Diversity & Multiculturalism

According to the authors of the chapter, how is gender determined?

Biologically & Socially

Native American sacred places are used for all of the following EXCEPT vision seeking. community and political meetings. prayer. teaching youth traditions.

community and political meetings.

Experiences of oppression can lead to __________, according to a 2001 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services report.

increased substance abuse

Oppression exists at the __________ level(s).

individual, cultural, & institutional

self-disclosure is an example of

individualism

_________ occurs when women or men begin to believe systemically received negative messages about their own sex.

internalized sexism

In comparison to the past, people are living

longer lives

The __________ model has been criticized for focusing mainly on what is wrong with a disabled person instead of a more broad focus.

medical

most new HIV infection rates occur among

men who have sex with men

The counseling profession as a whole tends to replicate the values, beliefs, and behaviors of the __________ socioeconomic status group.

middle class

A factor that might cause diverse clients to avoid counseling is

mistrust of the counseling profession, misdiagnosis, and/or inaccessibility of services

It is imperative that professional counselors interpret client presentation based on

norms from within the client's culture

The biggest change in the population by the turn of the 22nd century is expected to be in the number of

older men

Research indicates that African Americans have been ______ with psychosis and _____ with depression.

overdiagnosed; underdiagnosed

Helms (1995) describes interactions in which the parties share similar racial attitudes and assumptions as

parallel

Framing the normal difficulties and developmental struggles of everyday life in a negative way is referred to as

pathologizing

In the Native American worldview, time has its place. This is a sign of ___________________.

patience

developing multicultural competency involves a

systems approach

As counselors work with clients who experience daily prejudice and discrimination, it is important that counselors examine

the counselor's own prejudices, clients' emotions associated with these experiences, & clients' environmental stressors associated with stereotyping.

According to Hays, Chang, and Chaney, __________ is a reason why counselors do not engage in social justice counseling.

the high intrapersonal costs for counselors

Sexism manifests as women internalize doubt in their own abilities through

the impostor phenomenon

The main reason given for funding disparities in public education is

the lack of federal funding standards and overreliance on local property taxes.

It is possible to move between wealth and poverty, but __________ remains more consistent.

SES

The __________ program requires the client to have previously worked and "paid into the system".

SSDI

Children with significant disabilities might be eligible for the

SSI program

_________ refers to the act of arguing on behalf of an individual, group, idea, or issue in the pursuit of influencing outcomes.

Social advocacy

_________ refers to a belief in a just world that respects and protects human rights.

Social justice

Which of the following statements accurately reflects Hays and Erford's discussion of classism and theory?

Some counseling theories are more inclusive of classism than others.

Approximately ______ U.S. children, ages 6 to 14, have a disability.

4 million

The GLSEN reported that __________ of LGBTQI middle and High School students have been verbally harassed in the schools.

74.1%

The number of lesbian, gay, and bisexual Americans is estimated to total

9 million

Which of the following is a critical element included in the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)? Physical or mental impairment Substantial limits to major life activities Difficulty walking, speaking, hearing All of the above

All of the above

__________ is NOT a domain covered in the CSJ Advocacy Competencies for counseling professionals. Client/student empowerment Social/political advocacy Community collaboration All of the above are CSJ Advocacy Counseling domains.

All of the above are CSJ Advocacy Counseling domains.

Which of the following has NOT been used as a method for classifying race? examining blood quantum. measuring skulls. scientific methods. All of the above are methods that have been used for classifying race.

All of the above are methods that have been used for classifying race.

The author recommended several levels of intervention for addressing class-based oppression. __________ was NOT included as a level of advocacy. Professional level Sociopolitical level Individual/client level All of the above were included

All of the above were included

Social justice counseling refers to counseling that recognizes the impact of __________ on the mental health of individuals. oppression privilege discrimination All of the above.

All of the above.

After Hiroshi's client informs him that she was denied an apartment lease due to her race, he refers his client to the free legal clinic available to university students. This is an example from the Social Justice Advocacy Competency domain of

Client/Student Advocacy.

Which of the following is one of ACA's Gerontological Competencies? Demonstrates little knowledge of special considerations and techniques for group work with older persons. Demonstrate knowledge of sources of literature reporting research about teenagers and ethical issues in research with young subjects. Exhibits sensitivity to sensory and physical limitations of older persons through appropriate environmental modifications.

Exhibits sensitivity to sensory and physical limitations of older persons through appropriate environmental modifications.

The __________ prohibits discrimination in housing rentals, sales, and mortgage lending.

Fair Housing Act

____ is a term that describes the gender role expression of Latinas and refers to extreme femininity and subordination to males.

Marianismo

Which of the following serves as an advocacy sounding board for the betterment of Latinos in the United States?

National Council of La Raza

The gay identity development process is a fairly simple process. begins at a specific age. is over by midlife. None of the above

None of the above

"Classism" can best be described as

Prejudice and discriminatory behavior based on the perceived or actual class status of others.

_________ is defined as having access, advantage, and a majority status.

Privilege

Traditional women's roles were challenged during which major event?

WWII

Focusing only on racial dynamics in a counseling relationship refers to

color consciousness.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of White supremacy? Individuals who do not identify as White may have some degree of White privilege. Whites can hold several myths that perpetuate White supremacy. White privilege does not have any intellectual or psychological costs to Whites. It is often invisible to Whites.

White privilege does not have any intellectual or psychological costs to Whites.

poverty has NOT been associated with

a greater likelihood that members of poverty will access mental health resources.

A living wage is best described as

a minimum wage that is sufficient to support all basic needs.

