Digestive System & Nutrition - Module 4
Functions of the Large Intestine
*Little - No Digestive Function *Secrete mucus - The ONLY significant secretion of large intestine (keeps things moist & lubricated) *Absorbs 90% of water that enters *Houses intestinal flora - Breaks down cellulose *Produces 3 vitamins - K, B12, thiamine *Forms feces & carries out defecation
The tongue is _____
*Thick *Muscular organ - occupies floor of mouth *Nearly fills oral cavity when the mouth is closed
What are things that effect basal metabolic rate(BMR)?
- AGE. - HEIGHT. - GROWTH. - BODY COMPOSITION - FEVER - Stress - Environmental temperature - Fasting/starvation. energy the body needs to perform only its most essential activity
What is poop (feces)made out of? OR Which of the following are components of feces ?
- Composed of materials NOT digested/absorbed - Water (~75% of feces) - Electrolytes - Mucus - Bacteria - Bile pigments (provide color, after bacterial alteration)
The pungent odor is produced by bacterial compounds including:
- Phenol - Hydrogen sulfide - Indole - Skatole - Ammonia
minerals required by the body in moderate amounts (not trace amounts) include the following EXCEPT_____. - iron and selenium
- iron and selenium
Neural regulation has 2 impulses
1. Sympathetic impulses - decrease/STOP gastric activity 2. Parasympathetic impulses - *Increase Gastric Activity *Promote release of histamine (1ST STEP) *Has Gastric Secretion *Stimulate
Phases of Gastric Secretion.
1. cephalic phase 2. gastric phase 3. intestinal phase
# of baby teeth
20
# of permanent teeth
32 teeth
Small Intestine consists of ___ parts
3; Duodenum, jejunum, ileum (In Order) D-J-I
The walls of the alimentary canal share a common pattern from esophagus to anus. how many tunics (layers) make up the wall?
4
Glycolysis
A metabolic process that breaks down carbohydrates and sugars through a series of reactions to either pyruvic acid or lactic acid and release energy for the body in the form of ATP
Calorie
Amount of energy needed to raise temperature 1 gram of water 1 degree C
Which vitamin requires intrinsic factor in order to be absorbed?
B12
Pepsinogen, an inactive digestive enzyme, is secreted by the ________.
Chief cells of the stomach
The function of a third, obliquely-oriented layer of smooth muscle in the muscular is externa of the stomach is to
Churn, mix, and pummel the food contents to reduce them to small fragments
Why is cholesterol needed?
Create bile acids & to synthesize steroid hormones; for cell wall & vitamin D.
functions of cholesterol in the body
Essential component of cell membrane Produced by the liver Found only in animal products Forms important hormones estrogen testosterone vitamin D Precursor to bile acids
What do plates of hepatocytes do?
Filter and process nutrient-rich blood; produce digestive enzymes
The ducts that deliver bile and pancreatic juice from the liver and pancreas, respectively, unite to form the ________.
Hepatopancreatic ampulla
There are 2 regulator processes by ____ & by _____.
N.S ; Hormones.
the _____ is lymphatic tissue seen in the histological section of the ileum
Peyers patches
The cecum is a _____
Pouch; forming the beginning of large intestine
The function of the goblet cells is to ________.
Produce mucous that protects parts of the digestive tract from the effects of powerful enzymes and acids needed for food digestion.
Gluconeogenesis
The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources, such as amino acids.
What are Micro minerals?
Trace minerals; present at low levels in the body/ required in smaller amounts in the animal's diet. chromium, cobalt, copper, fluorine, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, zinc
Fat soluble vitamins include
Vitamins A, D, E, K
Glycogen
a substance deposited in bodily tissues as a store of carbohydrates. It is a polysaccharide that forms glucose on hydrolysis.
One of the functions of the large intestine is to
absorb ingested water.
