GIS Midterm

And, or....

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Map elements

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The categories are then defined by these values. The mean of the seasonal home percentages is 2.58%, and the standard deviation is 4.31%. These figures are used in establishing the breakpoints of each category (Figure 3.6).

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The fourth method uses the Standard Deviation classification (see Figure 3.6) and is based on calculating the mean and standard deviation of the values in the dataset.

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The second classification is the Equal Interval method (see Figure 3.4) which creates the category ranges of equal sizes.

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The third methods is Quantiles (see Figure 3.5), in which the categories each contain an equal (or near-equal) number of entries, regardless of their actual values.

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dynamic text

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on the fly projection

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1 cm ->m->km

100 cm...1m 1000...1km

relational operators menings

= equal <> not equal > greater than < less than >= greater than or equal to <= less than or equal to

SaaS (software as a service)

A cloud structure wherein the software being used is stored on a server at another location and accessed on-demand via the Internet

cloud

A computing structure where data, content and resources are all stored at another location and served to the user via the internet

raster data model

A conceptualization of representing geospatial data with a series of equally spaced and sized grid cells.

Feature Attribute Table

A feature attribute table has access to the spatial data. Every vector data set must have a feature attribute table. For the georelational data model, the feature attribute table uses the feature ID to link to the feature's geometry. For the object-based data model, the feature attribute table has a field that stores the feature's geometry, and the Object ID field. Atribute Data: Rows Columns Each row represent a spatial feature Each column describes a characteristic or it is a field 38 Feature Attribute Table Two types of attribute Data 1. Feature Attribute Table: which has access to feature geometry. Every vector data set must have a feature attribute table. 2. Non spatial attribute data table: • delimited text files, • dBase files, • Excel files, • Access files or • files managed by a database software. 39 Attribute Data and Data Display • Tabular or textual data describing the geographic characteristics of features. • Describes the characteristics of spatial features. • Attribute data are entered into GIS through digitizing and editing, and stored as a collection of tables in a relational database management system (RDBMS) • Data Display: GIS operation for map making. • Map: • Title • Map body • Legend • Scale bar • .........

Map Document

A file that ends with the .mxd extension. map document (.mxd) File that contains information about where all of the data layers used in a session are located, as well as their appearance and settings. • Table of contents (TOC) Data Frame • Layers • Tools toolbar • Standard toolbar

Service

A format for GIS data and maps to be distributed (or served) to others via the Internet

The georelational data model

A geographic data model that represents geographic features as an interrelated set of spatial and attribute data. The georelational model is the fundamental data model used in coverages. The georelational data model (GDM) stores geometries and attributes separately in a split system: geometries ("geo") in graphic files and attributes ("relational") in a relational database. The GDM uses the feature identification number (ID) to link two components. The two components must be synchronized so that they can be queried, analyzed, an displayed in unisom. Both ESRI Coverage and Shapefile are georelational.

Albers Equal Area Conic

A projected coordinate system used for east-west data at mid-latitudes.

Lambert Conformal Conic

A projected coordinate system used for east-west data.

Transverse Mercator

A projected coordinate system used for north-south data.

simple query

A query that only contains one operator

Coordinate System

A reference framework consisting of a set of points, lines, and/or surfaces, and a set of rules, used to define the positions of points in space in either two or three dimensions.

Datum **A reference surface or a model of Earth that can be used to determine locations around the globe, a mathematical model of the Earth, which serves as the reference or base for calculating the geographic coordinates of a location.** **Orgin and Ellipsoid**

A reference surface or a model of Earth that can be used to determine locations around the globe, a mathematical model of the Earth, which serves as the reference or base for calculating the geographic coordinates of a location. • A shift of the datum will result in the shift of positions of points. • The definition of a datum consist of an origin, an ellipsoid, and the separation of the ellipsoid and the Earth at the origin. • Datum and Ellipsoid maybe interchangeable to GIS users, determines where the center of the model is relative to the center of Earth, and allows us to reference coordinates across Earth.

Vertical Coordinate System

A reference system that defines the location of z-values relative to a surface.

Geographic Coordinate System (GCS)

A reference system that uses latitude and longitude to define the locations of points on the surface of a sphere or spheroid. Includes a datum, prime meridian, and angular unit.

