Diversity & Multiculturalism
According to the authors of the chapter, how is gender determined?
Biologically & Socially
Native American sacred places are used for all of the following EXCEPT vision seeking. community and political meetings. prayer. teaching youth traditions.
community and political meetings.
Experiences of oppression can lead to __________, according to a 2001 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services report.
increased substance abuse
Oppression exists at the __________ level(s).
individual, cultural, & institutional
self-disclosure is an example of
individualism
_________ occurs when women or men begin to believe systemically received negative messages about their own sex.
internalized sexism
In comparison to the past, people are living
longer lives
The __________ model has been criticized for focusing mainly on what is wrong with a disabled person instead of a more broad focus.
medical
most new HIV infection rates occur among
men who have sex with men
The counseling profession as a whole tends to replicate the values, beliefs, and behaviors of the __________ socioeconomic status group.
middle class
A factor that might cause diverse clients to avoid counseling is
mistrust of the counseling profession, misdiagnosis, and/or inaccessibility of services
It is imperative that professional counselors interpret client presentation based on
norms from within the client's culture
The biggest change in the population by the turn of the 22nd century is expected to be in the number of
older men
Research indicates that African Americans have been ______ with psychosis and _____ with depression.
overdiagnosed; underdiagnosed
Helms (1995) describes interactions in which the parties share similar racial attitudes and assumptions as
parallel
Framing the normal difficulties and developmental struggles of everyday life in a negative way is referred to as
pathologizing
In the Native American worldview, time has its place. This is a sign of ___________________.
patience
developing multicultural competency involves a
systems approach
As counselors work with clients who experience daily prejudice and discrimination, it is important that counselors examine
the counselor's own prejudices, clients' emotions associated with these experiences, & clients' environmental stressors associated with stereotyping.
According to Hays, Chang, and Chaney, __________ is a reason why counselors do not engage in social justice counseling.
the high intrapersonal costs for counselors
Sexism manifests as women internalize doubt in their own abilities through
the impostor phenomenon
The main reason given for funding disparities in public education is
the lack of federal funding standards and overreliance on local property taxes.
It is possible to move between wealth and poverty, but __________ remains more consistent.
SES
The __________ program requires the client to have previously worked and "paid into the system".
SSDI
Children with significant disabilities might be eligible for the
SSI program
_________ refers to the act of arguing on behalf of an individual, group, idea, or issue in the pursuit of influencing outcomes.
Social advocacy
_________ refers to a belief in a just world that respects and protects human rights.
Social justice
Which of the following statements accurately reflects Hays and Erford's discussion of classism and theory?
Some counseling theories are more inclusive of classism than others.
Approximately ______ U.S. children, ages 6 to 14, have a disability.
4 million
The GLSEN reported that __________ of LGBTQI middle and High School students have been verbally harassed in the schools.
74.1%
The number of lesbian, gay, and bisexual Americans is estimated to total
9 million
Which of the following is a critical element included in the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)? Physical or mental impairment Substantial limits to major life activities Difficulty walking, speaking, hearing All of the above
All of the above
__________ is NOT a domain covered in the CSJ Advocacy Competencies for counseling professionals. Client/student empowerment Social/political advocacy Community collaboration All of the above are CSJ Advocacy Counseling domains.
All of the above are CSJ Advocacy Counseling domains.
Which of the following has NOT been used as a method for classifying race? examining blood quantum. measuring skulls. scientific methods. All of the above are methods that have been used for classifying race.
All of the above are methods that have been used for classifying race.
The author recommended several levels of intervention for addressing class-based oppression. __________ was NOT included as a level of advocacy. Professional level Sociopolitical level Individual/client level All of the above were included
All of the above were included
Social justice counseling refers to counseling that recognizes the impact of __________ on the mental health of individuals. oppression privilege discrimination All of the above.
All of the above.
After Hiroshi's client informs him that she was denied an apartment lease due to her race, he refers his client to the free legal clinic available to university students. This is an example from the Social Justice Advocacy Competency domain of
Client/Student Advocacy.
Which of the following is one of ACA's Gerontological Competencies? Demonstrates little knowledge of special considerations and techniques for group work with older persons. Demonstrate knowledge of sources of literature reporting research about teenagers and ethical issues in research with young subjects. Exhibits sensitivity to sensory and physical limitations of older persons through appropriate environmental modifications.
Exhibits sensitivity to sensory and physical limitations of older persons through appropriate environmental modifications.
The __________ prohibits discrimination in housing rentals, sales, and mortgage lending.
Fair Housing Act
____ is a term that describes the gender role expression of Latinas and refers to extreme femininity and subordination to males.
Marianismo
Which of the following serves as an advocacy sounding board for the betterment of Latinos in the United States?
National Council of La Raza
The gay identity development process is a fairly simple process. begins at a specific age. is over by midlife. None of the above
None of the above
"Classism" can best be described as
Prejudice and discriminatory behavior based on the perceived or actual class status of others.
_________ is defined as having access, advantage, and a majority status.
Privilege
Traditional women's roles were challenged during which major event?
WWII
Focusing only on racial dynamics in a counseling relationship refers to
color consciousness.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of White supremacy? Individuals who do not identify as White may have some degree of White privilege. Whites can hold several myths that perpetuate White supremacy. White privilege does not have any intellectual or psychological costs to Whites. It is often invisible to Whites.
White privilege does not have any intellectual or psychological costs to Whites.
poverty has NOT been associated with
a greater likelihood that members of poverty will access mental health resources.
A living wage is best described as
a minimum wage that is sufficient to support all basic needs.
