digestive system

How is the H+ concentration measured?

pH scale

The blunt tip of a renal pyramid through which urine drains into a minor calyx is the renal?

papilla

The ------ reduce the weight of the skull and act as resonant chambers that affect the quality of the voice.

paranasal sinuses

The amount of carbon dioxide that dissolves in the plasma determined primarily by the

partial pressure of CO2 in the tissues.

The major calyces merge to form an enlarged chamber called the renal

pelvis

The ??? cover the glomerular capillaries to make them impermeable to plasma proteins

podocytes

Our chief dietary source of nitrogen is the class of nutrient called

protein.

The enzyme ??? is secreted by the juxtaglomerular cells in the kidney.

renin

Amino acids are broken down to form by-product called

urea

Carbonic acid in this chemical equation is an example of a ??? acid.

weak

layers of the alimentary canal

1 Mucosa 2 Submucosa 3 Muscular 4 Serosa

What percent of oxygen in the blood is transported as dissolved oxygen, dissolved in the plasma?

1-2 %

Place in order the structures through which bile flows after being synthesized by hepatic cells in the liver.

2 Bile ductules 1 Bile canaliculi 3 Hepatic ducts 4 Common hepatic duct

Inspiratory capacity (IC) 3,500 ml

3,500Maximum volume of air that can be inhaled following exhalation of resting tidal volume: IC =TV + IRV

Identify the components of pancreatic juice.

Bicarbonate ions Enzymes to breakdown food

Pancreatic lipase

Chemical digestion of fats like triglyceride molecules into fatty acids and glycerol.

Nucleases

Chemical digestion of nucleic acids like DNA and RNA into nucleotides.

Pancreatic amylase

Chemical digestion of polysaccharides like starch or glycogen into disaccharides.

Chymotrypsin, trypsin and carboxypeptidase

Chemical digestion of proteins into amino acids

Indicate two examples of proteins that act as buffers.

Hemoglobin ; Albumins

Breath-holding leads an increase in the levels of carbon dioxide in the blood. This in turn would cause what three effects?

Increase in breathing depth and rate Stimulation of the central chemoreceptors Stimulation of the dorsal respiratory group

In a healthy individual, which of these respiratory volumes would have the greatest numerical value?

Inspiratory reserve volume

Indicate which of the following are functions of the stomach.

It receives food from the esophagus It initiates protein digestion. It mixes the food with gastric juice.

List four factors that affect breathing rate and depth.

Level of physical activity Chemical changes in body fluids Stimulation by respiratory areas A person's emotional state

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) 1,100 ml

Maximal volume of air that can be exhaled at the end of resting expiration

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) 3,000 ml

Maximal volume of air that can be inhaled at the end of resting inspiration

Vital capacity (VC) 4,600 mL

Maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after taking the deepest breath possible: VC =TV + IRV + ERV

Indicate the mechanisms that are part of the body's first line of defense against pH shifts.

Phosphate buffer Bicarbonate buffer Protein buffer

Which of the following is necessary for air to flow?

Pressure gradient

Lactic acid

Product of anaerobic metabolism

Carbonic acid

Product of carbon dioxide (from aerobic metabolism) interacting with water

Phosphoric acid

Product of hydrolysis of nucleic acids

Ketone bodies

Product of incomplete oxidation of fatty acids

Sulphuric acid

Product oxydation of specific amino acids

Secretin

Secreted by the cells of the duodenal lining, in response to acidic chyme entering the small intestine.

Cholecystokinin

Secreted by the cells of the intestinal lining, in response to proteins and fats in the small intestine.

Gastrin

Secreted by the cells of the stomach lining in response to food

What are some roles of the liver in the metabolism of lipids?

Synthesizes lipoproteins, phospholipids, and cholesterol Oxidizes fatty acids

What determines the composition of urine?

The ratio of water and solutes eliminated to maintain internal environment

Total lung capacity (TLC) 5,800 mL

Total volume of air that the lungs can hold: TLC = VC + RV

The process of digestion of food begins in the stomach

True

Tidal volume (TV) 500 mL

Volume of air moved in or out of lungs during respiratory cycle air

Functional residual capacity (FRC) 2,300 ml

Volume of air that remains in the lungs following exhalation of resting tidal volume: FRC = ERV + RV

The volatile ketone body released from the lungs that imparts a fruity odor to the breath is called?

acetone

The pancreatic ???? cells make up the bulk of the pancreas and produce pancreatic juice.

acinar

The ????? arteriole supplies blood to the nephron.

afferent

The electrical gradient generated as the cation sodium (Na) actively reabsorbed from the proximal convoluted tubule leads to reabsorption of ???? such as CI, by diffusion.

anions

The bicarbonate buffer system uses what ion as a weak base?

bicarbonate ion

If body fluids become alkaline, the bicarbonate buffer system works in this manner:

carbonic acid dissociates release bicarbonate ions and hydrogen ions, thereby decreasing the pH.

when the pH of a solution rises , the freely exposed groups of protein molecules release hydrogen ions to increase the pH. On the other hand, when pH decreases, the freely exposed groups of protein molecules can accept hydrogen ions.

carboxyl: amino

If levels of carbon dioxide in the blood were to increase, the level of carbonic acid will also increase. Carbonic acid dissociates, and the concentration of hydrogen ions will increase, thus causing?

decrease in pH

The small intestine consists of three sections. As food passes from the stomach through the small intestine, it passes through the (ndicated the

duodenum ,jejunum ,ileum

Proteins are mostly absent from glomerular filtrate except for a small protein called albumin which is reabsorbed through the process of ?

endocytosis

Indicate three factors that may lead to metabolic alkalosis.

gastric drainage ingestion of too much antacid loss of gastric content from prolonged vomiting

What is the fluid in the glomerular capsule that is the result of filtration of blood called?

glomerular filtrate

What is the process via which the glomerular capillaries filter plasma?

glomerular fitration

Sound is produced as air is forced through the- ---causing vibration of the ----vocal cords.

glottis; true

Select all that are reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule.

glucose sodium creatine

Since ----- pressure of body fluids is ordinarily stable, it is typically a change in the ----- pressure of intracellular or extracellular fluid that causes net movement of the fluids.

hydrostatic ; osmotic

Interstitial fluid is pushed into the lymphatic capillaries by what type of pressure?

hydrostatic pressure of interstitial fluid

Dietary proteins classified as ??? proteins lack or more essential amino acids.

incomplete

What is the term for the exchange of gases (O2and CO2) that occurs in the capillary networks between the blood and the tissue cells?

internal respiration

Prolonged vomiting that includes loss of intestinal secretions may lead to?

metabolic acidosis.

Water reabsorption from renal tubules occurs by the process of?

osmosis