DIGESTIVE SYSTEM (ABDOMINAL ORGANS)

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pharynx

"throat" connects the mouth to the larynx and the esophagus

larynx

"voice box" produces sound used for speaking. Also involved in swallowing

Liver: Microscopic Anatomy

Hepatocytes' functions include: →Production of bile →Processing bloodborne nutrients →Storage of fat-soluble vitamins →Detoxification Secreted bile flows between →hepatocytes toward the bile ducts in the PORTAL TRIADS

Parasympathetic innervation

Prevertebral ganglia associated with the prevertebral plexus -celiac ganglion -inferior mesenteric ganglion -superior mesenteric ganglion -lumbar splanchnic nerves -thoracic splanchnic nerves

weak lower esophageal sphincter

allows stomach acid to move up into the esophagus. This may cause the upper sphincter to constrict.

Weak upper esophageal sphincter

allows stomach acid to move up into the throat.

The chief bile pigment is

bilirubin, a waste product of heme

Cirrhosis of the liver

caused by chronic (long-term) liver diseases that damage liver tissue. It can take many years for liver damage to lead to cirrhosis. Chronic alcoholism is the leading cause of cirrhosis in the United States

Blood supply to stomach

celiac trunk, and corresponding veins (part of the hepatic portal system).

biliary colic

pain mediated by splanchnic nerve, caused by callus or obstruction of common duct

After the intestines return to the abdominal cavity, some portions press against the posterior abdominal wall and their mesenteries fuse with

parietal peritoneum.

Embryonic development

∙FOREGUT: oral cavity - 2nd part of duodenum ∙MIDGUT: 2nd part of duodenum - left colic flexure ∙HINDGUT: left colic flexure - rectum

Digestive glands are

- Spleen - Liver - Gallbladder - Pancreas

Digestive tract is made up of

- Stomach - Small Intestine (duodenum; jejunum; ileum) - Large Intestine (ascending; transverse; descending; sigmoid colons

Composition of Bile

-A yellow-green, alkaline solution containing bile salts, bile pigments, cholesterol, neutral fats, phospholipids, and electrolytes -Bile salts are cholesterol derivatives that: →Emulsify fat →Facilitate fat and cholesterol absorption →Help solubilize cholesterol -Enterohepatic circulation recycles bile salts

Digestion in the stomach

-Delivers chyme to the small intestine -Enzymatically digests proteins with pepsin -Secretes intrinsic factor required for absorption of vitamin B12

six essential activities in the digestive process

-Ingestion, propulsion, and mechanical digestion -Chemical digestion, absorption, and defecation

Gastrointestinal tract

-Oral cavity -pharynx -esophagus -small intestine -colon

PORTA HEPATIS

-Portal triads consist of a : -bile duct -Hepatic artery - supplies oxygen-rich blood to the liver -Hepatic portal vein - carries venous blood with nutrients from digestive

Functions of Saliva

-helps prevent tooth decay -has enzymes to break down food

cystic fibrosis

-inherited -affects the cells that produce mucus, sweat and digestive juices. These secreted fluids are normally thin and slippery. But in cystic fibrosis, a defective gene causes the secretions to become thick and sticky. Instead of acting as a lubricant, the secretions plug up tubes, ducts and passageways, especially in the lungs and pancreas.

Caput medusa

-main cause is portal hypertension. -When a person has this medical condition there is an abnormally high pressure in your portal circulation, which is the flow of your blood from one organ to another without the blood going through your heart

salivary glands

-parotid glands -sublingual gland -submandibular gland

Accessory organs

-teeth -tongue -gall bladder -salivary glands -liver -pancreas

SPLANCHNIC NERVES:

: thoracic, lumbar and sacral spl. nn. carry PREGANGLIONIC SYMPATHETIC FIBERS from the sympathetic trunk to ganglia in the prevertebral plexus, and also visceral afferent fibers.

LIVER

A. RIGHT LOBE B. LEFT LOBE C.FALCIFORM LIG. D.GALLBLADDER

Pancreas

Exocrine function ⁻Secretes pancreatic juice which breaks down all categories of foodstuff ⁻Acini (clusters of secretory cells) contain zymogen granules with digestive enzymes Endocrine function - release of insulin and glucagon

Infection hepatitis (A)

INCUBATION PERIOD 14-40 DAYS -Portal of entry mainly oral but also parenteral

Serum hepatitis (B)

Incubation period 40-180 days -portal of entry paternal

BLOOD SUPPLY TO THE SMALL INTENSINE

Jejunum- arterial arcades Ileum- Visa Recta

Vagus Nerve

L. vagus n. passes through the superior mediastinum

secondary retroperitoneal.

duodenum, pancreas, ascending and descending colons

pyloric stenosis

hypertrophied muscle with elongation and narrowing of the pylorus at the gastric outlet on the left. -uncommon, but is a cause for "projectile" vomiting in an infant about 3 to 6 weeks of age. -Males are affected more than females. -The overall incidence is approximately 3 per 1000 livebirths

Meckel's Diverticulum

is the most common congenital abnormality of the small intestine; -caused by an incomplete obliteration of the vitelline duct (ie, omphalomesenteric duct). - constricted part of the yolk sac opening into the midgut region of the future ileum.

gall bladder

located: anterior abdominal wall opposite the tip of the right 9th costal cartilage, where linea semilunaris crosses the costal margin

esophageal branches

may originate from left inferior phrenic artery and/ or directly from celiac trunk. -branches to abdominal esophagus may also come from splenic or short gastric arteries

external anal sphincter is made up of

skeletal muscle

Internal anal sphincter is made up of

smooth m.

arterial supply to stomach

splenic artery

Mumps or epidemic parotitis

swelling of parotid salivary glands

Innervation of stomach

sympathetic and parasympatethic fibers of the autonomic nervous system.

SPLEEN

∙The spleen function: important roles in regard to red blood cells and the immune system. ∙It synthesizes antibodies in its white pulp and ∙removes antibody-coated bacteria along with antibody-coated blood cells by way of blood and lymph node circulation. ∙It removes old red blood cells and holds a reserve of blood in case of hemorrhagic shock ∙while also ∙recycling iron.


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