Changes in behavior, cognitions values and beliefs that occur as a cultural minority group comes in contact with the dominant culture is known as
acculturation
Poston's model of biracial identity includes all of the following stages EXCEPT appreciation. enmeshment/denial. achieved. personal identity.
achieved.
Cultural identities of clients should be acknowledged in counseling because client cultural identities
affect client experiences in counseling & may differ from the counselor's cultural identity
Voicing racial slurs when discussing people of color primarily refers to a(n) __________ disposition.
affective-impulsive
According to the ALGBTIC competencies, competent counselors understand that homosexuality, bisexuality, and gender nonconformity are not forms of psychopathology. not evidence of developmental arrest. core characteristics that influence clients' perceptions of themselves and their worlds. All of the above
all of the above
Major goals of gay affirmative counseling include promoting positive identity development. promoting psychological adjustment. focusing on issues specific to gays, lesbians, and bisexuals All of the above
all of the above
Older adults may undergo issues related to physical condition. psychological functioning. socioeconomic status. All of the above.
all of the above
Patterns of male gender role conflict include success, power and competition. conflicts between work and family relationships. restricted emotionality. all of the above
all of the above
Psychological concerns among older adults may be caused by health changes. reduction of independence. reduction of their ability to perform daily routines. all of the above
all of the above
Which of the following is a component of the Americans with Disabilities Act's (ADA) definition of a disability? Mental disorder Anatomical loss Cosmetic disfigurement All of the above
all of the above
Which of the following questions should culturally sensitive counselors ask themselves before diagnosing a client? How acculturated is the client? What are my stereotypes, beliefs, and biases about this culture? What do I know (and not know) about this client's cultural heritage? All of the above.
all of the above
women have higher prevalence rates of
anxiety disorders
A counselor cannot make __________ about the origin, nature, or severity of a client's presenting concern based on SES.
assumptions
Ensuring access to sufficient food is an example of
attending to basic needs
A sign of respect for Native American elders and honored persons is to
avoid eye contact with them
the human experience of culture is mediated by
biological events, political events, historical events
As a counselor, it is important to remember that it is more helpful to facilitate clients' ability to
build upon the positive aspects of aging.
The universal diagnostic model implies that all diagnostic categories and descriptions
can be applied to all people regardless of situations and cultural variables.
Adultism can lead to discrimination against
children
The ______ costs of racism include the mental energy and psychological processes used to evaluate life incidents and experiences where racism is potentially involved.
cognitive
Cooperation, "saving face," and interdependence are examples of
collectivistic values
conversion therapy was used to
convert the sexual orientation of LGBTQI individuals.
An accurate assessment of emotion or behavior is NOT possible without an assessment of
cultural schemas
In North America, practitioners' constructs of personality and psychopathology reflect White, male, Anglo-Germanic, Protestant individuals who are formally educated and middle class. This is an example of
culture bound variables in diagnosis
Male gender role conflict (GRC)
describes how gender role socialization can result in negative consequences for men who remain rigid in changing circumstances.
The definition of __________ is dependent on the source (e.g., legislatures, organizations, delivery systems).
disability
Mental health professionals' ethical codes prohibit discrimination on the basis of
disability, race, or age
One of the greatest mental health consequences of sexism in women is:
disordered eating and a negative body image
Older adults may experience ageism concerning
employment
The Standards for the Classification of Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity were created to
enforce civil rights laws.
During Poston's (1990) __________ stage, biracial individuals may feel guilt or disloyalty due to race group choices made previously
enmeshment/denial
A major issue for LGB people of color is
establishing healthy racial and sexual identities simultaneously.
The __________ perspective asserts that the anger, depression, and discontent that result from the challenging and stressful life circumstances of women or other disadvantaged groups are reframed as medical or psychiatric symptoms.
feminist
The term machismo refers to a cultural norm regarding gender in __________ culture.
hispanic/latino
The cumulative emotional and psychological wounding over the lifespan and across generations emanating from massive group trauma experiences is called
historical trauma
The fear or hatred of LGBTQI is called
homophobia
Socioeconomic status (SES) is defined by
household income, education level, and access to health care
_______ disabilities represent the majority of disabilities.
physical
Developing programs both inside and outside of the Native American schools to teach their youth such things as traditional arts and crafts, the language, ceremonies and prayers, songs and chants, as well as dance, are being done to
preserve culture
According to Helm's (1995) Racial Interaction Theory, counselors working from __________ interactions may be able to best help their clients.
progressive
Believing that people are poor because they are lazy is a form of
psychological distancing
_________ refers to using a position of class privilege to separate oneself from socioeconomic injustice.
psychological distancing
________ are most at risk for living in poverty.
racial minority women and children
A contradictory position where racism is acknowledged in one setting but not another primarily refers to a(n) __________ disposition.
rational
The statement "When I started this relationship I was clear about my sexual behavior boundaries. Now I am confused. I am not acting like myself, or living according to the faith I've had for many years. What I am doing is not who I really see myself to be as a Christian. I'm going to see a Christian counselor to get some help." is indicative of the __________ stage of the Poll and Smith (2003) model of spiritual identity development?
recognition
White individuals may define affirmative action as
reverse discrimination.
__________ is predictive of suicide attempts among all ethnic and racial groups.
same-sex attractions
Enforcement of male-dominated norms is an example of
sexism
Of the five levels of acculturation identified for Native Americans, __________ is the one where Native clients may or may not speak English, but generally speak and think in their native language, hold only traditional values and beliefs, and practice only traditional tribal customs and methods of worship.
traditional
Culture is best defined as
values, beliefs, expectations, worldviews and behaviors that provide norms and rules for social living.
_________ are overrepresented among the poor in the United States.
women and children