Vector Data Model or The Discrete Data Model (Def 2)

A representation of the world using points, lines, and polygons. Vector models are useful for storing data that has discrete boundaries, such as country borders, land parcels, and streets. (ESRI)

Shapefile

A series of files that make up one vector data layer. A simple data structure composed of several computer files that can store points, lines (referred to as polylines), or polygons. Can hold only one type of data.

Geographic coordinate system (GCS)

A set of global latitude and longitude measurements used as a reference system for finding locations.

Projected coordinate system (PCS)

A set of measurements made on a flat gris system, initially derived from a GCS.

Layer

A single dataset used in ArcGIS.

Map Package (.mpk)

A single file that contains the map document, all data layers used in the map document, as well as their appearance. Used to share data.

Geodatabase

A single item that can contain multiple datasets, each as its own feature class.

attribute table

A spreadsheet-style form where the rows consist of individual objects and the columns are the attributes associated with these objects.

GIS: A Formal Definition

A system for capturing, storing, checking, integrating, manipulating, analysing and displaying data which are spatially referenced to the Earth. This is normally considered to involve a spatially referenced computer database and appropriate applications software

credits

A system used by seri to control the amount of content that can be served by an organization in the ARCGIS subscription model

geospatial technologies

A term that encompasses many types of methods and techniques for the collection, analysis, modeling, and visualization of geospatial data.

ArcMap's Standard toolbar

Allows you to create new maps, save your work, print, add data, and copy and paste—all standard functions. It also allows you to access ArcMap's other components and windows.

ArcGIS Online services use the Web Mercator auxiliary sphere map projection (a common setup used for Web mapping utilities such as Google Earth and Bing Maps) for their content and basemap, so when you publish your services, your data are projected on the fly to match this projection.

Also keep in mind that there is a cost involved in publishing and sharing map services with your ArcGIS Online subscription. Your school or organization receives a certain number of credits with its subscription. The sharing of hosted services uses up credits from your organization's account. For instance, publishing and sharing a tiled map service will use up a variable number of credits depending on factors such as the size of the dataset or the scales at which the tiles can be viewed. Your organization's administrator will have information about the number of credits available to you.

Interactive Maps

An interactive map could allow its creator to correct errors or easily update the map with fresh information as it becomes available, rather than reprinting and redistributing maps.

Web map

An interactive online representation of GIS data, which can be accessed via a Web browser

What is a service and how is it published to ArcgiS Online?

ArcGIS Online is a cloud-based GIS. In the cloud structure, things like GIS data, maps, applications, and geospatial content are stored on servers and can be accessed by users via the Internet (Figure 4.2). In this way, people who generate the data and maps don't have to serve those items out to others or be responsible for distributing them. The benefit of using the cloud is that your maps and content are stored somewhere else and can be accessed on-demand as needed. Thus, by publishing your map with ArcGIS Online, you're making your work accessible to others through a Web browser. When you're transferring your map and content from ArcGIS Desktop to the cloud, you'll be setting it up as a service in ArcGIS Online.

Standard toolbar

ArcMap toolbar that contains functions such as opening, saving, and printing map documents, as well as options to open other windows such as ArcToolbox or Catalog

Tools toolbar

ArcMap toolbar that contains functions such as zooming in or out, and selecting or identifying features.

Table of Contents

Component of ArcGIS that shows all layers being used in a map document.

Data Frame

Component of ArcMap that contains and displays all data layers.

Metadata

Created and edited in ArcCatalog. It is the description of the data. The coord. system, measurement units, credits...

Non-spatial data

Data that are descriptive about the spatial data (not location based). • Descriptive information that does not have location-based qualities.

Static Maps

Digital (Soft Copy) Paper (Hard Copy)

ArcGIS Online

Esri's cloud based GIS platform where data and web mapping software can be accessed via the Internet

