Digestive System BCS2086

Which of the following are NOT absorbed in the large intestine?

-organic wastes, such as urobilinogens -certain vitamins, such as vitamin K -water (All answers are correct)

Order of structures involved in bile transport, from liver to gallbladder on to small intestine

1. Bile Canaliculi 2. Bile Ductules 3. Right & Left Hepatic Ducts 4. Common Hepatic Duct 5. Cystic Duct 7. Common Bile Duct

Of the 1500 mL of material that enters the large intestine on a daily basis, approximately how much water in the material is reabsorbed?

1300 mL

The duodenum differs from the rest of the small intestine in that its submucosa contains many __________ that secrete mucus.

Brunner glands

Which of the following intestinal hormones stimulates the release of bile from the gall bladder?

CCK (cholecystokinin)

Which of the following statements is FALSE concerning aging and the digestive system?

Dehydration becomes less common as a result of the body's inability to effectively rid itself of water.

Match the organ of the digestive system with its function: Carries solid foods and liquids to the stomach.

Esophagus

The peptide hormone that causes the release of insulin from the pancreatic islets is

Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP)

Proper digestion requires the coordinated effort of many hormones with various effects. How do gastrin, cholecystokinin (CCK), and secretin influence digestion?

Gastrin: -Released in response to the presence of partially digested peptides. -Released during the cephalic, gastric and intestinal phases. -Secreted by the stomach and the duodenum -Has stimulatory effect on parietal cells and chief cells. Cholecystokinin: -Released only during the intestinal phase independent of pH level. Secretin: -Released during the intestinal phase when the pH drops below 4.5

Match cell/gland with correct product: Parietal cell

HCI

Peyer patches are associated with which region of the intestine?

Ileum

Voluntary process of taking in food through the mouth:

Ingestion

What statement does NOT pertain to the cephalic phase of gastric secretion?

It controls the rate at which chyme enters the small intestine.

Treatment for a morbidly obese man includes surgery to reduce the length of his intestine. Which region of the small intestine should be removed to achieve greatest weight loss?

Jejunum

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the Kupffer cells of the liver?

Kupffer cells have the ability to produce bile.

Match the organ of the digestive system with its function: Reabsorption of water, absorption of important vitamins and storage of fecal matter.

Large intestine

Major organs of the digestive system include:

Mouth (oral cavity), pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine

Which of the following occurs during the defecation reflex?

Parasympathetic centers in the sacral region of the spinal cord stimulate mass movements.

Which of the following is NOT a pancreatic enzyme?

Pepsinogen

Match the organ of the digestive system with its function: Temporary storage of fecal matter.

Rectum

Which of the following describes the local response in the stomach during the gastric phase of gastric regulation?

Released histamines stimulate parietal cells to secrete acid.

From the outside in, the correct order of the layers of the digestive tract is

Serosa, muscularis externa, submucosa, mucosa

Match the organ of the digestive system with its function: Digestion and absorption of nutrients.

Small Intestine

Match the organ of the digestive system with its function.: Mastication of food:

Teeth

Accessory organs of the digestive system:

Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

Which of the following occurs during the pharyngeal phase of deglutition?

The larynx elevates, and the uvula and soft palate block the nasopharynx.

What do the gastroenteric reflex and the gastroileal reflex have in common?

They both respond to signals associated with the distension of the stomach wall

Enteric interneurons that are inhibitory to smooth muscle use which of the following neurotransmitters?

VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide)

Concentrated crystals of minerals and salts in the gallbladder produce __________.

a condition called cholelithiasis

In response to a steak dinner, certain secretions are needed to aid digestion. What cells in the pancreas would provide these secretions?

acinar cells

pancreatic juice is _____________.

alkaline

The gastroenteric reflex stimulates motility __________.

along the entire length of the small intestine

Which of the following is NOT a brush border enzyme?

amylase

In the oral cavity, the digestive enzyme __________ is found in saliva and begins the digestion of __________.

amylase; starch

Bile acts as __________.

an emulsifier (vital for lipid digestion)

A small, slender structure that is attached to the large intestine and is dominated by lymphoid nodules is the __________.

appendix

The secretion in the large intestine consists of which of the following?

bicarbonate- and potassium-rich mucus

Crushing, mashing, and grinding of food are best accomplished by the action of the

bicuspids

The vitamins liberated by bacterial action and absorbed in the large intestine are

biotin, pantothenic acid, vitamin K

Which of the following is a function of the stomach?

both mechanical breakdown of food and production of intrinsic factor

Liver cells, or hepatocytes, receive blood from the __________.

both the hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein

The pancreas produces digestive enzymes that digest __________.

