DIGESTIVE SYSTEM (ABDOMINAL ORGANS)
pharynx
"throat" connects the mouth to the larynx and the esophagus
larynx
"voice box" produces sound used for speaking. Also involved in swallowing
Liver: Microscopic Anatomy
Hepatocytes' functions include: →Production of bile →Processing bloodborne nutrients →Storage of fat-soluble vitamins →Detoxification Secreted bile flows between →hepatocytes toward the bile ducts in the PORTAL TRIADS
Parasympathetic innervation
Prevertebral ganglia associated with the prevertebral plexus -celiac ganglion -inferior mesenteric ganglion -superior mesenteric ganglion -lumbar splanchnic nerves -thoracic splanchnic nerves
weak lower esophageal sphincter
allows stomach acid to move up into the esophagus. This may cause the upper sphincter to constrict.
Weak upper esophageal sphincter
allows stomach acid to move up into the throat.
The chief bile pigment is
bilirubin, a waste product of heme
Cirrhosis of the liver
caused by chronic (long-term) liver diseases that damage liver tissue. It can take many years for liver damage to lead to cirrhosis. Chronic alcoholism is the leading cause of cirrhosis in the United States
Blood supply to stomach
celiac trunk, and corresponding veins (part of the hepatic portal system).
biliary colic
pain mediated by splanchnic nerve, caused by callus or obstruction of common duct
After the intestines return to the abdominal cavity, some portions press against the posterior abdominal wall and their mesenteries fuse with
parietal peritoneum.
Embryonic development
∙FOREGUT: oral cavity - 2nd part of duodenum ∙MIDGUT: 2nd part of duodenum - left colic flexure ∙HINDGUT: left colic flexure - rectum
Digestive glands are
- Spleen - Liver - Gallbladder - Pancreas
Digestive tract is made up of
- Stomach - Small Intestine (duodenum; jejunum; ileum) - Large Intestine (ascending; transverse; descending; sigmoid colons
Composition of Bile
-A yellow-green, alkaline solution containing bile salts, bile pigments, cholesterol, neutral fats, phospholipids, and electrolytes -Bile salts are cholesterol derivatives that: →Emulsify fat →Facilitate fat and cholesterol absorption →Help solubilize cholesterol -Enterohepatic circulation recycles bile salts
Digestion in the stomach
-Delivers chyme to the small intestine -Enzymatically digests proteins with pepsin -Secretes intrinsic factor required for absorption of vitamin B12
six essential activities in the digestive process
-Ingestion, propulsion, and mechanical digestion -Chemical digestion, absorption, and defecation
Gastrointestinal tract
-Oral cavity -pharynx -esophagus -small intestine -colon
PORTA HEPATIS
-Portal triads consist of a : -bile duct -Hepatic artery - supplies oxygen-rich blood to the liver -Hepatic portal vein - carries venous blood with nutrients from digestive
Functions of Saliva
-helps prevent tooth decay -has enzymes to break down food
cystic fibrosis
-inherited -affects the cells that produce mucus, sweat and digestive juices. These secreted fluids are normally thin and slippery. But in cystic fibrosis, a defective gene causes the secretions to become thick and sticky. Instead of acting as a lubricant, the secretions plug up tubes, ducts and passageways, especially in the lungs and pancreas.
Caput medusa
-main cause is portal hypertension. -When a person has this medical condition there is an abnormally high pressure in your portal circulation, which is the flow of your blood from one organ to another without the blood going through your heart
salivary glands
-parotid glands -sublingual gland -submandibular gland
Accessory organs
-teeth -tongue -gall bladder -salivary glands -liver -pancreas
SPLANCHNIC NERVES:
: thoracic, lumbar and sacral spl. nn. carry PREGANGLIONIC SYMPATHETIC FIBERS from the sympathetic trunk to ganglia in the prevertebral plexus, and also visceral afferent fibers.
LIVER
A. RIGHT LOBE B. LEFT LOBE C.FALCIFORM LIG. D.GALLBLADDER
Pancreas
Exocrine function ⁻Secretes pancreatic juice which breaks down all categories of foodstuff ⁻Acini (clusters of secretory cells) contain zymogen granules with digestive enzymes Endocrine function - release of insulin and glucagon
Infection hepatitis (A)
INCUBATION PERIOD 14-40 DAYS -Portal of entry mainly oral but also parenteral
Serum hepatitis (B)
Incubation period 40-180 days -portal of entry paternal
BLOOD SUPPLY TO THE SMALL INTENSINE
Jejunum- arterial arcades Ileum- Visa Recta
Vagus Nerve
L. vagus n. passes through the superior mediastinum
secondary retroperitoneal.
duodenum, pancreas, ascending and descending colons
pyloric stenosis
hypertrophied muscle with elongation and narrowing of the pylorus at the gastric outlet on the left. -uncommon, but is a cause for "projectile" vomiting in an infant about 3 to 6 weeks of age. -Males are affected more than females. -The overall incidence is approximately 3 per 1000 livebirths
Meckel's Diverticulum
is the most common congenital abnormality of the small intestine; -caused by an incomplete obliteration of the vitelline duct (ie, omphalomesenteric duct). - constricted part of the yolk sac opening into the midgut region of the future ileum.
gall bladder
located: anterior abdominal wall opposite the tip of the right 9th costal cartilage, where linea semilunaris crosses the costal margin
esophageal branches
may originate from left inferior phrenic artery and/ or directly from celiac trunk. -branches to abdominal esophagus may also come from splenic or short gastric arteries
external anal sphincter is made up of
skeletal muscle
Internal anal sphincter is made up of
smooth m.
arterial supply to stomach
splenic artery
Mumps or epidemic parotitis
swelling of parotid salivary glands
Innervation of stomach
sympathetic and parasympatethic fibers of the autonomic nervous system.
SPLEEN
∙The spleen function: important roles in regard to red blood cells and the immune system. ∙It synthesizes antibodies in its white pulp and ∙removes antibody-coated bacteria along with antibody-coated blood cells by way of blood and lymph node circulation. ∙It removes old red blood cells and holds a reserve of blood in case of hemorrhagic shock ∙while also ∙recycling iron.