You can set up two types of hosted services with ArcGIS Online

Feature service. In a feature service, the data layers that you publish are directly accessible by others. Depending on how you establish the feature service, other users will be able to create new features, update your work, make edits, or query a point, line, or polygon to get information about the attribute associated with that object. You will publish your work as a feature service if you want objects to be queried (like you will do in this chapter) or if your work is part of a larger project and others will be working with or updating the layers you upload. For instance, if you are part of an emergency response team, you and the other members of your team could edit and update an online map of a disaster area as new information becomes available. Bradley A. Shellito: DISCOVERING GIS and ArcGIS, First Edition Copyright © 2015 by Worth Publishers Tiled map service. In a tiled service (called simply a "map service" in ArcGIS Online), your layers are displayed as a set of pre-drawn images (referred to as tiles). Thus, your layers will not be set up in a format that will allow you to edit, query, or otherwise access an attribute table. • Rather, they will take the form of an image that can only be displayed. • Tiled map services are useful for visualizing GIS data, especially large GIS data sets. For instance, a map of population change at the census block level can be displayed as a tiled map service that can be turned on and off to show other layers. When your layers are published to ArcGIS Online, their initial projection (whether geographic or projected coordinate system) is not maintained. ArcGIS Online services use the Web Mercator auxiliary sphere map projection (a common setup used for Web mapping utilities such as Google Earth and Bing Maps) for their content and basemap, so when you publish your services, your data are projected on the fly to match this projection. Also keep in mind that there is a cost involved in publishing and sharing map services with your ArcGIS Online subscription. Your school or organization receives a certain number of credits with its subscription. The sharing of hosted services uses up credits from your organization's account. For instance, publishing and sharing a tiled map service will use up a variable number of credits depending on factors such as the size of the dataset or the scales at which the tiles can be viewed. Your organization's administrator will have information about the number of credits available to you.

What are the different types of GIS attribute data in ArcGIS 10.2?

Fields of non-spatial data values in attribute tables represent one of four types of data: nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio data (Figure 2.3).

Key

Fields that two tables have in common with each other in order for the tables to be joined. Unique identifer.

How to make a MapPackage

File, Share as, MapPackage, Analyze, (may need to fill in description and tags), Share

Vector Data

GIS represents real-world items by using: • Points • Lines • Polygons

What kinds of basemaps are available in ArcgiS Online?

In ArcGIS Online, a basemap is a tiled layer upon which your other layers are displayed. It serves as a backdrop image on which to place your data and thus can't be queried or edited. Think of a basemap as a georeferenced background image that you can use when setting up a Web map. ArcGIS Online has several different basemaps available. The choice you make depends on the kind of Web map you're designing (Figure 4.3)

Tiled map service

In a tiled service (called simply a "map service" in ArcGIS Online), your layers are displayed as a set of pre-drawn images (referred to as tiles). Thus, your layers will not be set up in a format that will allow you to edit, query, or otherwise access an attribute table. • Rather, they will take the form of an image that can only be displayed. • Tiled map services are useful for visualizing GIS data, especially large GIS data sets. For instance, a map of population change at the census block level can be displayed as a tiled map service that can be turned on and off to show other layers. When your layers are published to ArcGIS Online, their initial projection (whether geographic or projected coordinate system) is not maintained.

Map Projection

Locations of features on a map are based on a plane coordinate system or a Cartesian CS.. Expressed in x- and y-coordinates. Locations of spatial features on the Earth's surface are based on a GCS expressed in longitude and latitude. A map projection bridges or links the two types of CS. The process of projection transforms the Earth's surface to a plane and the outcome is a map projection., ready to be used for a projected CS.

Join

Method of linking two or more tables together

vector data model

Model that represents geospatial data with a series of vector objects

Vector data model

Model that represents geospatial data with a series of vector objects.

NAD27

North American Datum of 1927

NAD83

North American Datum of 1983

Line

One-dimensional vector object.

Publish

Placing data or content onto a cloud server

vector objects

Points, lines, and polygons that are used to model real-world phenomena using the vector data model. (p.

Vector Object

Points, lines, and polygons that are used to model real-world phenomena using the vector data model.

Orgins of the Geographic Coordinate System

Prime merdian and equator

State Plane

Projected coordinate system that divides states into zones with measurements made in feet or meters.

ArcToolbox

Provides an organized collection of tools used for GIS analysis, data management, data conversion, and many other tasks. Accessible from within both ArcMap and ArcCatalog.

geospatial

Referring to items that are tied to a specific real-world location.

How to join

Select from attribute From which table Condition where value, operator

Map projection

Systemati arrangement...

Symbology

The appearance of a data layer.

Map Scale

The choice of map scale is very important when designing a map, as this choice will affect how much area can be displayed, as well as the types of symbology that can be used. For instance, on a small-scale map (such as a 1:1,000,000 map), cities would be represented as points. Individual features of cities (such as park boundaries) could not be properly represented at that scale. Major roads could be represented, but individual streets could not. However, on a larger-scale map (such as a 1:24,000 map), individual park boundaries could be shown as polygons, and many residential roads could be represented as lines.

fields

The columns of an attribute table.