In the small intestine, very LITTLE ______ _______ reaches the organ's distal end
absorbable material
Small intestine is the MOST important __________ __________ of the alimentary canal
absorbing organ
Parasympathetic impulses increases ___________
activities of digestive system (secretion and motility)
Accessory organs of the digestive system include all the following except
adrenal gland
functions of the liver include
all of the above (maintaining blood glucose concentration, formation of urea, secretion of bile)
This enzyme, which digests carbohydrates, is found in saliva and in the small intestine?
amylase
You have just eaten a meal high in complex carbohydrates. Which of the following enzymes will help to digest the meal?
amylase
anabolism vs catabolism
anabolism: building molecules catabolism: breaking down molecules
eating disorders
anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa
______ is attached to cecum
appendix
Colon has 4 parts
ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid
The primary function of cellular respiration is to ________.
break down food molecules and generate ATP
Catabolism would be best described as a process that ________.
breaks down complex structures to simpler ones
What are Macrominerals?
calcium(Ca), phosphorus, (P) sodium (Mg) potassium (Na) magnesium (Cl) chloride (K) sulfer (S)
Chemical digestion reduces large complex molecules to simpler compounds by the process of _____.
catabolism
Parts of the Large Intestine
cecum, colon, rectum, anal canal
When we ingest large molecules such as lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, they must undergo catabolic reactions whereby enzymes split these molecules. This series of reactions is called ________.
chemical digestion
The function of the hepatic portal circulation is to ________.
collect absorbed nutrients for metabolic processing/ storage in the liver
the common hepatic duct and cystic duct unite to form the
common bile duct
Gallstone may form if bile is too. ______
concentrated
Which of the following is NOT true of saliva?
contains enzymes that begin the breakdown of proteins
Which of the following is not a function of the digestive system ?
control of pyloric intake
The chemical and mechanical processes of food breakdown are called ________.
digestion
Wall of stomach is not well-adapted to absorb ________ ________.
digestive products.
The tube that leaves the stomach (and is the first part of the small intestine) is called the ________.
duodenum
A doctor consulting a patient that recently has had their gallbladder removed would likely advise ________.
eating foods that are low in fat
Feces contain
electrolytes. undigested food. bacteria. ALL OF THE ABOVE
The crown of the tooth is covered by ________.
enamel
Dental Caries are cavities within __________
enamel of a tooth
Paneth cells secrete what?
enzymes that kill bacteria
The tube that connects the oral cavity to the stomach is called the ________.
esophagus
Which of the following is least involve in the mechanical breakdown of food digestion and absorption?
esophagus
Canines are _____.
fangs
When ketone bodies are present in the blood and urine in large amounts, it usually indicates increased metabolism of ________.
fatty acids
Chemical Digestion breaks down ___________________
food particles; changing them into simple chemicals
the digestive system ingests ___________.
food, propels food, mechanically and chemically breaks down food, absorbs nutrients,and defecates the remainder.
which of the following are types of papillae on the tongue that contain taste buds?
fungiform and circumvallate
These specialized parts of the stomach secrete hydrochloric acid and a protein-digesting enzyme
gastric glands
The alimentary canal is also called the _____.
gastrointestinal (GI) tract
Myenteric plexus controls _______
gastrointestinal motility(movement)
What is the alimentary canal also known as?
gastrointestinal tract (GI Tract) or gut (ALIMENTAR)
Preferred source of energy as a cell
glucose
the molecule that serves as the major source of readily available fuel for neurons and blood cells is _____.
glucose
Gluconeogenesis is the process in which ________.
glucose is formed from noncarbohydrate precursors
Which of the choices below describes the pathway of cellular respiration (the complete oxidation of glucose)?
glycolysis, citric acid (Krebs) cycle, electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation
the mesentery attached to the INFERIOR surface of the stomach is called the _______.
greater omentum
enlarged blood vessels of the anal columns are called
hemorrhoids
body's thermostat
hypothalamus
The 4 teeth on top & bottom are ________ , made to slice things.
