Digestive System and Metabolism Exam Study Guide (Pt. 4)

The gastric phase of gastric secretion is triggered by the entry of chyme into the large intestine. entry of chyme into the small intestine. entry of food into the stomach. release of cholecystokinin and secretin by the small intestine. sight, thought, or smell of food.

entry of food into the stomach.

Haustra are glands in the large intestine that secrete mucus. the source of colon hormones. compact feces stored in the rectum. expansible pouches of the colon. strips of muscle in the colon.

expansible pouches of the colon.

What structure marks the division between the left lobe and right lobe of the liver? (Module 22.20B) round ligament broad ligament falciform ligament bare area peritoneal ligament

falciform ligament

The structure that marks the division between the right and left lobes of the liver is the hepatic ligament. ligamentum teres. falciform ligament. lesser omentum. greater omentum.

falciform ligament.

Gastrin secretion is associated with glucose entering the small intestine. food arriving in the stomach. chyme entering the duodenum. decreased stomach motility. decreased gastric acid production.

food arriving in the stomach.

The human liver is composed of ________ lobe(s). one two three four two large and four small

four

An intestinal hormone that stimulates the release of insulin from the pancreatic islet cells is gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP). enteropeptidase. cholecystokinin. vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). secretin.

gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP).

Which organ is responsible for dehydration and compaction of indigestible materials? stomach anus large intestine esophagus small intestine

large intestine

Which of the following is a remnant of the fetal umbilical vein? round ligament diaphragm lesser omentum greater omentum mesentery proper

round ligament

The intestinal hormone that stimulates the pancreas to release enzymes and buffers is vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). lipase. gastrin. secretin. gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP).

secretin.

During the cephalic phase of gastric secretion, the stomach responds to distention. the intestinal reflex inhibits gastric emptying. secretin inhibits parietal and chief cells. the vagus nerve innervates the stomach. production of gastric juice slows down.

the vagus nerve innervates the stomach.

At the right colic flexure, the colon becomes the sigmoid colon. transverse colon. ascending colon. descending colon. rectum.

transverse colon.

Define hepatocyte. (Module 22.21A) a gallbladder cell a salivary gland cell a pancreatic cell a small intestinal cell a liver cell

a liver cell

A small, wormlike structure attached to the posteromedial surface of the cecum is the appendix. pancreas. gallbladder. ileum. haustra.

appendix.

Identify the four regions of the colon. (Module 22.16B) cecum, sigmoid colon, rectum, anus ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon cardia, pylorus, body, sigmoid colon ileum, cecum, transverse colon, sigmoid colon duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum

ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon

An intestinal hormone that stimulates contraction of the gallbladder to release bile is enteropeptidase. gastrin. secretin. gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP). cholecystokinin.

cholecystokinin.

Which of the following is not a component of the defecation reflex? stimulation of myenteric plexus in sigmoid colon stimulation of parasympathetic motor neurons in sacral spinal cord stimulation of stretch receptors contraction of the external anal sphincter increased local peristalsis

contraction of the external anal sphincter

The ________ is composed of smooth muscle fibers and is not under voluntary control. external anal sphincter internal anal sphincter anal canal rectum sigmoid flexure

internal anal sphincter

Why might severing the branches of the vagus nerves that supply the stomach provide relief for a person who suffers from chronic gastric ulcers (sores on the stomach lining)? (Module 22.15C) it would block somatic nerve activity to the myenteric plexus it would block parasympathetic stimulation of gastric secretions it would block sympathetic stimulation of gastric secretions it would block stomach stretch sensory neurons from being activated it would block the flow of hydrogen ions down the vagus nerve

it would block parasympathetic stimulation of gastric secretions

Describe a portal triad. (Module 22.21B) A portal triad consists of two lobes of the liver and the gallbladder. A portal triad consists of the three primary lobes of the liver. A portal triad consists of three hepatocytes forming a lobule. A portal triad consists of a central vein, bile canaliculi, and bile ductules. A portal triad consists of an interlobular vein, an interlobular artery, and an interlobular bile duct.

A portal triad consists of an interlobular vein, an interlobular artery, and an interlobular bile duct.