Arc Catalog or the Catalog window

The component of ArcGIS used for copying, moving, and organizing GIS data

There are four main data-classification methods available, with options for setting up your own customized classification.

The first of these is the Natural Breaks method (also called the Jenks Optimization method). This method looks for naturally occurring gaps between values and uses these gaps to establish the start of each category into which the values will be placed. As Figure 3.3 shows, there are a lot of Ohio counties with low seasonal home percentages, so they get placed into one category, while the small handful of counties with high values get placed into a different category. Natural Breaks is most useful when there are nicely defined break points in the data values.

geographic information systems

The hardware and software that allow for computer-based analysis, manipulation, visualization, and retrieval of location-related data.

1:1

The largest scale map

attributes

The non-spatial data that can be associated with a geospatial location.

Datum

The reference specifications of a measurement system, usually a system of coordinate positions on a surface (a horizontal datum) or heights above or below a surface (a vertical datum).

records

The rows of an attribute table.

SQL

The structured query language, a formal setup for building queries

ArcGIS for Desktop 10.2

The version of Esri's GIS software for use on a personal computer released in 2013. • ArcGIS Basic (ArcView) • ArcGIS Standard (ArcEditor) • ArcGIS Advanced (ArcInfo)

Extent

The viewable dimensions of a layer.

Microsoft's Bing Maps program by obtaining a Bing Maps key from Microsoft. Bing Maps imagery can also be viewed online at www.bing.com/maps.

These basemaps include: • Bing Maps Aerial: This layer contains high-resolution imagery. • Bing Maps Hybrid: This is the same layer as the Bing Maps Aerial, but also includes labels for features like cities, boundaries, and road names. • Bing Maps Road: This layer contains the street map information (but not the imagery) that is also available through Bing Maps. As with other tiled ArcGIS Online map services, you can download and access these layers in ArcGIS Desktop (see Chapter 5 for more about how to do this).

Oceans

This basemap is intended for use in ocean and marine maps. It features water bodies, coastlines, and bathymetry.

Streets

This is a world street map that also labels cities, parks, water features, and some building footprints.

Imagery with Labels

This is the same layer as the Imagery layer, but it also includes labeled country boundaries, as well as labeled state and county boundaries for the United States.

Imagery

This layer contains a variety of images from different satellite sensors (or aerial photography platforms). The imagery that is visible depends on what scale you're zoomed in at or what area of the world you're viewing.

Topographic

This layer covers the world, showing built features as well as land cover and shaded relief.

Light Gray Canvas

This layer is intended to provide geographic reference, but because of its light gray color, it remains in the background and allows for the appearance of your data to "jump" off the screen. As such, it contains minimal labels and features and is intended for use as a neutral backdrop.

Terrain with Labels

This layer provides shaded terrain relief, water features, and bathymetry, as well as country, state, and county borders and labels.

OpenStreetMap

This layer shows road features from the OpenStreetMap project, an open source online map that can be edited by anyone. OpenStreetMap data can be viewed online at http://www.openstreetmap.org.

National Geographic

This world map shows a variety of roads, city features, water bodies, and landmarks, along with shaded relief and land cover.

Shapefile examples

Thus, a line shapefile would hold roads data, while a polygon shapefile would hold county boundary data.

Project

To change a layer from one coordinate system to another

What kinds of basemaps are available in ArcgiS Online?

Topographic Terrain with Labels Light Gray Canvas National Geographic Oceans OpenStreetMap

Object-Based Data Model

Treats spatial data as objects. It differs from the georelational data model in two important aspects. • The object-based data model stores both the spatial and attribute data of spatial features in a single system. • The object-based data model allows a spatial feature (object) to be associated with a set of properties and methods. • Each Object or spatial feature is associated with a set of properties and methods. • A property describes an attribute or characteristics of an object (shape, extent..) • A method performs a specific action on the object (copy, delete..)

Polygon

Two-dimensional vector object.

UTM

Universal Transverse Mercator projected coordinate system that divides the world into 60 reference zones with measurements in meters.

ArcCatalog

Used for browsing for maps and spatial data, managing spatial data, and viewing and creating metadata.

ArcMap

Used for visualizing spatial data, performing spatial analysis and creating maps to show the results.

A service is a format for your GIS data and maps to be distributed (or "served") to others via the Internet.

