DNA And Replication Test

In Reality, About How Long Does It Take A Cell To Do This?

6-8 hours.

Backbone Of Ladder

8U7Vhe backbone of ladder on the string of DNA. It is made of alternating Phosphates and Sugars bound by covalent bonds.

Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen bonds are what connect the base pairs, and their not strong bonds because if they were they would be very hard to take apart which needs to happen during replication so that each DNA strand can be used as a mold for the new one.

How Do Your Cells Speed Up This Process?

In order to speed up the copying process, DNA replication begins at multiple locations along each chromosome.

What are two roles of DNA polymerase in replication?

It is the enzyme that joins and pairs up nucleotides and joins them in a sugar-phosphate bond to make up the new strand of DNA. Proof reads each strand of DNA to make sure it's a copy of the original DNA strand.

Each Time A Cell Divides What Must It Do?

It must first copy the genetic information contained within its nucleus.

Helicase

The enzyme that unwinds the double helix.

Template

A model for the new DNA strand.

DNA Polymerase

Adds complementary nucleotides to produce new DNA strands.

What Are The 4 Nitrogenous Bases?

Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, and Guanine.

What Are The Base Pair Rules?

Adenine-Thymine Cytosine- Guanine

Watson And Crick And Chargaff

Also made a DNA model and won the Nobel prize for it.

Replication

Before a cell divides it duplicates its DNA by a process called replication. The DNA molecule separates or unzips into two strands. Each strand of the double helix of DNA serves as a template or model for the new strand.

What is Chargaff's rule?

Chargaff's rule states that A=T and G=C meaning that the percentages of these bases are almost equal in any sample of DNA.

DNA STRUCTURE

Consists of 2 molecules (Nucleic Acids) wrapped around each other to form a double helix. A double helix is like a twisted ladder.

How do the bases on either side f the double helix bond with each other? In other words, how do A-T, G-C pairs stay together?

DNA is a double Helix which is two strands of DNA that run anti-parallel or in opposite directions which allows the Nitrogenous bases on both strands to come into contact with the center of the molecule. Nitrogenous bases are perfectly fitted or paired because they are held together by weak hydrogen bonds. Hydrogen bonds can be pulled apart which is important since the strands of DNA need to be able to be separated for DNA'S function.

Chromosomes

DNA is packaged into chromosomes.

Why does DNA need to be stored, copied and transmitted?

DNA needs to be stored because it holds or contains the genetic information for every living cell and how the organisms will develop. DNA needs to be copied so that it can go on to the next generation when a cell divides so that every cell has all the information that is stored in DNA. DNA needs to be transmitted so that all the DNA'S genetic information can be correctly transmitted from one generation to the next.

How is DNA replicated?

Each DNA strand is complementary because it has all the information needed to make the other half by the mechanism of base pairing because each base can only pair with one and only one base on the opposite strand. Replication is the copying process of DNA that happens before a cell divides. During replication, the DNA molecule untwists and separates into two strands and then produces two new complementary strands using the rules of base pairing. Each original strand serves as a template or model for the new strand. This results in two identical DNA molecules, which is also identical to the original one. Each of the new DNA molecules has one original strand and one new strand.

Chromatin

Most of the time, DNA appears as chromatin in the nucleus. When the cell gets ready to divide the DNA packs even more tightly to form even more chromosomes.

How are the nucleotides in ONE strand of DNA connected?

Nucleotides are connected in one strand of DNA by the strong hold of covalent bonds. The covalent bods are formed between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate group of the next.

Nucleotide

One piece of a string of DNA made up of a phosphate, a sugar, and a nitrogenous base. Each nucleotides sugar connects with the phosphorous of the next nucleotide. Phosphates and sugars are bound together in a covalent bond.

If Cells Had To Do This Manually, Like You Just Did, About How Long Would It Take?

Over 95 years.

Complementary

Produces New DNA strands.

Covalent Bonds

The bonds that connect phosphate and sugars in a DNA backbone.

Rungs Of Ladder

The nitrogenous bases; one from each string of DNA paired A-T and C-G connected by hydrogen bonds that form the double helix of DNA.

Double Helix

The shape and structure of a DNA molecule used to described the 2 shapes of DNA that are connected and twisted to make DNA's shape.

When a DNA molecule is replicated, how do the new molecules compare to the original molecule?

They are two identical DNA molecules, which is also identical to the original one. Each of the new DNA molecules has one original strand and one new strand.

Anti-Parallel

When DNA is replicated the nitrogenous bases on the old string of DNA are used like a mold because A only pairs with T and C only pairs with G. So the new string of DNA is made and filled in; in an anti-parallel way because the old string is opposite to what the new string looks like.

Rosalind Franklin

Xray pattern of DNA molecule by Rosalind Franklin led to the discovery of the structure of DNA.