Digestive System BCS2086
Which of the following are NOT absorbed in the large intestine?
-organic wastes, such as urobilinogens -certain vitamins, such as vitamin K -water (All answers are correct)
Order of structures involved in bile transport, from liver to gallbladder on to small intestine
1. Bile Canaliculi 2. Bile Ductules 3. Right & Left Hepatic Ducts 4. Common Hepatic Duct 5. Cystic Duct 7. Common Bile Duct
Of the 1500 mL of material that enters the large intestine on a daily basis, approximately how much water in the material is reabsorbed?
1300 mL
The duodenum differs from the rest of the small intestine in that its submucosa contains many __________ that secrete mucus.
Brunner glands
Which of the following intestinal hormones stimulates the release of bile from the gall bladder?
CCK (cholecystokinin)
Which of the following statements is FALSE concerning aging and the digestive system?
Dehydration becomes less common as a result of the body's inability to effectively rid itself of water.
Match the organ of the digestive system with its function: Carries solid foods and liquids to the stomach.
Esophagus
The peptide hormone that causes the release of insulin from the pancreatic islets is
Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP)
Proper digestion requires the coordinated effort of many hormones with various effects. How do gastrin, cholecystokinin (CCK), and secretin influence digestion?
Gastrin: -Released in response to the presence of partially digested peptides. -Released during the cephalic, gastric and intestinal phases. -Secreted by the stomach and the duodenum -Has stimulatory effect on parietal cells and chief cells. Cholecystokinin: -Released only during the intestinal phase independent of pH level. Secretin: -Released during the intestinal phase when the pH drops below 4.5
Match cell/gland with correct product: Parietal cell
HCI
Peyer patches are associated with which region of the intestine?
Ileum
Voluntary process of taking in food through the mouth:
Ingestion
What statement does NOT pertain to the cephalic phase of gastric secretion?
It controls the rate at which chyme enters the small intestine.
Treatment for a morbidly obese man includes surgery to reduce the length of his intestine. Which region of the small intestine should be removed to achieve greatest weight loss?
Jejunum
Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the Kupffer cells of the liver?
Kupffer cells have the ability to produce bile.
Match the organ of the digestive system with its function: Reabsorption of water, absorption of important vitamins and storage of fecal matter.
Large intestine
Major organs of the digestive system include:
Mouth (oral cavity), pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine
Which of the following occurs during the defecation reflex?
Parasympathetic centers in the sacral region of the spinal cord stimulate mass movements.
Which of the following is NOT a pancreatic enzyme?
Pepsinogen
Match the organ of the digestive system with its function: Temporary storage of fecal matter.
Rectum
Which of the following describes the local response in the stomach during the gastric phase of gastric regulation?
Released histamines stimulate parietal cells to secrete acid.
From the outside in, the correct order of the layers of the digestive tract is
Serosa, muscularis externa, submucosa, mucosa
Match the organ of the digestive system with its function: Digestion and absorption of nutrients.
Small Intestine
Match the organ of the digestive system with its function.: Mastication of food:
Teeth
Accessory organs of the digestive system:
Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
Which of the following occurs during the pharyngeal phase of deglutition?
The larynx elevates, and the uvula and soft palate block the nasopharynx.
What do the gastroenteric reflex and the gastroileal reflex have in common?
They both respond to signals associated with the distension of the stomach wall
Enteric interneurons that are inhibitory to smooth muscle use which of the following neurotransmitters?
VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide)
Concentrated crystals of minerals and salts in the gallbladder produce __________.
a condition called cholelithiasis
In response to a steak dinner, certain secretions are needed to aid digestion. What cells in the pancreas would provide these secretions?
acinar cells
pancreatic juice is _____________.
alkaline
The gastroenteric reflex stimulates motility __________.
along the entire length of the small intestine
Which of the following is NOT a brush border enzyme?
amylase
In the oral cavity, the digestive enzyme __________ is found in saliva and begins the digestion of __________.
amylase; starch
Bile acts as __________.
an emulsifier (vital for lipid digestion)
A small, slender structure that is attached to the large intestine and is dominated by lymphoid nodules is the __________.
appendix
The secretion in the large intestine consists of which of the following?
bicarbonate- and potassium-rich mucus
Crushing, mashing, and grinding of food are best accomplished by the action of the
bicuspids
The vitamins liberated by bacterial action and absorbed in the large intestine are
biotin, pantothenic acid, vitamin K
Which of the following is a function of the stomach?
both mechanical breakdown of food and production of intrinsic factor
Liver cells, or hepatocytes, receive blood from the __________.
both the hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein
The pancreas produces digestive enzymes that digest __________.