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

Which of the following is NOT a region of the small intestine?

cecum

When you walk into a Mexican restaurant and smell the savory aroma of fajitas, which phase of gastric activity is triggered?

cephalic phase

Which of the following phases of gastric activity is caused by the sight, taste, or thought of food?

cephalic phase

HCl secretions convert pepsinogen to the active hormone pepsin. What cells in the gastric pits produce pepsinogen?

chief

Match cell/gland with correct product: intestinal glands

cholecystokinin

This is secreted when chyme is rich in lipids and partially digested proteins. It triggers the opening of the hepatopancreatic sphincter.

cholecystokinin

The hormone that promotes the flow of bile and of pancreatic juice containing enzymes is

cholecystokinin (CCK)

The enteroendocrine cells of the intestinal crypts are responsible for producing the intestinal hormones

cholecystokinin and secretin

Triglycerides coated with proteins create a complex known as a

chylomicron

Which of the following products of digestion is NOT taken up by capillaries in the small intestine?

chylomicrons

Which type of tooth is conical with a pointed tip and is used for tearing and slashing?

cuspids

The reflex that occurs in the large intestine and promotes the movement of feces toward the anus is the __________.

defecation reflex

Which of the following is the term for swallowing?

deglutition

Fat-soluble vitamins move across the intestinal mucosa by __________.

diffusion

Which layer of the digestive tract is responsible for peristalsis and segmentation?

digestion

depeptides and trpeptides to amino acids - goes with:

dipeptides

Incisors are used for __________.

dipping or cutting

An enzyme not found in pancreatic juice is

disaccharidase

The three divisions of the small intestine are

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

This is released when chyme enters the small intestine and it stimulates mucin production.

enterocrinin

trypsinogen to typsin - goes with:

enteropeptidase

The enzyme lactase, which digests lactose to glucose and galactose, is synthesized by

epithelial cells lining the small intestine

Hydrochloric acid in the stomach functions primarily to

facilitate protein digestion

Salivation is controlled almost entirely by the nervous system. Which of the following stimuli would inhibit salivation?

fear

The parts of the stomach include

fundus, body, pylorus

Secreted when fats and especially glucose enters the intestine, this enzyme triggers the release of insulin at the pancreas.

gastric inhibitory peptide

Match cell/gland with correct product: G cells

gastrin

This stimulates of increased motility in the stomach and the production of acids and enzymes.

gastrin

The hormone ___________ increases the activity of parietal and chief cells

gastrin (GRP)

Which of the following is secreted by the stomach?

gastrin (GRP)

The mesentery that hangs like an apron from the lateral and inferior portion of the stomach is the

greater omentum

The muscular sphincter that guards the entrance between the ileum and the cecum is the

ileocecal valve

Which of the following is NOT a function of the liver?

immunologic regulation

Which type of tooth is responsible for clipping and cutting?

incisor

The plicae of the intestinal mucosa, which bears the intestinal villi, are structural features that provide for

increased total surface area for absorption

Which of the following is a function of the digestive tract?

ingestion excretion absorption digestion (all of these answers are correct)

Sympathetic stimulation __________.

inhibits submucosal glands

During which phase in the control of the digestive system would bicarbonate and bile be stimulated?

intestinal phase

The defecation reflex __________.

involves long and short reflexes and involves two positive feedback loops

a disaccharide to the monosaccharides - goes with

lactase

Which of the following is NOT part of the digestive tract?

liver

Peyer patches are

lymphoid nodules located in the ileum

Fatty acids and monoglycerides interact with the bile salts in chyme to form small, lipid-bile salt complexes called __________.

micelles

The chemical breakdown of food into small organic fragments that can be absorbed by the digestive epithelium is __________.

muscularis externa

The movements of the muscularis externa are coordinated by the

myenteric plexus

Which of the following does NOT digest a protein?

nuclease

Which regions of the pharynx serve as passageways for food on its way to the esophagus?

oropharynx and laryngopharynx

Which of the following does NOT digest a carbohydrate?

pancreatic lipase

Which salivary glands produce a thick serous secretion containing large amounts of salivary amylase?

parotid glands

The three pairs of salivary glands that secrete into the oral cavity include

parotid, sublingual, submandibular

proteins to short-chain polypeptides - goes with:

pepsin

Chief cells secrete __________.

pepsinogen

Match cell/gland with correct product: chief cell

pepsinogen

Waves of smooth muscle contraction that propel materials along the digestive tract are called

peristalsis

The numerous transverse folds in the small intestine that serve to increase the surface area for absorption are the __________.

plicae circulares

The wall of the small intestine bears a series of folds called the __________.

plicae circulares

The lowest portion of the stomach, which forms the sharp curve of the J shape of the stomach, is the __________.

pylorus

Which of the following is NOT produced by the gastric glands in the stomach of an adult?

rennin

When the stomach is empty, the mucosa is thrown into folds called __________.

rugae

Part complete An increase in HCl (hydrochloric acid) arriving in the duodenum would stimulate which hormone that would help to counteract the effects of HCl?

secretin

Which of the following GI hormones promotes a pancreatic juice rich in bicarbonate ions?

secretin

Which one of the following organs is not a part of the digestive system?

spleen

Match the organ of the digestive system with its function: Bulk storage of indigested food, chemical and mechanical breakdown of ingested food, and production of the intrinsic factor.

stomach

Which of the following is NOT an effect of advancing age on the digestive system

stronger peristaltic contractions, resulting in diarrhea

Which layer of the digestive tract contains large blood vessels, lymphatics, and a network of nerve fibers called the plexus of Meissner?

submucosa

Norepinephrine is the neurotransmitter released by which fibers?

sympathetic postganglionic fibers

The longitudinal ribbon of smooth muscle visible on the outer surfaces of the colon just beneath the serosa are the

taenia coli

The mucosa and submucosa of the esophagus are folded __________.

to allow the expansion of the esophagus during the passage of a large bolus

What is the function of bile?

to emulsify lipids

Which oral structure(s) is (are) responsible for manipulating food to assist in chewing and in the production of the enzyme lipase

tongue

Match cell/gland with correct product: brunner glands

uragastrone