incisors
Which of the following is the major role of leptin in the body?
increase appetite and food intake
Which of these is not part of the splanchnic circulation?
inferior vena cava
Functions of the digestive system
ingestion, mechanical processing, digestion, secretion, absorption, excretion
Which hormone directs essentially all the events of the absorptive state?
insulin
Which of the following is NOT characteristic of the large intestine? It _____
is longer than the small intestine
Mechanical Digestion breaks down _________________
large particles into smaller ones, BUT does NOT change chemical composition
Anabolism includes reactions in which ________.
larger molecules or structures are built from smaller ones
Short-chain triglycerides found in foods such as butterfat molecules in milk are split by a specific enzyme in preparation for absorption. Which of the following enzymes is responsible?
lipase
This fat-digesting enzyme does the major work of digesting fats in the small intestine.
lipase
Bile salts bind at their hydrophobic regions to large fat globules within the chyme that enters the duodenum. Bile salts break up the fat globule into smaller fat droplets. This role of bile salts is best described as ________.
lipid emulsification
The process of breaking triglycerides down into glycerol and fatty acids is known as ________.
lipolysis
Hexagonal lobules are characteristic of this organ.
liver
The ________ contains lobules with sinusoids (lined with macrophages) that lead to a central venous structure.
liver
Digestion is the _________
mechanical and chemical breakdown of food
The sheets of peritoneal membrane that hold the digestive tract in place are called ________.
mesenteries
Fat digestion results in ________.
monoglycerides and fatty acids
It is important to ensure that your diet is adequately rich in vitamins because ________.
most vitamins are coenzymes needed to help the body utilize essential nutrients
components of alimentary canal
mouth (oral cavity), pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
This tunic of the GI tract is important for secretion of enzymes and absorption of nutrients
mucosa
The lining of the alimentary canal is a ______.
mucosa (mucous membrane)
From the esophagus to the anal canal, the walls of every organ of the alimentary canal are made up of the same four basic layers. Arrange them in order from the lumen.
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa
Layers of the wall of Alimentary Canal (IN ORDER)
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa
The myenteric plexus is associated with this tunic of the alimentary canal (mye = muscle)
muscularis externa
Which of the following statements best describes complete protein?
must contains all the body's essential amino acids requirements for tissue maintenance and growth
This accessory organ of the digestive system makes digestive enzymes that act upon ALL of the major food types
pancreas
the hormone secretin stimulates release of _________.
pancreatic juice
What increases in the GI tract?
parasympathetic impulses
Some antacid drugs block histamine receptors, resulting in reduction of the production and excretion of stomach acid. These drugs have the biggest effect on which of the following?
parietal cells
Which of the following produce intrinsic factor?
parietal cells of the stomach
The protein-digesting enzyme that works in the stomach is the _______.
pepsin
chief cells produce ______.
pepsinogen
Enzymes in the membranes of the microvilli
peptidases, sucrase, maltase, lactase, lipase
The absorptive effectiveness of the small intestine is enhanced by increasing the surface area of the mucosal lining. Which of the following accomplish this task?
plicae circulares and intestinal villi
What is haustra?
pouches in the large intestine; help form the feces
The digestive function of the liver is to
produce bile
The Stomach is constantly being _______. It varies the _______.
produced; amount.
Secretion of cholecystokinin from the intestinal wall is stimulated by
protein and fat in the small intestine
In gastric absorption...... Gastric enzyme, pepsin, begins breaking down ______.
proteins
The portion of the stomach closest to the duodenum is called the ________.
pyloric part
How does your body transfer heat? Mechanism of heat transfer by the body
radiation = radiates heat conduction = pot in contact w/stove convention = energy source, air to move, heat source evaporation = liquid turning into vapor
Specialization of the small intestine that increase surface area for maximal absorption of nutrients include all of the following EXCEPT?
rugae
Hormones or paracrine that inhibit secretion include _____.