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
Which of the following is NOT a region of the small intestine?
cecum
When you walk into a Mexican restaurant and smell the savory aroma of fajitas, which phase of gastric activity is triggered?
cephalic phase
Which of the following phases of gastric activity is caused by the sight, taste, or thought of food?
cephalic phase
HCl secretions convert pepsinogen to the active hormone pepsin. What cells in the gastric pits produce pepsinogen?
chief
Match cell/gland with correct product: intestinal glands
cholecystokinin
This is secreted when chyme is rich in lipids and partially digested proteins. It triggers the opening of the hepatopancreatic sphincter.
cholecystokinin
The hormone that promotes the flow of bile and of pancreatic juice containing enzymes is
cholecystokinin (CCK)
The enteroendocrine cells of the intestinal crypts are responsible for producing the intestinal hormones
cholecystokinin and secretin
Triglycerides coated with proteins create a complex known as a
chylomicron
Which of the following products of digestion is NOT taken up by capillaries in the small intestine?
chylomicrons
Which type of tooth is conical with a pointed tip and is used for tearing and slashing?
cuspids
The reflex that occurs in the large intestine and promotes the movement of feces toward the anus is the __________.
defecation reflex
Which of the following is the term for swallowing?
deglutition
Fat-soluble vitamins move across the intestinal mucosa by __________.
diffusion
Which layer of the digestive tract is responsible for peristalsis and segmentation?
digestion
depeptides and trpeptides to amino acids - goes with:
dipeptides
Incisors are used for __________.
dipping or cutting
An enzyme not found in pancreatic juice is
disaccharidase
The three divisions of the small intestine are
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
This is released when chyme enters the small intestine and it stimulates mucin production.
enterocrinin
trypsinogen to typsin - goes with:
enteropeptidase
The enzyme lactase, which digests lactose to glucose and galactose, is synthesized by
epithelial cells lining the small intestine
Hydrochloric acid in the stomach functions primarily to
facilitate protein digestion
Salivation is controlled almost entirely by the nervous system. Which of the following stimuli would inhibit salivation?
fear
The parts of the stomach include
fundus, body, pylorus
Secreted when fats and especially glucose enters the intestine, this enzyme triggers the release of insulin at the pancreas.
gastric inhibitory peptide
Match cell/gland with correct product: G cells
gastrin
This stimulates of increased motility in the stomach and the production of acids and enzymes.
gastrin
The hormone ___________ increases the activity of parietal and chief cells
gastrin (GRP)
Which of the following is secreted by the stomach?
gastrin (GRP)
The mesentery that hangs like an apron from the lateral and inferior portion of the stomach is the
greater omentum
The muscular sphincter that guards the entrance between the ileum and the cecum is the
ileocecal valve
Which of the following is NOT a function of the liver?
immunologic regulation
Which type of tooth is responsible for clipping and cutting?
incisor
The plicae of the intestinal mucosa, which bears the intestinal villi, are structural features that provide for
increased total surface area for absorption
Which of the following is a function of the digestive tract?
ingestion excretion absorption digestion (all of these answers are correct)
Sympathetic stimulation __________.
inhibits submucosal glands
During which phase in the control of the digestive system would bicarbonate and bile be stimulated?
intestinal phase
The defecation reflex __________.
involves long and short reflexes and involves two positive feedback loops
a disaccharide to the monosaccharides - goes with
lactase
Which of the following is NOT part of the digestive tract?
liver
Peyer patches are
lymphoid nodules located in the ileum
Fatty acids and monoglycerides interact with the bile salts in chyme to form small, lipid-bile salt complexes called __________.
micelles
The chemical breakdown of food into small organic fragments that can be absorbed by the digestive epithelium is __________.
muscularis externa
The movements of the muscularis externa are coordinated by the
myenteric plexus
Which of the following does NOT digest a protein?
nuclease
Which regions of the pharynx serve as passageways for food on its way to the esophagus?
oropharynx and laryngopharynx
Which of the following does NOT digest a carbohydrate?
pancreatic lipase
Which salivary glands produce a thick serous secretion containing large amounts of salivary amylase?
parotid glands
The three pairs of salivary glands that secrete into the oral cavity include
parotid, sublingual, submandibular
proteins to short-chain polypeptides - goes with:
pepsin
Chief cells secrete __________.
pepsinogen
Match cell/gland with correct product: chief cell
pepsinogen
Waves of smooth muscle contraction that propel materials along the digestive tract are called
peristalsis
The numerous transverse folds in the small intestine that serve to increase the surface area for absorption are the __________.
plicae circulares
The wall of the small intestine bears a series of folds called the __________.
plicae circulares
The lowest portion of the stomach, which forms the sharp curve of the J shape of the stomach, is the __________.
pylorus
Which of the following is NOT produced by the gastric glands in the stomach of an adult?
rennin
When the stomach is empty, the mucosa is thrown into folds called __________.
rugae
Part complete An increase in HCl (hydrochloric acid) arriving in the duodenum would stimulate which hormone that would help to counteract the effects of HCl?
secretin
Which of the following GI hormones promotes a pancreatic juice rich in bicarbonate ions?
secretin
Which one of the following organs is not a part of the digestive system?
spleen
Match the organ of the digestive system with its function: Bulk storage of indigested food, chemical and mechanical breakdown of ingested food, and production of the intrinsic factor.
stomach
Which of the following is NOT an effect of advancing age on the digestive system
stronger peristaltic contractions, resulting in diarrhea
Which layer of the digestive tract contains large blood vessels, lymphatics, and a network of nerve fibers called the plexus of Meissner?
submucosa
Norepinephrine is the neurotransmitter released by which fibers?
sympathetic postganglionic fibers
The longitudinal ribbon of smooth muscle visible on the outer surfaces of the colon just beneath the serosa are the
taenia coli
The mucosa and submucosa of the esophagus are folded __________.
to allow the expansion of the esophagus during the passage of a large bolus
What is the function of bile?
to emulsify lipids
Which oral structure(s) is (are) responsible for manipulating food to assist in chewing and in the production of the enzyme lipase
tongue
Match cell/gland with correct product: brunner glands
uragastrone