Functions of the large intestine include storage of fecal material prior to defection. absorption of vitamins. reabsorption of water and compaction of feces. All of the answers are correct. None of the answers is correct.

All of the answers are correct.

Define hemorrhoids. (Module 22.17B) Hemorrhoids are distended veins in the distal portion of the rectum. Hemorrhoids are ulcers in the large intestine from acidic chyme that was not neutralized. Hemorrhoids are pouches in the wall of the colon. Hemorrhoids are polyps that form in the sigmoid colon. Hemorrhoids are collections of fat along the serosa of the rectum.

Hemorrhoids are distended veins in the distal portion of the rectum.

________ are arranged within a lobule of the liver into a series of plates converging toward a central vein. Kupffer cells Bile canaliculi Hepatocytes Hepatic ducts Portal areas

Hepatocytes

Describe the outer covering of the liver. (Module 22.20A) It is covered by thick stratified squamous epithelial tissue for protection. It is covered by a layer of visceral peritoneum and wrapped in a tough fibrous capsule. It is covered by a delicate serous membrane filled peritoneal fluid. It is covered by a thick layer of adipose tissue. It is covered by ligaments that suspend the liver.

It is covered by a layer of visceral peritoneum and wrapped in a tough fibrous capsule.

How does digestion occur in the large intestine? (Module 22.17A) No digestive enzymes are produced in the large intestine but digestion continues from the enzymes present that were secreted or produced in the small intestine. Bile enters the large intestine through the bile duct. No digestive enzymes are produced and the digestive enzymes from the small intestine are inactivated in the large intestine so digestion does not occur in the large intestine. Pancreatic juice flows through the pancreatic duct into the large intestine allowing digestion to occur. The mucosa of the large intestine produces enzymes that begin digestion.

No digestive enzymes are produced in the large intestine but digestion continues from the enzymes present that were secreted or produced in the small intestine.

Which of the following statements is false? Secretin and CCK are produced by the stomach and are important hormones in regulating digestion. Parietal cells are activated during the cephalic phase. The external anal sphincter is composed of skeletal muscle. Teniae coli of the large intestine correspond to the muscularis mucosa of the small intestine. The gastroileal and gastroenteric reflexes accelerate movement of materials throughout the small intestine.

Secretin and CCK are produced by the stomach and are important hormones in regulating digestion.

Describe two central reflexes triggered by stimulation of the stretch receptors in the stomach wall. (Module 22.15B) The enterogastric reflex closes the pyloric sphincter and the gastroenteric reflex stimulates motility and secretion in the small intestine. The cephalic reflex opens the esophagus during swallowing and the gastric reflex opens the cardiac sphincter. The gastroileal reflex opens the ileocecal valve and the colonic reflex closes the ileocecal valve. The gastroenteric reflex stimulates motility and secretion in the small intestine and the gastroileal reflex opens the ileocecal valve. The gastric reflex opens the cardiac sphincter and the enteric reflex opens the pyloric sphincter.

The gastroenteric reflex stimulates motility and secretion in the small intestine and the gastroileal reflex opens the ileocecal valve.

Which of the following is true regarding the central and local mechanisms controlling gastric and intestinal activities? The intestinal phase increases the stimulation of the stomach's stretch receptors. The gastric phase only lasts for minutes. The cephalic phase begins as food enters the stomach. The intestinal phase triggers mucus and bicarbonate to help protect the duodenum from arriving acid. The cephalic phase includes the release of bile from the gallbladder.

The intestinal phase triggers mucus and bicarbonate to help protect the duodenum from arriving acid.

A drug that blocks the action of the hormone cholecystokinin would not affect the ability to absorb carbohydrates. delivery of bile. sensation of hunger. ability to digest a fatty meal. release of pancreatic secretions into the duodenum.

ability to absorb carbohydrates.

The enzyme that breaks down complex carbohydrates is lactase. rennin. carbonic anhydrase. amylase. lysozyme.

amylase.