secretin
Submucosal plexus controls ________
secretions
Which type of movement in the GI system is primarily responsible for moving chyme back and forth, mixing it with digestive juices and promoting the absorption of nutrients?
segmentation
The rectum extends from _____ colon to ____ canal
sigmoid ; anal
Generally the hormones secretin and cholecystokinin which are released by duodenal enteroendocrine cells will ________.
slow the activities of the stomach; increase the release of digestive enzymes and bile
The GI organ that is the major site of nutrient absorption is the ______.
small intestine
The anal canal has internal & external ______.
sphincters
cholesterol, though is NOT an energy molecule, has importance in the body because it _____
stabilizes the component of the plasma membranes and is the parent molecule of steroid hormones
Dental Caries form when __________
sticky foods lodge between teeth/ in crevices of molars
In the histology section of the digestive tract you have observe that the mucous is made of simple columnar epithelial tissue and the tissue has 3 layers of smooth muscle? Where are they located?
stomach
The bolus is liquefied in the ________ and it is now called chyme.
stomach
This GI tract organ stores food temporarily, and continues the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food.
stomach
Which of the ff organ listed below is involve in all of the following process secretion, mechanical breakdown of food, digestion and absorption?
stomach
Cheeks: •Have an inner lining of __________.
stratified squamous epithelium (moist)
The bacteria that's in the Dental Caries metabolize _______.
sugars
Vitamin C is needed for
synthesis of collagen; preventing scurvy
accessory organs of the digestive system
teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas,
The parts of the stomach include
the fundus, rugae, body, cardiac sphincter, and pyloric sphincter
the alimentary canal extends, in its entirely, from
the mouth to the anus
Mastication
the process of chewing
term metabolism is best define as _____.
the sum of biochemical reactions in the body
Nervous control of gastric secretion is provided by _____.
the vagus nerve and enteric plexus
The amount of ________ produced is probably the most important hormonal factor indetermining BMR.
thyroxine (thyroid hormone)
Dietary form of fat is ______.
triglycerides
The most abundant dietary lipids are ________.
triglycerides
The pancreas produces this protein-digesting enzyme.
trypsin
Which of the following enzymes would be MOST ACTIVE in the presence of a high concentrations of protein fragments?
trypsin
When proteins undergo deamination, the waste substance found in the urine is mostly________.
urea
Which is difference between veganism and vegetarian?
vegan = No animal products; No dairy Vegetarian = Dairy
The absorptive effectiveness of the small intestine is enhanced by increasing the surface are of the mucosal lining. Which of the following accomplish this task?
villi and microvilli
Peristaltic waves are ________.
waves of muscular contractions that propel contents from one point to another
The stomach absorbs _______.
• Some water • Certain salts • Certain lipid-soluble drugs • Some alcohol
The Teeth has the ______ , ________, and _______.
•Hardest structures in the body •20 primary (deciduous) teeth •32 secondary (permanent) teeth
The tongue has the __________ , __________, and __________
•Lingual Frenulum - connects tongue to floor of mouth •Papillae - projections that move food, contain taste buds •Lingual Tonsils - lymphatic tissue masses on root of tongue
Components of pancreatic juice
•Pancreatic amylase - splits starch & glycogen into disaccharides •Pancreatic lipase - breaks down triglycerides •Trypsin - inactive trypsinogen; activated by enterokinase (turns into trypsin) in small intestine (pepsinogen & pepsin) •Chymotrypsin - inactive; activated by trypsin (pepsinogen & pepsin) •Carboxypeptidase - inactive; activated by trypsin •Nucleases - digest nucleic acids •Bicarbonate ions - make pancreatic juice alkaline; buffer stomach acid
Hormonal regulation has ______, ________, and ______.
•Somatostatin: inhibits hydrochloric acid secretion •Gastrin: increases gastric juice secretion •Cholecystokinin (CCK): released by small intestine cells when proteins & fat enter small intestine; decreases gastric motility
