium)

connective tissue, epithelial tissue

mix chyme, which is passed through pylorus; gastric emptying

contractions

glucose and galactose are intestinally absorbed using cotransport, which is a type of ____________ a) passive transport b) primary active transport c) facilitated diffusion d) secondary active transport

d

the enzyme ________ that splits lactose, is produced by intestinal epithelial cells and secreted onto their cells brush border; a brush border is composed of ____________ a) lactase; flagella b) lactase; cilia c) sucrase; microvilli d) lactase; microvilli

d

the two most common areas for ulcers are the lower regions of the ________ and the uppermost region of the ________. the _________ is the most common site of peptic ulcers a) ileum; jejunum; jejunum b) jejunum; colon; colon c) esophagus; ileum; ilium d) stomach; duodenum; duodenum

d

muscular tube from pharynx to stomach

esophagus

secrete things like pancreatic juices

exocrine cells

T/F: in bacterial digestion, not a lot of water is reabsorbed

false

T/F: the ileocecal sphincter is autonomic; we don't have control

false

T/F: we need ulcers from the acid

false

basic units of fat; absorbed through the intestinal walls into the bloodstream, accumulate in the chest veins and carried to fat-deposit areas throughout the body to be stored and used for fuel when necessary

fatty acids and glycerol

contraction of the _______ forces the bile into the _________, where it emulsifies fats and aids in their digestion

gallbladder, duodenum

protective layer of mucus and bicarbonate; secreted from neck cells and goblet cells

gastric mucosal barrier

located in stomach lining; lead to gastric glands; contain secretory products

gastric pits

__________ acid is secreted by the ________ cells in the stomach. the proton (H+) component is obtained from the dissociated of carbonic acid, using the enzyme carbonic anhydrase a) hydrochloric; parietal b) sulfuric; parietal c) hydrochloric; G d) hydrochloric; chief

a

chewing of food to prepare it for absorption is _____________ a) mechanical b) chemical

a

bacteria digest substances into the _______ not digestible by humans

chyme

bacterial fermentation converts the ________ into feces and releases vitamins including K, B1, B2, B6, B12, and biotin

chyme

predominant epithelial cell types lining the lumen of the small intestine and colon

absorptive cells

the salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas are _________ organs of the digestive system

accessory

basic units of proteins; absorbed through the wall of the small intestine into the blood stream and distributed throughout the body to repair injuries and replace dying cells

amino acids

digestive enzymes secreted along the digestive tract is ____________ a) mechanical b) chemical

b

why might a gallstone affect the pancreas? a) the pancreas drains through the cystic duct, so anything that blocks the duct will affect it b) a gallstone that blocks the hepatopancreatic ampulla will block the release of digestive enzymes from the pancreas c) anything that irritates the liver will also damage the pancreas because they are so close together d) a gallstone will interfere with bile secretion, and the pancreas cannot work without bile

b

the pulpy acidic fluid that passes from the stomach to the small intestine, consisting of gastric juices and partly digested food

chyme

__________ digestion begins in the mouth through salivary amylase, and ends in the small intestine (pancreatic enzymes), brush border enzymes, and breaks down into monosaccharides

carbohydrate

breakdown the peptides into their component amino acids (3 things)

carboxypeptidase, aminopeptidase, dipeptidase

secrete pepsinogen

chief cells

breakdown of food particles

digestion

bile empties into here, pancreas empties bicarbonate ions (neutralize acids = remove hydrogen from solutions)

duodenum

the small intestine is divided into 3 parts: _________, _________, and _________

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

break down proteins into smaller peptides; protein digestion; proteolytic enzymes a) trypsin b) chymotrypsin c) pancreatic amylase d) pancreatic lipase e) a & b f) all of the above

e

the process whereby large globules of fat are broken into smaller globules and made water soluble

emulsification

secrete hormones

endocrine cells

absorptive cells, exocrine cells, and endocrine cells are all ________

enterocytes