Changes in behavior, cognitions values and beliefs that occur as a cultural minority group comes in contact with the dominant culture is known as

acculturation

Poston's model of biracial identity includes all of the following stages EXCEPT appreciation. enmeshment/denial. achieved. personal identity.

achieved.

Cultural identities of clients should be acknowledged in counseling because client cultural identities

affect client experiences in counseling & may differ from the counselor's cultural identity

Voicing racial slurs when discussing people of color primarily refers to a(n) __________ disposition.

affective-impulsive

According to the ALGBTIC competencies, competent counselors understand that homosexuality, bisexuality, and gender nonconformity are not forms of psychopathology. not evidence of developmental arrest. core characteristics that influence clients' perceptions of themselves and their worlds. All of the above

all of the above

Major goals of gay affirmative counseling include promoting positive identity development. promoting psychological adjustment. focusing on issues specific to gays, lesbians, and bisexuals All of the above

all of the above

Older adults may undergo issues related to physical condition. psychological functioning. socioeconomic status. All of the above.

all of the above

Patterns of male gender role conflict include success, power and competition. conflicts between work and family relationships. restricted emotionality. all of the above

all of the above

Psychological concerns among older adults may be caused by health changes. reduction of independence. reduction of their ability to perform daily routines. all of the above

all of the above

Which of the following is a component of the Americans with Disabilities Act's (ADA) definition of a disability? Mental disorder Anatomical loss Cosmetic disfigurement All of the above

all of the above

Which of the following questions should culturally sensitive counselors ask themselves before diagnosing a client? How acculturated is the client? What are my stereotypes, beliefs, and biases about this culture? What do I know (and not know) about this client's cultural heritage? All of the above.

all of the above

women have higher prevalence rates of

anxiety disorders

A counselor cannot make __________ about the origin, nature, or severity of a client's presenting concern based on SES.

assumptions

Ensuring access to sufficient food is an example of

attending to basic needs

A sign of respect for Native American elders and honored persons is to

avoid eye contact with them

the human experience of culture is mediated by

biological events, political events, historical events

As a counselor, it is important to remember that it is more helpful to facilitate clients' ability to

build upon the positive aspects of aging.

The universal diagnostic model implies that all diagnostic categories and descriptions

can be applied to all people regardless of situations and cultural variables.

Adultism can lead to discrimination against

children

The ______ costs of racism include the mental energy and psychological processes used to evaluate life incidents and experiences where racism is potentially involved.

cognitive

Cooperation, "saving face," and interdependence are examples of

collectivistic values

conversion therapy was used to

convert the sexual orientation of LGBTQI individuals.

An accurate assessment of emotion or behavior is NOT possible without an assessment of

cultural schemas

In North America, practitioners' constructs of personality and psychopathology reflect White, male, Anglo-Germanic, Protestant individuals who are formally educated and middle class. This is an example of

culture bound variables in diagnosis

Male gender role conflict (GRC)

describes how gender role socialization can result in negative consequences for men who remain rigid in changing circumstances.

The definition of __________ is dependent on the source (e.g., legislatures, organizations, delivery systems).

disability

Mental health professionals' ethical codes prohibit discrimination on the basis of

disability, race, or age

One of the greatest mental health consequences of sexism in women is:

disordered eating and a negative body image

Older adults may experience ageism concerning

employment

The Standards for the Classification of Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity were created to

enforce civil rights laws.

During Poston's (1990) __________ stage, biracial individuals may feel guilt or disloyalty due to race group choices made previously

enmeshment/denial

A major issue for LGB people of color is

establishing healthy racial and sexual identities simultaneously.

The __________ perspective asserts that the anger, depression, and discontent that result from the challenging and stressful life circumstances of women or other disadvantaged groups are reframed as medical or psychiatric symptoms.

feminist

The term machismo refers to a cultural norm regarding gender in __________ culture.

hispanic/latino

The cumulative emotional and psychological wounding over the lifespan and across generations emanating from massive group trauma experiences is called

historical trauma

The fear or hatred of LGBTQI is called

homophobia

Socioeconomic status (SES) is defined by

household income, education level, and access to health care

_______ disabilities represent the majority of disabilities.

physical

Developing programs both inside and outside of the Native American schools to teach their youth such things as traditional arts and crafts, the language, ceremonies and prayers, songs and chants, as well as dance, are being done to

preserve culture

According to Helm's (1995) Racial Interaction Theory, counselors working from __________ interactions may be able to best help their clients.

progressive

Believing that people are poor because they are lazy is a form of

psychological distancing

_________ refers to using a position of class privilege to separate oneself from socioeconomic injustice.

psychological distancing

________ are most at risk for living in poverty.

racial minority women and children

A contradictory position where racism is acknowledged in one setting but not another primarily refers to a(n) __________ disposition.

rational

The statement "When I started this relationship I was clear about my sexual behavior boundaries. Now I am confused. I am not acting like myself, or living according to the faith I've had for many years. What I am doing is not who I really see myself to be as a Christian. I'm going to see a Christian counselor to get some help." is indicative of the __________ stage of the Poll and Smith (2003) model of spiritual identity development?

recognition

White individuals may define affirmative action as

reverse discrimination.

__________ is predictive of suicide attempts among all ethnic and racial groups.

same-sex attractions

Enforcement of male-dominated norms is an example of

sexism

Of the five levels of acculturation identified for Native Americans, __________ is the one where Native clients may or may not speak English, but generally speak and think in their native language, hold only traditional values and beliefs, and practice only traditional tribal customs and methods of worship.

traditional

Culture is best defined as

values, beliefs, expectations, worldviews and behaviors that provide norms and rules for social living.

_________ are overrepresented among the poor in the United States.

women and children