Digestive System
parotid
Of these, the parotids are the largest. The parotid ducts are called Stensen ducts. The submandibular glands are located just below the mandibular angle. Their ducts are the Wharton ducts. The smallest extrinsic salivary glands are the sublingual glands. They lie in front of the submandibular glands and are drained by the ducts of Rivinus.
descending colon
At this point, the colon continues in a downward direction and is called
There are eight steps that occur to get food from the mouth to the stomach:
1- The food is chewed up and moistened with saliva to become a bolus, or a rounded mass of food. 2 - The bolus is pushed to the back of the mouth by the tongue and the cheeks. 3 - The soft palate and pendant uvula seal off the nasal cavity. 4 - The tip of the tongue pushes up against the top of the mouth while the base of the tongue pushes the food down, and the sides of the pharynx contract. 5 - The hyoid bone and the larynx are elevated. 6-The bolus pushes down on the epiglottis, which blocks the trachea. 7-A contraction of the pharynx pushes the bolus into the esophagus, past the larynx. 8-Another wave of contractions pushes the bolus through the esophagus to the stomach. The muscles of the neck and throat then relax and return to their normal breathing position
The approximate length of the GI tract.
30 feet
fundus
A. dome-shaped portion of stomach
splenic flexure
At the left abdominal wall, there is another sharp bend in the colon called the
hepatic flexure
At the liver, the colon bends sharply, an area referred to as the
lower esophageal sphincter
B. controls opening into the stomach
pyloric sphincter
C. controls opening into the small intestine
The tongue is a muscle that occupies most of the space on the floor of the mouth. The tongue serves several purposes:
Contains taste buds for the ability to taste food and differentiate between sour, sweet, bitter, and spicy. Manipulates food that is being chewed by gripping it and repositioning it between the teeth for mastication. Helps mix saliva with food in order to form a compact mass or bolus of food. During swallowing, the tongue helps to push the food bolus or liquids into the pharynx for further digestion. In speech, the tongue aids in the formation of various consonants, such as d, k, l, n, t, and w.
ascending colon
Continuing from the cecum in an upward direction is the
sigmoid colon
Finally, the colon terminates in an S-shaped bend that is referred to as the
alimentary canal/GI tract made of
Serosa Muscularis, consisting of the inner and outer muscularis Submucosa Mucosa
Anus/Anal Canal
The anal canal forms a muscular opening in the muscles of the pelvic floor that is called the anus. This is surrounded by both involuntary and voluntary muscular sphincters
Cecum
The first portion of the large intestine, the cecum, opens into the colon and is where the *appendix*, a small finger-like projection, is attached to its medial portion
tunica serosa
The outer layer of the of the portion of the alimentary canal within the abdominal cavity.
oropharynx
The part of the pharynx most concerned with digestion
Colon
The second portion of the large intestine is the colon.
The process of assimilating nutrients.
absorption
The canal which makes up most of the digestive system.
alimentary canal
Finger-like structure off the cecum.
appendix
Along with elastic fibers, this comprises the submucosal layer.
collagen
Teeth consist of three main parts:
crown, neck, and root
The state of being enlarged.
distention
Long, thin sheets of tissue that support the GI tract.
dorsal mesentery
Part of the small intestine that receives secretions from the liver and pancreas.
duodenum
Cartilage that hangs over the larynx.
epiglottis
Between the pharynx and the stomach.
esophagus
The tongue is made up of two different types of muscles
extrinsic and intrinsic. Extrinsic muscles allow the tongue to change position, protrude, retract, move laterally, or wiggle. Intrinsic muscles allow the tongue to change shape to flat, round, firm, and relaxed.
The organ that stores and concentrates bile is the _____.
gallbladder
The branch of medicine dealing with digestion.
gastroenterology
Extending from the larger curvature of the stomach to the transverse colon.
greater omentum
Refers to the GI tract of an embryo.
gut
pharynx
has a role in both respiration and digestion. It is commonly referred to as the throat. There are three areas that make up the pharynx, including:
Where small and large intestines meet.
ileocecal valve
minor salivary glands
in the mucosa of the tongue, palate, lips, and cheeks. They are responsible for maintaining a moist mouth.
Teeth fall into four classifications
incisors, canines, premolars, and molars
duodenum
is curve-shaped, resembling an imperfect circle
fundus
is the dome-shaped portion of the stomach that extends slightly above the cardiac orifice
cardiac orifice
is the junction between the esophagus and the stomach.
greater curvature
is the large curve that makes up the inferior border of the stomach.
lesser curvature
is the smaller curve at the more superior aspect of the stomach
Another word for lips, the _____ works with the cheeks to hold food in your mouth.
labia
The lips are connected to the gums with the _____.
labial frenula
The largest gland in the body, that also produces bile, is the _____.
liver
The hollow part of a tube.
lumen
The layer responsible for contraction.
muscularis
pylorus
of the stomach is the last area of the stomach, just before the duodenum.
body
of the stomach is the widest portion and is located between the lesser and greater curvatures
Double folds of peritoneum.
omentum
Another name for the mouth.
oral cavity
The _____ is the space internal to the teeth that contains the tongue.
oral cavity proper
The organ that creates and secretes juices into the duodenum for breakdown of foods is the _____.
pancreas
Elevations on the tongue.
papillae
The lining of the abdominal cavity.
parietal peritoneum
The process by which the body moves food through the alimentary canal.
peristalsis
epiglottis
prevents food or liquid from entering the trachea during swallowing
Salivary glands
produce saliva, a complex mixture of water, ions, mucus, and enzymes
7 to 8 inch portion of the large intestine.
rectum
The area of the lips where lipstick is applied is called the _____.
red margin
Organs not covered by the peritoneum.
retroperitoneal
A term for releasing enzymes to break down food.
secretion
Another term for visceral peritoneum.
serosa
The outer and final layer of the GI tract.
serosa
Bend in the colon, left of the abdomen.
splenic flexure
Which of the following is not an accessory organ?
splenic flexure
The most distended portion of the alimentary canal.
stomach
oropharynx
the area from the soft palate to the hyoid bone
nasopharynx
the upper-most portion that starts at the back of the nasal cavity
The line between the red of the lips and the skin is called the _____.
vermilion border
The space between the teeth and the lips or cheeks is called the _____.
vestibule
Another name for an organ.
viscera
Rectum
The third portion of the large intestine is the rectum, which is 7 to 8 inches long, and located between the sigmoid colon and the anal canal
sacculations or haustra
There is also a series of bulges in the wall of the large intestine called
Large extrinsic salivary glands
They secrete saliva only when we eat or when we anticipate eating. There are three pairs of extrinsic salivary glands: parotid submandibular sublingual
Describes the body from the chest to the hips.
abdomen
meaning cheek
buccal
laryngopharynx
from the hyoid bone to the esophagus
Means pertaining to the tongue.
lingual
The tongue is connected to the floor of the mouth via the _____.
lingual frenulum
The liver and pancreas are _____ organs.
secretory
The _____ is the lining that protects the inside of the mouth from hard or sharp foods.
stratified squamous epithelium
The second layer surrounding the lumen.
submucosa
Not a function of digestion.
support