When publishing to ArcGIS Online, you will be setting up a hosted service, so named because someone else (that is, the computers and servers that make up ArcGIS Online) are holding ("hosting") the data and enabling the distribution for you.

WGS84

World Geodetic System datum of 1984

Point

Zero-dimensional vector object.

feature services

a hosted service that allows a user to share GIS data layers that can also be displayed, queried, or edited

tiled map service

a hosted service that sets up GIS data as a series of image tiles that can be displayed but not queried or edited

relate

a type of join that establishes a connection between tables but does not append from one table to another table

map service

aka tiled map service

Manual method

allows you to define your own breakpoints for categories. The Defined Interval method works like Equal Interval, except you can specify how large each of the categories should be. Geometrical Interval attempts to have the same number of values in each category but be useful for continuous data (it's a blend of the Natural Breaks, Equal Interval, and Quantiles methods). (A few other data-classification methods available in ArcGIS allow a greater degree of customization.)

Topographic maps

are specific kinds of reference maps that show factors such as landforms, land cover types, and other built or natural features.

Choropleth maps

are thematic maps that show multiple values (rather than, say, the two choices of "red state" or "blue state").

Ordinal data

are used to represent a ranking system of some kind with respect to the data. If a field represents a phenomenon where something is in first place, something else is in second place, and another item is in third place, then you're dealing with ordinal data. Ordinal data don't tell us anything about how much faster the first-place horse was than the second- place horse, only that one is first and one is second.

Ratio data

are used when the difference between numbers is significant, and there exists a fixed and non-arbitrary zero value as the bottom of the measurement scale. For instance, your age and weight are both ratio data because you can't be less than zero years old or weigh less than zero pounds.

Interval data

are used when the difference between numbers is significant, but there is no fixed zero point. With interval data, the value of zero is just another number on the scale and does not represent the bottom of the scale. Celsius temperature is an example of interval data—in the Celsius scale, zero degrees represents the freezing point of water, but Celsius measures temperatures below zero (and thus zero is not the bottom of the Celsius scale).

Table Connections

by a join, or the merging of two (or more) tables into one. A join can be performed only if the two tables have a field in common (referred to as a key). It's on the basis of this key that data from one set of records can be linked to another set of records.

Projection

converts data sets from GCS to projected CS.

Reprojection

converts from one projected CS to another system.

Reference maps

convey location information or highlight various features of an area.

Cartesian coordinate system

created by three perpendicular axes, commonly labeled X,Y,and Z

Projection Converts

data sets from GCS to projected CS.

Discrete data

distinct features that have • definite boundaries and identities • A district, houses, towns, agricultural fields, rivers, highways

Reprojection Converts

from one projected CS to another system.

Thematic maps

illustrate a specific theme.

Geospatial

implies a subset of spatial applied to the Earth's surface and near surface

A map

is a visual representation of geospatial data that conveys a message about location-based concepts

A map

is a visual representation of geospatial data that conveys a message about location-based concepts. Cartography is the art and science of mapmaking Maps are produced for presentation and reports. Maps are visual tools, effective in communicating geospatial data Communication of the location of geospatial data Distribution pattern of the geospatial data Map: A graphic representation of the spatial relationships of entities within an area. Map: Any graphical representation of geographic or spatial information. ESRI Software: The document used in ArcMap to display and work with geographic data. In ArcMap, a map contains one or more layers of geographic data, contained in data frames, and various supporting map elements, such as a scale bar

Quantiles

is best used when your data values are evenly distributed (which this dataset is not).

Equal Interval

is most useful when the data values are continuous without a large number of very high or very low values.

Cartography

is the art and science of mapmaking

Standard deviation

is the average distance that a single data value is away from the mean (or average) of all the data values.

Small-scale

maps often show a larger geographic area but have a smaller RF value (such as 1:250000).

Large-scale

maps show a smaller geographic area and have a larger RF value (such as 1:4000). The largest-scale map you could make would be 1:1, in which one unit of measurement on the map would reflect one unit of real-world measurement (in other words, a 1:1 map would be the same size as the area that it represented).

Continuous data

no define borders or distinctive values • instead, a transition from one value to another • Temperature, precipitation, elevation

relational operators

one of the six connectors (=, <>,>,<,>=,<=) used to bild a queary

Spatial

refers to any space, often used in place of geographic

Geographic

refers to the Earth's surface and near-surface

Geographic scale

refers to the real-world size or area of something. If you're making a map of the entire United States, that map would cover a very large geographic scale, while a map of your property boundaries would reflect a very small geographic scale.

