Diversity Ch. 8

_______________ has the most American Indian residents — 687,400 — followed by ______________ with 398,200 and ____________ with 322,200.

California, Oklahoma, Arizona

_______________ American Indian ancestry and/or tribal membership has generally been required for recognition by the Bureau of Indian Affairs.

One-quarter

The 4.9 million people of American Indian and Alaskan Native descent comprise _____ of the U.S. population.

1.6%

About ____ of Indians live on reservations.

12%

____ of American Indians and Alaska Natives have at least a bachelor's degree — fewer than all racial and ethnic groups except Hispanics.

14%

The U.S. Census did not count American Indians until ______, and then only if they were not living on reservations.

1860

With the ______ Census, all American Indians, both on and outside reservations were included in the data.

1890

The __________________________ gave citizenship to Indians born in the United States.

1924 Indian Citizenship Act

Miscegenation was formally illegal in the country until _____, when the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that state laws prohibiting interracial marriages were unlawful.

1967

The ____________________________ restricted the removal of Indian children from their families by the courts.

1978 Indian Child Welfare Act

The first time that more Americans reported approval of interracial marriage (48%) than disapproval (42%)was in _______, twenty-four years after the Supreme Court overruled laws forbidding intermarriage.

1991

Estimates of the number of American Indians in the United States at first European contact run from 1 million to 8 million, a very wide range. In 1890, the first complete Census count officially recorded ____________ American Indians, far fewer than even the lowest of the estimates of the original Indian population.

248,000

Of the nearly 7 million people who reported belonging to two or more races at that time, ____ identified themselves as Hispanic as well, compared to 13% of the general population identifying as Hispanic alone.

32%

Only ____ of the people who identified as American Indian did so on both the 1990 Census and the follow-up re-interview survey later that year.

42%

In 2003, there were ____ federally recognized American Indian tribes in the United States. "Recognized" tribes have certain rights and privileges, including funding and services from the Bureau of Indian Affairs and the power of self-government (e.g., the right to make and enforce laws, tax, establish membership,license and regulate activities, and exclude people from tribal territories).

562

____ of AI/AN now live in metropolitan areas, which is a smaller proportion than any other racial group but a larger proportion than at any time in the past.

57%

Estimates suggest that ____ of American Indians marry those who are not Indians, which contributes to the diversity among those with AI ancestry and to increases in the multiracial category.

60%

Regardless of their self- and other identification as being Black, estimates suggest that _____ of the Black population in the United States have some non-Black ancestors.

70%

_____ of multiracial people are of two races and ___ are of three races.

93%, 6%

________________ — a child born of American servicemen and Asian women, in particular Vietnamese, Japanese, and Korean.

Amerasian

Although the term ______________ formally includes children born of American servicemen and Asian women (e.g., Vietnamese, Japanese, Korean), it is most commonly used to refer to children born of American servicemen and Vietnamese women during the Vietnam War. Referred to as ________________________, many were not educated and lived in extreme poverty in Vietnam.

Amerasian, children of the dust

The term __________________ is used to refer to the descendants of the people indigenous to what is now the mainland United States (the lower 48) and is consistent with the usage of many other researchers, the Office of American Indian Trust, and the U.S. Census Bureau when referring to that specific population.

American Indian

People who reported multiple races are most likely to live in ________________, where nearly 25% of them reside. California is the only state with more than 1 million people in the multiracial population. In all, 40% of multiracial people live in the West, 27% in the South, 18% in the Northeast, and 15% in the Midwest.

California

14% of American Indians aged 25 and older have a college degree and 76% have at least a high school diploma. These education levels are higher than those for persons of ___________ ethnicity but lower than those of Asians, Whites, and Blacks.

Hispanic

In 1830, the ______________________, passed under President Andrew Jackson, authorized the expulsion of 14,000 Indians from lands in the southeastern portion of the country to Arkansas and Oklahoma. Thousands of Indians died on the Trail of Tears westward, continuing the decline in population begun by war, disease, and the annihilation of buffalo.

Indian Removal Act

In 1953, laws were passed to terminate _____________, causing more than 100 tribes to cease to be recognized.

Indian tribes

Many Blacks who escaped slavery found refuge among ___________ who refused to return them to slavery.

Indians

__________________ — mixture of races; especially marriage, cohabitation, or sexual intercourse between a White person and a member of another race.