In response to the arrival of acid chyme in the duodenum, the blood levels of secretin rise. blood levels of gastrin rise and blood levels of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) fall. blood levels of gastrin rise. blood levels of cholecystokinin fall. blood levels of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) fall.

blood levels of secretin rise.

The sac-like structure that joins the ileum at the ileocecal valve is the appendix. rectum. cecum. haustra. sigmoid colon.

cecum.

In the center of a liver lobule there is a hepatic duct. central vein. portal vein. portal area. sinusoid.

central vein

At the left colic flexure, the colon becomes the transverse colon. ascending colon. descending colon. rectum. sigmoid colon.

descending colon.

An intestinal hormone that stimulates gastric secretion is gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP). secretin. gastrin. cholecystokinin. enteropeptidase.

gastrin.

Define stellate macrophages, and indicate their functions. (Module 22.21C) liver macrophages which adjust circulating levels of nutrients through selective absorption and secretion liver macrophages which engulf pathogens, cell debris, and damaged blood cells gallbladder macrophages which breakdown and phagocytose excess bile liver macrophages which breakdown and phagocytose excess bile liver macrophages which synthesize bile

liver macrophages which engulf pathogens, cell debris, and damaged blood cells

The teniae coli are tears of the colon. polyps that obstruct the sigmoid colon. longitudinal bands of smooth muscle on the outer surface of the colon. ridges in the mucosa of the colon. tumors normally confined in the sigmoid colon.

longitudinal bands of smooth muscle on the outer surface of the colon.

Movements unique to the large intestine are ________ movements. peristaltic pendular writhing segmentation mass

mass

Powerful peristaltic contractions that occur a few times each day in the colon are called mass movements. pendular movements. segmentation. haustral churning. defecation.

mass movements.

The gastroileal reflex decreases peristaltic activity. promotes gastric secretion. is relayed through the CNS. moves some chyme to the colon. empties the duodenum.

moves some chyme to the colon.

Describe mass movements. (Module 22.16C) movements of chyme out of the small intestine into the colon powerful peristaltic contractions that occur in response to the amount of blood flow to the digestive organs powerful peristaltic contractions that occur in response to distension of the stomach and duodenum movements of chyme out of the esophagus into the stomach movements of chyme out of the stomach into the small intestine

powerful peristaltic contractions that occur in response to distension of the stomach and duodenum

All of the following are true of the intestinal phase of gastric digestion except that it begins when chyme enters the small intestine. precedes the gastric phase. involves both neural and endocrine reflexes. helps ensure that the functions of the small intestine proceed with relative efficiency. functions to control the rate of gastric emptying.

precedes the gastric phase.

The ________ of the liver lies between the left lobe and the gallbladder. right lobe coronary ligament falciform ligament quadrate lobe caudate lobe

quadrate lobe

Name the major functions of the large intestine. (Module 22.16A) producing digestive enzymes, producing acidic chyme, digesting proteins, fats and carbohydrates producing buffers, absorbing vitamins, and storing bile emulsifying lipids, synthesizing clotting factors, and absorbing and inactivating lipid-soluble drugs reabsorbing water and compacting material into feces, absorbing vitamins, and storing fecal material detoxifying alcohol and drugs, producing bile, storing bile

reabsorbing water and compacting material into feces, absorbing vitamins, and storing fecal material

Approximately the last 15 cm of the digestive tract is the sigmoid colon. rectal column. anus. rectum. anal canal.

rectum.

What organ is primarily responsible for water absorption? large intestine small intestine stomach esophagus anus

small intestine

Enterogastric reflexes involve the central nervous system. stimulate the contraction of the pyloric sphincter. increase gastric secretion. are triggered by bile entering the gallbladder. increase gastric motility.

stimulate the contraction of the pyloric sphincter.

Which of these descriptions best matches the term gastrin? where pancreatic juice and bile enter duodenum stimulates gastric secretion carries absorbed sugars and amino acids stimulates pancreas to secrete bicarbonate-rich fluid causes gall bladder to contract

stimulates gastric secretion

What is the function of the gallbladder? (Module 22.20D) store and concentrate bile store glycogen and lipids synthesize and secrete bile synthesize clotting factors store fat-soluble vitamins

store and concentrate bile