Map scale

reflects how many units of measurement on the map are equal to a number of units in the real world. For instance, one inch measured on a map might be equivalent to 5000 inches in the real world. Map scale is usually measured as a Representative Fraction (RF), such as 1:150000. This ratio indicates that one unit of measurement on the map (such as one inch or one centimeter) represents 150,000 of the same units in the real world. Depending on the Representative Fraction and map scale, maps are considered small-scale maps or large-scale maps.

Nominal data

represent some type of unique identifier, such as your phone number, bank account number, or Social Security number. Names or descriptive information associated with a location or phenomenon are also nominal data.

hosted services

series term for the different types of map services that can be utilized through arcGIS online

query

the conditions used to retrieve data from a database or table

Web Mercator auxiliary sphere

the projected coordinate system used by ARCGIS online

Geodetic systems or geodetic data

used in geodesy, navigation, surveying by cartographers and satellite navigation systems to translate positions indicated on their products to their real position on earth. The systems are needed because the earth is not a perfect sphere.

one-to-one join

when a single record is connected to another single record for a join

selection

when certain records or features are chosen and set aside from the remainder of the records or features

many-to-one join

when many records in an attribute table can have one other record from another table attached to them during a join

Projected Coordinate System

• A reference system used to locate x, y, and z positions of point, line, and area features in two or three dimensions. • Defined by a geographic coordinate system, a map projection, any parameters needed by the map projection, and a linear unit of measure.

ArcGIS

• A software program, used to create, display and analyze geospatial data. • Developed by Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI) of Redlands, California

Components of ArcGIS

• ArcCatalog • ArcMap

Attribute Data

• Data is stored in tables. • Organized by row and column. • Each row represents a spatial feature, each column describes a characteristic, and the intersection of a column and a row shows the value of a particular characteristic for a particular feature. • Tabular or textual data describing the geographic characteristics of features. • Georelational data model stores spatial and attribute data separately and links the two by feature ID. • The two data sets are synchronized for querying, analysis and display. • Object based data model combines both geometry and attributes in a single system. • Each spatial feature has a unique object ID and an attribute to store its geometry. • Both Systems operate on the relational database environment. • Only Integer raster has a value attribute table, which summarizes cell values and their frequencies.

Why is GIS Relevant or Unique

• GIS handles SPATIAL information • Information that is referenced by its location in space (and even in time!) • GIS makes connections between activities based on spatial proximity

Spatial and Non-Spatial Data

• GIS uses spatial and non spatial data • GIS allows the merger or connection of spatial and non-spatial data. • Non-spatial data: Data that are descriptive about the spatial data (not location based). • In ArcGIS, all of the information (spatial and non-spatial) about a layer is stored in that layer's attribute table. • This table consists of a series of rows (referred to as records) and columns (referred to as fields). • The table's records represent each separate object. • The table's fields contain all of the attributes (or related information) about each record, such as any non-spatial data.

Discrete Object View

• The conceptualization of the world that all items can be represented by objects. • These points, lines, and polygons are referred to as vector objects and make up the basis of the GIS vector data model.

Datum Problems

• The problem is that there's no one universal datum used for all measurements. Literally hundreds of different datums exist, some of which reference the entire globe, while others are used for more local references. • Because the datum is the starting point for determining coordinates, measurements made in one datum won't necessarily line up with measurements made from another datum.

Vector Data Model or The Discrete Data Model

• To prepare spatial data for computer processing, the vector data model first uses points and their x-, y- coordinates to represent spatial features as points, lines, and areas. • Then it organizes geometric objects and their spatial relationships into digital data files that the computer can access, interpret, and process. • Coverage and Shapefile are examples of the Georelational Data Model which uses a split system to store geometries and attributes. • Geodatabase is an example of the Object-Based Data Model, which stores geometries and attributes in a single file.

Characteristics of Spatial Data

•"mappable" characteristics •Discrete or continuous •Spatial relationships

Common Map Elements

•Common map elements are the • title, • body, • legend, • north arrow, • scale, • acknowledgment • neatline/map border. Other elements include the • graticule or grid, • name of map projection, • inset or location map • data quality information.

"Mappable" characteristics

•Location (coordinate system, will be lectured later) •Size is calculated by the amount (length, area, perimeter) of the data •Shape is defined as shape (point, line, area) of the feature