Dr Christie exam 3 Chapter 9 and 10

job rotation, job enlargement, and job enrichment

3 changes in job structure that can be used to increase satisfaction and commitment

immediately before the employee leaves

A strong and one of the best predictors of employee turnover is absenteeism particularly the rate of absences __________________________

cafeteria-style benefits

Allows workers to choose from a number of options the benefits that best meet their personal needs which leads to increased job satisfaction

job type and variety, job responsibility, quality of social relationships at work, compensation, chances for promotion, worker age and education, etc

Both organizational commitment and job satisfaction are affected by numerous factors, including ____________________________

Skill-based pay

Compensation in which workers are paid based on their knowledge and skills rather than their organizational positions.

voluntary absenteeism

Employees who engage in OCBs are less likely to leave the organization and have lower ______. This is also true for employees have have positive affect. emotionally positive workers are more likely to engage in OCBs than emotionally negative workers.

job satisfaction and performance

Meta-analyses indicate a moderate correlation between ____ and ___

higher

Meta-analyses indicate that low job satisfaction and low organizational commitment are related to ______ turnover

affective, continuance, normative

Other models besides the OCQ view organizational commitment as composed of ___, ___, and ____ commitment with separate scales to measure each

job satisfaction and organizational commitment

Research indicates a fairly high positive correlation between ____ and ___

global

The ___ approach views job satisfaction as an overall construct

MSQ

The ___ measures satisfaction with 20 job facets, including supervisor competence, working conditions, tasks variety, and chances for advancement

JDI

The ___ measures satisfaction with five job facets: the job itself, supervision, pay, promotions, and coworkers

facet

The ____ approach views job satisfaction as made up of individual elements

Organizational commitment questionnaire (OCQ)

The most widely used measure of organizational commitment

curvilinear (involving an inverted U)

The relationship between stress and performance is complex and generally is ______ where both very low and very high stress are associated with poor performance

exercise, meditation, cognitive restructuring, time management, vacation time and voluntary absences

What are some individual coping strategies to stress?

self-reports of significant events in a person's recent history (ex. social readjustment rating scale which is a checklist where individuals total the numerical "stress severity" scores associated with significant life events experienced in the past year)

What are some measurements of stressful life events?

improving person-job fit and employee training, increasing employees' sense of control, eliminating punitive management, removing hazardous work conditions, providing a supportive work environment, and improving organizational communication

What are some organization coping strategies to stress?

work task stressors, work role stressors

What are some organizational sources of worker stress?

blood pressure monitoring, ECGs for heart rate, or blood tests for stress-linked hormones (cortisol) and cholesterol

What are some physiological measures of stress?

reports about organizational conditions (involves questions about job autonomy, feedback, task identity, task significance, skill variety, workload, etc) and reports about psychological and/or physical states (stress diagnostic survey, occupational stress indicator, and the job stress survey)

What are some self-report assessments of stress?

ulcers, colitis, high blood pressure, heart disease. and migraines, and stress can worsen common colds and infections

What are some stress related illnesses?

Type A behavior pattern, susceptibility to stress, self-efficacy

What are the individual (dispositional) sources of work stress?

1. emotional exhaustion 2. depersonalization 3. feelings of low personal accomplishment

What are the three phases of job burnout?

1.They have a positive attitude towards work and the organization 2. They engage in positive work behaviors and are motivated and productive

What are two characteristics of engaged employees?

1. interviews 2. self-report measures

What are two ways job satisfaction can be measured?

flexible working hours, variety of health care options, retirement plans, career development and health promotion programs, and employee-sponsored child care

What can be included in benefits programs?

satisfaction and commitment

What do change in pay structure, flexible work schedules, and benefits programs (most common) intend to increase?

Job satisfaction and job commitment

What is employee engagement positively related to?

Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ) and Job descriptive index

What is the most widely used self-report measures?

environment (situational stress) or individual's personal characteristics (dispositional stress)

Worker stress can arise from either the ____ or ____

cognitive consistency. cognitive dissonance

Workers maintain positive attitudes toward jobs and organizations to maintain ____ (and avoid ______)

distress (negative stress)

___ can cause stress-related illness and can affect absenteeism, turnover, and work performance

lack of control

a feeling of having little input or effect on the job and/or work environment; typically results in stress

type A behavior pattern

a personality characterized by excessive drive, competitiveness, impatience, and hostility that has been linked to greater incidence of coronary heart disease. Measured by Jenkins activity scale and the Framingham Type A scale.

employee ownership

a program where employees own all or part of an organization

employee engagement

a psychological state characterized by vigor, dedication, and absorption in one's work/organization

job burnout

a syndrome resulting from prolonged exposure to work stress that leads to withdrawal from the organization. It is especially high in human service professions.

stressor

an environmental event that is perceived by an individual to be threatening

decreases

as job satisfaction increases, absenteeism ___

Gainsharing

compensation based on effective group performance

merit pay

compensation in which employees receive a base rate and additional pay based on performance

organizational commitment

consists of a worker's feelings and attitudes about the entire work organization

Job satisfaction

consists of the positive and negative feelings and attitudes about one's job

work-family conflict

cumulative stress that results from duties of work and family roles

Counterproductive work behaviors (CWBs)

deviant, negative behaviors that are harmful to an organization and its workers. Most prevalent in younger employees and those with lower job satisfaction. It is also negatively related to the incidence of OCBs

self-efficacy

in individual's beliefs in his or her abilities to engage in course of action that will lead to desired outcomes

organizational change

including mergers, changes in work technology, personnel/managerial changes

harassment

including sexual harassment, refers to harassment due to group membership (e.g. gender, race, sexual orientation), and being singled out by a coworker or supervisor

employee assistance programs (EAPs)

involve counseling provided for a variety of worker problems, particularly drug and alcohol abuse

organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs)

involve efforts by organizational members that advance or promote the work organization and its goals. They are positively correlated with job satisfaction and organization commitment

job enrichment

involves raising the level of responsibility of a job by allowing workers a greater voice in planning, execution, and evaluation of their own work activities

emotional labor

involves the demands of regulating and controlling emotions in the workplace

job enlargement

involves the expansion of a job to include additional, more varied work tasks

worker stress

involves the physiological and/or psychological reactions to events that are perceived to be threatening or taxing. Note: it can have both negative and positive aspects

involuntary turnover

occurs when an employee is fired or laid off

voluntary turnover

occurs when competent and capable employees leave to work elsewhere. It is costly and research indicates that employees who feel they are not treated fairly are more likely to leave an organization

involuntary absenteeism

occurs when the employee has a legitimate excuse for missing work, typically illness

profit-sharing

plan where employees receive a small share of an organization's profits

positive affect

positive emotions that affect mood in the workplace

affective commitment

refers to employees emotional attachment to the organization

continuance commitment

refers to the employee's commitment to continue with the organization because there are costs associated with leaving

normative commitment

refers to the employee's sense of duty or obligation to stay with the company

person-environment fit (p-E) fit

refers to the match between a worker's abilities, needs, and values, and organizational demands, rewards, and values

turnover intentions

refers to workers' self-reported intentions to leave their jobs

perceived fairness, congruence

research indicates that _______ in job rewards influence job satisfaction, whereas ___ between organizational and worker values and organizational values and action influences organizational commitment

job ambiguity

results from a lack of clearly defined jobs and/or work tasks

interpersonal stress

results from difficulties dealing with other (coworkers, customers, supervisors) in the workplace

underutilization

results from workers feeling that their knowledge, skills, or energy are not being fully used

work overload

results when a job requires excessive speed, output, and concentration

flextime

schedule that commits an employee to working a specified number of hours but offers flexibility in regards to beginning and ending times for each day

compressed work weeks

schedules that decrease the number of days in the work week while increasing the number of hours worked per day

situational stress

stress arising from certain conditions that exist in the work environment, or in the worker's personal life. Stressful occupations: healthcare providers, police, firefighter which have characteristics like heavy workload, poor working conditions, physical dangers, and dealing with difficult clients/coworkers

alcohol and drugs

studies show that worker who are under severe stress, such as heavy job demands or the stress of job loss, may turn to ______, which in turn leads to problems on the job and the cycle continues

Porter-lawler model

the _________ states that job satisfaction and performance are not directly linked, but are related when workers perceive fairness in receipt of work-related rewards

hardiness (susceptibility to stress)

the notion that some people may be more resistant to eh health-damaging effects of stress

job rotation

the systematic movement of workers from one type of task to another to alleviate boredom and monotony (as well as training workers on different tasks)

physical work conditions

type of work role stressor which includes extreme temperatures, loud/distracting noises, crowding, poor lighting and ventilation

voluntary absenteeism

when employees miss work because they want to do something else