Miscegenation

Nearly 30% of American Indians and Alaska Natives speak a language other than English at home. The most common language is ___________, spoken by 178,014 people.

Navajo

The __________________________________________ formalized attempts to bring many Amerasians and their families to the United States. Between 20,000 and 25,000 Amerasians were resettled in this country, but few reunited with their fathers.

Vietnamese Amerasian Homecoming Act of 1987

Overall, employment and earnings for AI/AN are significantly lower than those of Whites and similar to those of Blacks and Hispanics, and the poverty rates for AI/AN are higher than for all groups except ________.

blacks

In the 1950s, U.S. government relocation programs contributed to the large-scale migration of American Indians from reservations that had few economic opportunities to cities that had greater opportunities for employment. The migration resulted in more job opportunities, but less ______________, fewer ___________________ with other American Indians and family members, and other problems for American Indians.

cohesion, relationships

The language and religious practices lost through attempts to convert American Indians to Christianity resulted in the disappearance of many _______________ and ___________.

cultural values, customs

This growth in metropolitan population reflects concerted efforts to move American Indians to places having more ___________________________ than rural or reservation lands.

employment opportunities

Some Indian nations have benefited significantly from ____________________, but many have not.

gaming revenues

More than _______________ American Indians live on reservations or trust lands, including 175,200 residing on Navajo lands in Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah.

half a million

Nearly one-third of the 4.9 million AI/AN are under age 18. Eight percent of the AI/AN population are in the 14 to 17 age range, which is the _____________ proportion in this age category of all racial and ethnic groups.

largest

Researchers have detailed many disadvantages experienced by American Indian and Alaskan Native women that are directly correlated with their race and gender status. These include high rates of infant _________, victimization by violence, involuntary ______________-, and questionable _____________ of children from their homes.

mortality, sterilization, removal

The labels ___________, ___________, and ___________ were used to refer to people who were, respectively, one-half, one-quarter, or one-eighth Black.

mulatto, quadroon, octoroon

By 2010, 9 million people reported having a _______________ heritage.

multiracial

Multiracial group members — people who report belonging to two or more racial backgrounds — could perhaps be considered the "___________" minority groups, at least in terms of their ability to identify themselves as such in the U.S. Census records.

newest

The ___________ rule was used throughout much of U.S. history to decide who was Black. That is, anyone with one known Black ancestor was usually deemed to be Black (rather than another race or multiracial) regardless of the number or proportion of non-Black ancestors.

one-drop

AI/AN women earn less and are more likely to live in poverty than Black, Asian, and White women, particularly when they live on ________________.

reservations

About 12% of the American Indian and Alaskan Native population lives on _____________ or ______________.

reservations, trust lands

After the decimation experienced in the 1700s and 1800s, the American Indian population began to recover during the 1900s due to declining mortality rates and increasing fertility rates. Increases in ________________ have also contributed to the growth of this population.

self-identification

AI/AN women are most likely to be employed as sales, clerical, or ___________ workers; as managers, they are most likely to work in ________________, general merchandise stores, and in social assistance positions.

service, gas stations

Helen Muller reported the distinct experiences of American Indian women managers from several different tribes in the Southwest. The women reported living in two worlds, which required them to be able to navigate between "distinctive yet interconnected worlds." The AI women managers developed complex strategies and "________________________" to work successfully in both worlds.

switching techniques

Most AI/AN now live outside reservations and trust lands, but research has found that those who are linked to their ___________________ fare better than those who are not.

traditional culture

In the 2000 Census, for the first time, people could report belonging to __________________, and nearly 7 million people did so. By 2010, 9 million people did so, a 32% increase.

two or more races

The __________________________ of American Indians are about 3% lower than those of the total population. American Indian men participate at a rate about 5% lower than rates for all men, and American Indian women participate at a rate about 2% lower than rates for all women.

workforce participation rates

American Indians and Alaska Natives have the _______ or ______________ unemployment, poverty, and health insurance rates in the United States.

worst, nearly the worst

Multirace people are _____________ than single-race people; over 40% of multiracials are under 18, compared with 25% of single-race people.

younger

Multiracial group members tend to be ______________ than single-race people. Forty-two percent of multiracials are under 18, compared with 25% of those reporting a single race.

younger

The median age of the AI/AN population is _________ than the U.S. population as a whole, at 29.7.

younger